Degradation of pharmaceuticals and metabolite in synthetic human urine by UV, UV/H2O2, and UV/PDS

To minimize environmental pharmaceutical micropollutants, treatment of human urine could be an efficient approach due to the high pharmaceutical concentration and toxic potential excreted in urine. This study investigated the degradation kinetics and mechanisms of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethopri...
Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Huang, Ching-Hua [verfasserIn] Boyer, Treavor H Zhao, Lin Zhang, Ruochun Sun, Peizhe

Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2015

Schlagwörter:	Peroxides - chemistry Pharmaceutical Preparations - urine Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry Sulfuric Acids - chemistry Hydrogen Peroxide - chemistry Pharmaceutical Preparations - radiation effects Pharmaceutical Preparations - metabolism

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: Environmental science & technology - Washington, DC : ACS Publ., 1967, 49(2015), 5, Seite 3056
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:49 ; year:2015 ; number:5 ; pages:3056

Links:	Link aufrufen

Katalog-ID:	OLC1969628715

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520			\|a To minimize environmental pharmaceutical micropollutants, treatment of human urine could be an efficient approach due to the high pharmaceutical concentration and toxic potential excreted in urine. This study investigated the degradation kinetics and mechanisms of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP) and N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (acetyl-SMX) in synthetic fresh and hydrolyzed human urines by low-pressure UV, and UV combined with H2O2 and peroxydisulfate (PDS). The objective was to compare the two advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and assess the impact of urine matrices. All three compounds reacted quickly in the AOPs, exhibiting rate constants of (6.09-8.53) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) with hydroxyl radical, and (2.35-16.1) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) with sulfate radical. In fresh urine matrix, the pharmaceuticals' indirect photolysis was significantly suppressed by the scavenging effect of urine citrate and urea. In hydrolyzed urine matrix, the indirect photolysis was strongly affected by inorganic urine constituents. Chloride had no apparent impact on UV/H2O2, but significantly raised the hydroxyl radical concentration in UV/PDS. Carbonate species reacted with hydroxyl or sulfate radical to generate carbonate radical, which degraded SMX and TMP, primarily due to the presence of aromatic amino group(s) (k = 2.68 × 10(8) and 3.45 × 10(7) M(-1)·s(-1)) but reacted slowly with acetyl-SMX. Ammonia reacted with hydroxyl or sulfate radical to generate reactive nitrogen species that could react appreciably only with SMX. Kinetic simulation of radical concentrations, along with products analysis, helped elucidate the major reactive species in the pharmaceuticals' degradation. Overall, the AOPs' performance was higher in the hydrolyzed urine than fresh urine matrix with UV/PDS better than UV/H2O2, and varied significantly depending on pharmaceutical's structure.
650		4	\|a Peroxides - chemistry
650		4	\|a Pharmaceutical Preparations - urine
650		4	\|a Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry
650		4	\|a Sulfuric Acids - chemistry
650		4	\|a Hydrogen Peroxide - chemistry
650		4	\|a Pharmaceutical Preparations - radiation effects
650		4	\|a Pharmaceutical Preparations - metabolism
700	1		\|a Boyer, Treavor H \|4 oth
700	1		\|a Zhao, Lin \|4 oth
700	1		\|a Zhang, Ruochun \|4 oth
700	1		\|a Sun, Peizhe \|4 oth
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spelling	PQ20160211 (DE-627)OLC1969628715 (DE-599)GBVOLC1969628715 (PRQ)p1120-c9a092516c353aed8833b37596429136196018d0b7133f53c8f9f3af121b29a30 (KEY)0072627320150000049000503056degradationofpharmaceuticalsandmetaboliteinsynthet DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 050 333.7 DNB Huang, Ching-Hua verfasserin aut Degradation of pharmaceuticals and metabolite in synthetic human urine by UV, UV/H2O2, and UV/PDS 2015 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier To minimize environmental pharmaceutical micropollutants, treatment of human urine could be an efficient approach due to the high pharmaceutical concentration and toxic potential excreted in urine. This study investigated the degradation kinetics and mechanisms of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP) and N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (acetyl-SMX) in synthetic fresh and hydrolyzed human urines by low-pressure UV, and UV combined