Multiphase ultra‐low grade thermal energy storage for organic Rankine cycle

Up to 60% of thermal energy is wasted as low or ultra‐low quality through exhaust systems. The organic Rankine cycle can be used to generate mechanical power and electricity from these low grade energy sources. A variety of organic working fluids are available to optimize the organic rankine cycle (ORC) for any target temperature range. Because the out of these sources is intermittent, it is desirable to have a storage system. Multiple types of low grade thermal energy storages have been explored including sensible, latent, and thermochemical. Targeting 86 °C, the operating temperature of our experimental ORC, multiple potential materials were explored and tested as potential phase change materials including magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O), magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O), montan wax, and carnauba wax. The addition of graphite to augment heat transfer rates was also tested. Melting and solidification temperatures largely matched predictions. The magnesium salts were found to be less stable under thermal cycling than the waxes. Graphite was only soluble in the waxes. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer, which significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts. Research into optimum heat exchangers and storage vessels for these applications indicates that horizontally oriented aluminum pipes with vertically oriented aluminum fins would be the best method of storing and retrieving energy. Fin spacing can be predicted by an equation based on target temperatures and phase change material characteristics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Because the availability of ultra‐low grade thermal energy resources (below boiling temperature of water) are often intermittent, it is desirable to thermal energy storage close to the resource temperature. Potential thermal energy storage materials for ORC were tested. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer that significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Soda, Michael [verfasserIn] Beyene, Asfaw

Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2016

Rechteinformationen:	Nutzungsrecht: Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Schlagwörter:	ORC low grade heat multi-phase TES energy efficiency ultra-low grade TES

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: International journal of energy research - London [u.a.] : Wiley-Intersience, 1977, 40(2016), 1, Seite 51-60
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:40 ; year:2016 ; number:1 ; pages:51-60