with H2O2 and peroxydisulfate (PDS). The objective was to compare the two advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and assess the impact of urine matrices. All three compounds reacted quickly in the AOPs, exhibiting rate constants of (6.09-8.53) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) with hydroxyl radical, and (2.35-16.1) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) with sulfate radical. In fresh urine matrix, the pharmaceuticals' indirect photolysis was significantly suppressed by the scavenging effect of urine citrate and urea. In hydrolyzed urine matrix, the indirect photolysis was strongly affected by inorganic urine constituents. Chloride had no apparent impact on UV/H2O2, but significantly raised the hydroxyl radical concentration in UV/PDS. Carbonate species reacted with hydroxyl or sulfate radical to generate carbonate radical, which degraded SMX and TMP, primarily due to the presence of aromatic amino group(s) (k = 2.68 × 10(8) and 3.45 × 10(7) M(-1)·s(-1)) but reacted slowly with acetyl-SMX. Ammonia reacted with hydroxyl or sulfate radical to generate reactive nitrogen species that could react appreciably only with SMX. Kinetic simulation of radical concentrations, along with products analysis, helped elucidate the major reactive species in the pharmaceuticals' degradation. Overall, the AOPs' performance was higher in the hydrolyzed urine than fresh urine matrix with UV/PDS better than UV/H2O2, and varied significantly depending on pharmaceutical's structure. Peroxides - chemistry Pharmaceutical Preparations - urine Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry Sulfuric Acids - chemistry Hydrogen Peroxide - chemistry Pharmaceutical Preparations - radiation effects Pharmaceutical Preparations - metabolism Boyer, Treavor H oth Zhao, Lin oth Zhang, Ruochun oth Sun, Peizhe oth Enthalten in Environmental science & technology Washington, DC : ACS Publ., 1967 49(2015), 5, Seite 3056 (DE-627)129852457 (DE-600)280653-8 (DE-576)01515274X 0013-936X nnns volume:49 year:2015 number:5 pages:3056 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25625668 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-CHE GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_4323 AR 49 2015 5 3056
allfields_unstemmed	PQ20160211 (DE-627)OLC1969628715 (DE-599)GBVOLC1969628715 (PRQ)p1120-c9a092516c353aed8833b37596429136196018d0b7133f53c8f9f3af121b29a30 (KEY)0072627320150000049000503056degradationofpharmaceuticalsandmetaboliteinsynthet DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 050 333.7 DNB Huang, Ching-Hua verfasserin aut Degradation of pharmaceuticals and metabolite in synthetic human urine by UV, UV/H2O2, and UV/PDS 2015 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier To minimize environmental pharmaceutical micropollutants, treatment of human urine could be an efficient approach due to the high pharmaceutical concentration and toxic potential excreted in urine. This study investigated the degradation kinetics and mechanisms of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP) and N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (acetyl-SMX) in synthetic fresh and hydrolyzed human urines by low-pressure UV, and UV combined with H2O2 and peroxydisulfate (PDS). The objective was to compare the two advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and assess the impact of urine matrices. All three compounds reacted quickly in the AOPs, exhibiting rate constants of (6.09-8.53) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) with hydroxyl radical, and (2.35-16.1) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) with sulfate radical. In fresh urine matrix, the pharmaceuticals' indirect photolysis was significantly suppressed by the scavenging effect of urine citrate and urea. In hydrolyzed urine matrix, the indirect photolysis was strongly affected by inorganic urine constituents. Chloride had no apparent impact on UV/H2O2, but significantly raised the hydroxyl radical concentration in UV/PDS. Carbonate species reacted with hydroxyl or sulfate radical to generate carbonate radical, which degraded SMX and TMP, primarily due to the presence of aromatic amino group(s) (k = 2.68 × 10(8) and 3.45 × 10(7) M(-1)·s(-1)) but reacted slowly with acetyl-SMX. Ammonia reacted with hydroxyl or sulfate radical to generate reactive nitrogen species that could react appreciably only with SMX. Kinetic simulation of radical concentrations, along with products analysis, helped elucidate the major reactive species in the pharmaceuticals' degradation. Overall, the AOPs' performance was higher in the hydrolyzed urine than fresh urine matrix with UV/PDS better than UV/H2O2, and varied significantly depending on pharmaceutical's structure. Peroxides - chemistry Pharmaceutical Preparations - urine Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry Sulfuric Acids - chemistry Hydrogen Peroxide - chemistry Pharmaceutical Preparations - radiation effects Pharmaceutical Preparations - metabolism Boyer, Treavor H oth Zhao, Lin oth Zhang, Ruochun oth Sun, Peizhe oth Enthalten in Environmental science & technology Washington, DC : ACS Publ., 1967 49(2015), 5, Seite 3056 (DE-627)129852457 (DE-600)280653-8 (DE-576)01515274X 0013-936X nnns volume:49 year:2015 number:5 pages:3056 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25625668 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-CHE GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_4323 AR 49 2015 5 3056
allfieldsGer	PQ20160211 (DE-627)OLC1969628715 (DE-599)GBVOLC1969628715 (PRQ)p1120-c9a092516c353aed8833b37596429136196018d0b7133f53c8f9f3af121b29a30 (KEY)0072627320150000049000503056degradationofpharmaceuticalsandmetaboliteinsynthet DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 050 333.7 DNB Huang, Ching-Hua verfasserin aut Degradation of pharmaceuticals and metabolite in synthetic human urine by UV, UV/H2O2, and UV/PDS 2015 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier To minimize environmental pharmaceutical micropollutants, treatment of human urine could be an efficient approach due to the high pharmaceutical concentration and toxic potential excreted in urine. This study investigated the degradation kinetics and mechanisms of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP) and N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (acetyl-SMX) in synthetic fresh and hydrolyzed human urines by low-pressure UV, and UV combined with H2O2 and peroxydisulfate (PDS). The objective was to compare the two advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and assess the impact of urine matrices. All three compounds reacted quickly in the AOPs, exhibiting rate constants of (6.09-8.53) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) with hydroxyl radical, and (2.35-16.1) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) with sulfate radical. In fresh urine matrix, the pharmaceuticals' indirect photolysis was significantly suppressed by the scavenging effect of urine citrate and urea. In hydrolyzed urine matrix, the indirect photolysis was strongly affected by inorganic urine constituents. Chloride had no apparent impact on UV/H2O2, but significantly raised the hydroxyl radical concentration in UV/PDS. Carbonate species reacted with hydroxyl or sulfate radical to generate carbonate radical, which degraded SMX and TMP, primarily due to the presence of aromatic amino group(s) (k = 2.68 × 10(8) and 3.45 × 10(7) M(-1)·s(-1)) but reacted slowly with acetyl-SMX. Ammonia reacted with hydroxyl or sulfate radical to generate reactive nitrogen species that could react appreciably only with SMX. Kinetic simulation of radical concentrations, along with products analysis, helped elucidate the major reactive species in the pharmaceuticals' degradation. Overall, the AOPs' performance was higher in the hydrolyzed urine than fresh urine matrix with UV/PDS better than UV/H2O2, and varied significantly depending on pharmaceutical's structure. Peroxides - chemistry Pharmaceutical Preparations - urine Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry Sulfuric Acids - chemistry Hydrogen Peroxide - chemistry Pharmaceutical Preparations - radiation effects Pharmaceutical Preparations - metabolism Boyer, Treavor H oth Zhao, Lin oth Zhang, Ruochun oth Sun, Peizhe oth Enthalten in Environmental science & technology Washington, DC : ACS Publ., 1967 49(2015), 5, Seite 3056 (DE-627)129852457 (DE-600)280653-8 (DE-576)01515274X 0013-936X nnns volume:49 year:2015 number:5 pages:3056 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25625668 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-CHE GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_4323 AR 49 2015 5 3056
allfieldsSound	PQ20160211 (DE-627)OLC1969628715 (DE-599)GBVOLC1969628715 (PRQ)p1120-c9a092516c353aed8833b37596429136196018d0b7133f53c8f9f3af121b29a30 (KEY)0072627320150000049000503056degradationofpharmaceuticalsandmetaboliteinsynthet DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 050 333.7 DNB Huang, Ching-Hua verfasserin aut Degradation of pharmaceuticals and metabolite in synthetic human urine by UV, UV/H2O2, and UV/PDS 2015 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier To minimize environmental pharmaceutical micropollutants, treatment of human urine could be an efficient approach due to the high pharmaceutical concentration and toxic potential excreted in urine. This study investigated the