Links:	Volltext Link aufrufen Link aufrufen

DOI / URN:	10.1002/er.3300

Katalog-ID:	OLC1970751495

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520			\|a Up to 60% of thermal energy is wasted as low or ultra‐low quality through exhaust systems. The organic Rankine cycle can be used to generate mechanical power and electricity from these low grade energy sources. A variety of organic working fluids are available to optimize the organic rankine cycle (ORC) for any target temperature range. Because the out of these sources is intermittent, it is desirable to have a storage system. Multiple types of low grade thermal energy storages have been explored including sensible, latent, and thermochemical. Targeting 86 °C, the operating temperature of our experimental ORC, multiple potential materials were explored and tested as potential phase change materials including magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O), magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O), montan wax, and carnauba wax. The addition of graphite to augment heat transfer rates was also tested. Melting and solidification temperatures largely matched predictions. The magnesium salts were found to be less stable under thermal cycling than the waxes. Graphite was only soluble in the waxes. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer, which significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts. Research into optimum heat exchangers and storage vessels for these applications indicates that horizontally oriented aluminum pipes with vertically oriented aluminum fins would be the best method of storing and retrieving energy. Fin spacing can be predicted by an equation based on target temperatures and phase change material characteristics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Because the availability of ultra‐low grade thermal energy resources (below boiling temperature of water) are often intermittent, it is desirable to thermal energy storage close to the resource temperature. Potential thermal energy storage materials for ORC were tested. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer that significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts.
540			\|a Nutzungsrecht: Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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allfields	10.1002/er.3300 doi PQ20160430 (DE-627)OLC1970751495 (DE-599)GBVOLC1970751495 (PRQ)p1530-7101e3b4e61c15f5b4097ee6a0defbf6500831ff545119b37224799f578d89153 (KEY)0059736820160000040000100051multiphaseultralowgradethermalenergystoragefororga DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 620 DNB 50.70 bkl Soda, Michael verfasserin aut Multiphase ultra‐low grade thermal energy storage for organic Rankine cycle 2016 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Up to 60% of thermal energy is wasted as low or ultra‐low quality through exhaust systems. The organic Rankine cycle can be used to generate mechanical power and electricity from these low grade energy sources. A variety of organic working fluids are available to optimize the organic rankine cycle (ORC) for any target temperature range. Because the out of these sources is intermittent, it is desirable to have a storage system. Multiple types of low grade thermal energy storages have been explored including sensible, latent, and thermochemical. Targeting 86 °C, the operating temperature of our experimental ORC, multiple potential materials were explored and tested as potential phase change materials including magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O), magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O), montan wax, and carnauba wax. The addition of graphite to augment heat transfer rates was also tested. Melting and solidification temperatures largely matched predictions. The magnesium salts were found to be less stable under thermal cycling than the waxes. Graphite was only soluble in the waxes. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer, which significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts. Research into optimum heat exchangers and storage vessels for these applications indicates that horizontally oriented aluminum pipes with vertically oriented aluminum fins would be the best method of storing and retrieving energy. Fin spacing can be predicted by an equation based on target temperatures and phase change material characteristics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Because the availability of ultra‐low grade thermal energy resources (below boiling temperature of water) are often intermittent, it is desirable to thermal energy storage close to the resource temperature. Potential thermal energy storage materials for ORC were tested. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer that significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts. Nutzungsrecht: Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ORC low grade heat multi-phase TES energy efficiency ultra-low grade TES Beyene, Asfaw oth Enthalten in International journal of energy research London [u.a.] : Wiley-Intersience, 1977 40(2016), 1, Seite 51-60 (DE-627)129612324 (DE-600)243235-3 (DE-576)015108384 0363-907X nnns volume:40 year:2016 number:1 pages:51-60 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.3300 Volltext http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/er.3300/abstract http://search.proquest.com/docview/1757227375 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-TEC GBV_ILN_70 50.70 AVZ AR 40 2016 1 51-60