degradation kinetics and mechanisms of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP) and N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (acetyl-SMX) in synthetic fresh and hydrolyzed human urines by low-pressure UV, and UV combined with H2O2 and peroxydisulfate (PDS). The objective was to compare the two advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and assess the impact of urine matrices. All three compounds reacted quickly in the AOPs, exhibiting rate constants of (6.09-8.53) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) with hydroxyl radical, and (2.35-16.1) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) with sulfate radical. In fresh urine matrix, the pharmaceuticals' indirect photolysis was significantly suppressed by the scavenging effect of urine citrate and urea. In hydrolyzed urine matrix, the indirect photolysis was strongly affected by inorganic urine constituents. Chloride had no apparent impact on UV/H2O2, but significantly raised the hydroxyl radical concentration in UV/PDS. Carbonate species reacted with hydroxyl or sulfate radical to generate carbonate radical, which degraded SMX and TMP, primarily due to the presence of aromatic amino group(s) (k = 2.68 × 10(8) and 3.45 × 10(7) M(-1)·s(-1)) but reacted slowly with acetyl-SMX. Ammonia reacted with hydroxyl or sulfate radical to generate reactive nitrogen species that could react appreciably only with SMX. Kinetic simulation of radical concentrations, along with products analysis, helped elucidate the major reactive species in the pharmaceuticals' degradation. Overall, the AOPs' performance was higher in the hydrolyzed urine than fresh urine matrix with UV/PDS better than UV/H2O2, and varied significantly depending on pharmaceutical's structure. Peroxides - chemistry Pharmaceutical Preparations - urine Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry Sulfuric Acids - chemistry Hydrogen Peroxide - chemistry Pharmaceutical Preparations - radiation effects Pharmaceutical Preparations - metabolism Boyer, Treavor H oth Zhao, Lin oth Zhang, Ruochun oth Sun, Peizhe oth Enthalten in Environmental science & technology Washington, DC : ACS Publ., 1967 49(2015), 5, Seite 3056 (DE-627)129852457 (DE-600)280653-8 (DE-576)01515274X 0013-936X nnns volume:49 year:2015 number:5 pages:3056 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25625668 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-CHE GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_4323 AR 49 2015 5 3056
language	English
source	Enthalten in Environmental science & technology 49(2015), 5, Seite 3056 volume:49 year:2015 number:5 pages:3056
sourceStr	Enthalten in Environmental science & technology 49(2015), 5, Seite 3056 volume:49 year:2015 number:5 pages:3056
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	Peroxides - chemistry Pharmaceutical Preparations - urine Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry Sulfuric Acids - chemistry Hydrogen Peroxide - chemistry Pharmaceutical Preparations - radiation effects Pharmaceutical Preparations - metabolism
dewey-raw	050
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container_title	Environmental science & technology
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publishDateDaySort_date	2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
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This study investigated the degradation kinetics and mechanisms of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP) and N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (acetyl-SMX) in synthetic fresh and hydrolyzed human urines by low-pressure UV, and UV combined with H2O2 and peroxydisulfate (PDS). The objective was to compare the two advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and assess the impact of urine matrices. All three compounds reacted quickly in the AOPs, exhibiting rate constants of (6.09-8.53) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) with hydroxyl radical, and (2.35-16.1) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) with sulfate radical. In fresh urine matrix, the pharmaceuticals' indirect photolysis was significantly suppressed by the scavenging effect of urine citrate and urea. In hydrolyzed urine matrix, the indirect photolysis was strongly affected by inorganic urine constituents. Chloride had no apparent impact on UV/H2O2, but significantly raised the hydroxyl radical concentration in UV/PDS. Carbonate species reacted with hydroxyl or sulfate radical to generate carbonate radical, which degraded SMX and TMP, primarily due to the presence of aromatic amino group(s) (k = 2.68 × 10(8) and 3.45 × 10(7) M(-1)·s(-1)) but reacted slowly with acetyl-SMX. Ammonia reacted with hydroxyl or sulfate radical to generate reactive nitrogen species that could react appreciably only with SMX. Kinetic simulation of radical concentrations, along with products analysis, helped elucidate the major reactive species in the pharmaceuticals' degradation. 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author	Huang, Ching-Hua
spellingShingle	Huang, Ching-Hua ddc 050 misc Peroxides - chemistry misc Pharmaceutical Preparations - urine misc Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry misc Sulfuric Acids - chemistry misc Hydrogen Peroxide - chemistry misc Pharmaceutical Preparations - radiation effects misc Pharmaceutical Preparations - metabolism Degradation of pharmaceuticals and metabolite in synthetic human urine by UV, UV/H2O2, and UV/PDS
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topic_title	050 333.7 DNB Degradation of pharmaceuticals and metabolite in synthetic human urine by UV, UV/H2O2, and UV/PDS Peroxides - chemistry Pharmaceutical Preparations - urine Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry Sulfuric Acids - chemistry Hydrogen Peroxide - chemistry Pharmaceutical Preparations - radiation effects Pharmaceutical Preparations - metabolism
topic	ddc 050 misc Peroxides - chemistry misc Pharmaceutical Preparations - urine misc Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry misc Sulfuric Acids - chemistry misc Hydrogen Peroxide - chemistry misc Pharmaceutical Preparations - radiation effects misc Pharmaceutical Preparations - metabolism
topic_unstemmed	ddc 050 misc Peroxides - chemistry misc Pharmaceutical Preparations - urine misc Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry misc Sulfuric Acids - chemistry misc Hydrogen Peroxide - chemistry misc Pharmaceutical Preparations - radiation effects misc Pharmaceutical Preparations - metabolism
topic_browse	ddc 050 misc Peroxides - chemistry misc Pharmaceutical Preparations - urine misc Pharmaceutical Preparations - chemistry misc Sulfuric Acids - chemistry misc Hydrogen Peroxide - chemistry misc Pharmaceutical Preparations - radiation effects misc Pharmaceutical Preparations - metabolism
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title	Degradation of pharmaceuticals and metabolite in synthetic human urine by UV, UV/H2O2, and UV/PDS
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title_full	Degradation of pharmaceuticals and metabolite in synthetic human urine by UV, UV/H2O2, and UV/PDS
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title_sort	degradation of pharmaceuticals and metabolite in synthetic human urine by uv, uv/h2o2, and uv/pds
title_auth	Degradation of pharmaceuticals and metabolite in synthetic human urine by UV, UV/H2O2, and UV/PDS
abstract	To minimize environmental pharmaceutical micropollutants, treatment of human urine could be an efficient approach due to the high pharmaceutical concentration and toxic potential excreted in urine. This study investigated the degradation kinetics and mechanisms of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP) and N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (acetyl-SMX) in synthetic fresh and hydrolyzed human urines by low-pressure UV, and UV combined with H2O2 and peroxydisulfate (PDS). The objective was to compare the two advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and assess the impact of urine matrices. All three compounds reacted quickly in the AOPs, exhibiting rate constants of (6.09-8.53) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) with hydroxyl radical, and (2.35-16.1) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) with sulfate radical. In fresh urine matrix, the pharmaceuticals' indirect photolysis was significantly suppressed by the scavenging effect of urine citrate and urea. In hydrolyzed urine matrix, the indirect photolysis was strongly affected by inorganic urine constituents. Chloride had no apparent impact on UV/H2O2, but significantly raised the hydroxyl radical concentration in UV/PDS. Carbonate species reacted with hydroxyl or sulfate radical to generate carbonate radical, which degraded SMX and TMP, primarily due to the presence of aromatic amino group(s) (k = 2.68 × 10(8) and 3.45 × 10(7) M(-1)·s(-1)) but reacted slowly with acetyl-SMX. Ammonia reacted with hydroxyl or sulfate radical to generate reactive nitrogen species that could react appreciably only with SMX. Kinetic simulation of radical concentrations, along with products analysis, helped elucidate the major reactive species in the pharmaceuticals' degradation. Overall, the AOPs' performance was higher in the hydrolyzed urine than fresh urine matrix with UV/PDS better than UV/H2O2, and varied significantly depending on pharmaceutical's structure.
abstractGer	To minimize environmental pharmaceutical micropollutants, treatment of human urine could be an efficient approach due to the high pharmaceutical concentration and toxic potential excreted in urine. This study investigated the degradation kinetics and mechanisms of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP) and N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (acetyl-SMX) in synthetic fresh and hydrolyzed human urines by low-pressure UV, and UV combined with H2O2 and peroxydisulfate (PDS). The objective was to compare the two advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and assess the impact of urine matrices. All three compounds reacted quickly in the AOPs, exhibiting rate constants of (6.09-8.53) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) with hydroxyl radical, and (2.35-16.1) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) with sulfate radical. In fresh urine matrix, the pharmaceuticals' indirect photolysis was significantly suppressed by the scavenging effect of urine citrate and urea. In hydrolyzed urine matrix, the indirect photolysis was strongly affected by inorganic urine constituents. Chloride had no apparent impact on UV/H2O2, but significantly raised the hydroxyl radical concentration in UV/PDS. Carbonate species reacted with hydroxyl or sulfate radical to generate carbonate radical, which degraded SMX and TMP, primarily due to the presence of aromatic amino group(s) (k = 2.68 × 10(8) and 3.45 × 10(7) M(-1)·s(-1)) but reacted slowly with acetyl-SMX. Ammonia reacted with hydroxyl or sulfate radical to generate reactive nitrogen species that could react appreciably only with SMX. Kinetic simulation of radical concentrations, along with products analysis, helped elucidate the major reactive species in the pharmaceuticals' degradation. Overall, the AOPs' performance was higher in the hydrolyzed urine than fresh urine matrix with UV/PDS better than UV/H2O2, and varied significantly depending on pharmaceutical's structure.
abstract_unstemmed	To minimize environmental pharmaceutical micropollutants, treatment of human urine could be an efficient approach due to the high pharmaceutical concentration and toxic potential excreted in urine. This study investigated the degradation kinetics and mechanisms of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), trimethoprim (TMP) and N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (acetyl-SMX) in synthetic fresh and hydrolyzed human urines by low-pressure UV, and UV combined with H2O2 and peroxydisulfate (PDS). The objective was to compare the two advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and assess the impact of urine matrices. All three compounds reacted quickly in the AOPs, exhibiting rate constants of (6.09-8.53) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) with hydroxyl radical, and (2.35-16.1) × 10(9) M(-1)·s(-1) with sulfate radical. In fresh urine matrix, the pharmaceuticals' indirect photolysis was significantly suppressed by the scavenging effect of urine citrate and urea. In hydrolyzed urine matrix, the indirect photolysis was strongly affected by inorganic urine constituents. Chloride had no apparent impact on UV/H2O2, but significantly raised the hydroxyl radical concentration in UV/PDS. Carbonate species reacted with hydroxyl or sulfate radical to generate carbonate radical, which degraded SMX and TMP, primarily due to the presence of aromatic amino group(s) (k = 2.68 × 10(8) and 3.45 × 10(7) M(-1)·s(-1)) but reacted slowly with acetyl-SMX. Ammonia reacted with hydroxyl or sulfate radical to generate reactive nitrogen species that could react appreciably only with SMX. Kinetic simulation of radical concentrations, along with products analysis, helped elucidate the major reactive species in the pharmaceuticals' degradation. Overall, the AOPs' performance was higher in the hydrolyzed urine than fresh urine matrix with UV/PDS better than UV/H2O2, and varied significantly depending on pharmaceutical's structure.
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title_short	Degradation of pharmaceuticals and metabolite in synthetic human urine by UV, UV/H2O2, and UV/PDS
url	http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25625668
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author2	Boyer, Treavor H Zhao, Lin Zhang, Ruochun Sun, Peizhe
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