spelling	10.1002/er.3300 doi PQ20160430 (DE-627)OLC1970751495 (DE-599)GBVOLC1970751495 (PRQ)p1530-7101e3b4e61c15f5b4097ee6a0defbf6500831ff545119b37224799f578d89153 (KEY)0059736820160000040000100051multiphaseultralowgradethermalenergystoragefororga DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 620 DNB 50.70 bkl Soda, Michael verfasserin aut Multiphase ultra‐low grade thermal energy storage for organic Rankine cycle 2016 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Up to 60% of thermal energy is wasted as low or ultra‐low quality through exhaust systems. The organic Rankine cycle can be used to generate mechanical power and electricity from these low grade energy sources. A variety of organic working fluids are available to optimize the organic rankine cycle (ORC) for any target temperature range. Because the out of these sources is intermittent, it is desirable to have a storage system. Multiple types of low grade thermal energy storages have been explored including sensible, latent, and thermochemical. Targeting 86 °C, the operating temperature of our experimental ORC, multiple potential materials were explored and tested as potential phase change materials including magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O), magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O), montan wax, and carnauba wax. The addition of graphite to augment heat transfer rates was also tested. Melting and solidification temperatures largely matched predictions. The magnesium salts were found to be less stable under thermal cycling than the waxes. Graphite was only soluble in the waxes. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer, which significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts. Research into optimum heat exchangers and storage vessels for these applications indicates that horizontally oriented aluminum pipes with vertically oriented aluminum fins would be the best method of storing and retrieving energy. Fin spacing can be predicted by an equation based on target temperatures and phase change material characteristics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Because the availability of ultra‐low grade thermal energy resources (below boiling temperature of water) are often intermittent, it is desirable to thermal energy storage close to the resource temperature. Potential thermal energy storage materials for ORC were tested. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer that significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts. Nutzungsrecht: Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ORC low grade heat multi-phase TES energy efficiency ultra-low grade TES Beyene, Asfaw oth Enthalten in International journal of energy research London [u.a.] : Wiley-Intersience, 1977 40(2016), 1, Seite 51-60 (DE-627)129612324 (DE-600)243235-3 (DE-576)015108384 0363-907X nnns volume:40 year:2016 number:1 pages:51-60 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.3300 Volltext http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/er.3300/abstract http://search.proquest.com/docview/1757227375 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-TEC GBV_ILN_70 50.70 AVZ AR 40 2016 1 51-60
allfields_unstemmed	10.1002/er.3300 doi PQ20160430 (DE-627)OLC1970751495 (DE-599)GBVOLC1970751495 (PRQ)p1530-7101e3b4e61c15f5b4097ee6a0defbf6500831ff545119b37224799f578d89153 (KEY)0059736820160000040000100051multiphaseultralowgradethermalenergystoragefororga DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 620 DNB 50.70 bkl Soda, Michael verfasserin aut Multiphase ultra‐low grade thermal energy storage for organic Rankine cycle 2016 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Up to 60% of thermal energy is wasted as low or ultra‐low quality through exhaust systems. The organic Rankine cycle can be used to generate mechanical power and electricity from these low grade energy sources. A variety of organic working fluids are available to optimize the organic rankine cycle (ORC) for any target temperature range. Because the out of these sources is intermittent, it is desirable to have a storage system. Multiple types of low grade thermal energy storages have been explored including sensible, latent, and thermochemical. Targeting 86 °C, the operating temperature of our experimental ORC, multiple potential materials were explored and tested as potential phase change materials including magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O), magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O), montan wax, and carnauba wax. The addition of graphite to augment heat transfer rates was also tested. Melting and solidification temperatures largely matched predictions. The magnesium salts were found to be less stable under thermal cycling than the waxes. Graphite was only soluble in the waxes. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer, which significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts. Research into optimum heat exchangers and storage vessels for these applications indicates that horizontally oriented aluminum pipes with vertically oriented aluminum fins would be the best method of storing and retrieving energy. Fin spacing can be predicted by an equation based on target temperatures and phase change material characteristics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Because the availability of ultra‐low grade thermal energy resources (below boiling temperature of water) are often intermittent, it is desirable to thermal energy storage close to the resource temperature. Potential thermal energy storage materials for ORC were tested. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer that significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts. Nutzungsrecht: Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ORC low grade heat multi-phase TES energy efficiency ultra-low grade TES Beyene, Asfaw oth Enthalten in International journal of energy research London [u.a.] : Wiley-Intersience, 1977 40(2016), 1, Seite 51-60 (DE-627)129612324 (DE-600)243235-3 (DE-576)015108384 0363-907X nnns volume:40 year:2016 number:1 pages:51-60 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.3300 Volltext http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/er.3300/abstract http://search.proquest.com/docview/1757227375 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-TEC GBV_ILN_70 50.70 AVZ AR 40 2016 1 51-60
allfieldsGer	10.1002/er.3300 doi PQ20160430 (DE-627)OLC1970751495 (DE-599)GBVOLC1970751495 (PRQ)p1530-7101e3b4e61c15f5b4097ee6a0defbf6500831ff545119b37224799f578d89153 (KEY)0059736820160000040000100051multiphaseultralowgradethermalenergystoragefororga DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 620 DNB 50.70 bkl Soda, Michael verfasserin aut Multiphase ultra‐low grade thermal energy storage for organic Rankine cycle 2016 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Up to 60% of thermal energy is wasted as low or ultra‐low quality through exhaust systems. The organic Rankine cycle can be used to generate mechanical power and electricity from these low grade energy sources. A variety of organic working fluids are available to optimize the organic rankine cycle (ORC) for any target temperature range. Because the out of these sources is intermittent, it is desirable to have a storage system. Multiple types of low grade thermal energy storages have been explored including sensible, latent, and thermochemical. Targeting 86 °C, the operating temperature of our experimental ORC, multiple potential materials were explored and tested as potential phase change materials including magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O), magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O), montan wax, and carnauba wax. The addition of graphite to augment heat transfer rates was also tested. Melting and solidification temperatures largely matched predictions. The magnesium salts were found to be less stable under thermal cycling than the waxes. Graphite was only soluble in the waxes. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer, which significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts. Research into optimum heat exchangers and storage vessels for these applications indicates that horizontally oriented aluminum pipes with vertically oriented aluminum fins would be the best method of storing and retrieving energy. Fin spacing can be predicted by an equation based on target temperatures and phase change material characteristics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Because the availability of ultra‐low grade thermal energy resources (below boiling temperature of water) are often intermittent, it is desirable to thermal energy storage close to the resource temperature. Potential thermal energy storage materials for ORC were tested. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer that significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts. Nutzungsrecht: Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ORC low grade heat multi-phase TES energy efficiency ultra-low grade TES Beyene, Asfaw oth Enthalten in International journal of energy research London [u.a.] : Wiley-Intersience, 1977 40(2016), 1, Seite 51-60 (DE-627)129612324 (DE-600)243235-3 (DE-576)015108384 0363-907X nnns volume:40 year:2016 number:1 pages:51-60 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.3300 Volltext http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/er.3300/abstract http://search.proquest.com/docview/1757227375 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-TEC GBV_ILN_70 50.70 AVZ AR 40 2016 1 51-60
allfieldsSound	10.1002/er.3300 doi PQ20160430 (DE-627)OLC1970751495 (DE-599)GBVOLC1970751495 (PRQ)p1530-7101e3b4e61c15f5b4097ee6a0defbf6500831ff545119b37224799f578d89153 (KEY)0059736820160000040000100051multiphaseultralowgradethermalenergystoragefororga DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 620 DNB 50.70 bkl Soda, Michael verfasserin aut Multiphase ultra‐low grade thermal energy storage for organic Rankine cycle 2016 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Up to 60% of thermal energy is wasted as low or ultra‐low quality through exhaust systems. The organic Rankine cycle can be used to generate mechanical power and electricity from these low grade energy sources. A variety of organic working fluids are available to optimize the organic rankine cycle (ORC) for any target temperature range. Because the out of these sources is intermittent, it is desirable to have a storage system. Multiple types of low grade thermal energy storages have been explored including sensible, latent, and thermochemical. Targeting 86 °C, the operating temperature of our experimental ORC, multiple potential materials were explored and tested as potential phase change materials including magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O), magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O), montan wax, and carnauba wax. The addition of graphite to augment heat transfer rates was also tested. Melting and solidification temperatures largely matched predictions. The magnesium salts were found to be less stable under thermal cycling than the waxes. Graphite was only soluble in the waxes. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer, which significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts. Research into optimum heat exchangers and storage vessels for these applications indicates that horizontally oriented aluminum pipes with vertically oriented aluminum fins would be the best method of storing and retrieving energy. Fin spacing can be predicted by an equation based on target temperatures and phase change material characteristics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Because the availability of ultra‐low grade thermal energy resources (below boiling temperature of water) are often intermittent, it is desirable to thermal energy storage close to the resource temperature. Potential thermal energy storage materials for ORC were tested. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer that significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts. Nutzungsrecht: Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ORC low grade heat multi-phase TES energy efficiency ultra-low grade TES Beyene, Asfaw oth Enthalten in International journal of energy research London [u.a.] : Wiley-Intersience, 1977 40(2016), 1, Seite 51-60 (DE-627)129612324 (DE-600)243235-3 (DE-576)015108384 0363-907X nnns volume:40 year:2016 number:1 pages:51-60 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.3300 Volltext http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/er.3300/abstract http://search.proquest.com/docview/1757227375 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-TEC GBV_ILN_70 50.70 AVZ AR 40 2016 1 51-60
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Graphite was only soluble in the waxes. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer, which significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts. Research into optimum heat exchangers and storage vessels for these applications indicates that horizontally oriented aluminum pipes with vertically oriented aluminum fins would be the best method of storing and retrieving energy. Fin spacing can be predicted by an equation based on target temperatures and phase change material characteristics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Because the availability of ultra‐low grade thermal energy resources (below boiling temperature of water) are often intermittent, it is desirable to thermal energy storage close to the resource temperature. Potential thermal energy storage materials for ORC were tested. 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author	Soda, Michael
spellingShingle	Soda, Michael ddc 620 bkl 50.70 misc ORC misc low grade heat misc multi-phase TES misc energy efficiency misc ultra-low grade TES Multiphase ultra‐low grade thermal energy storage for organic Rankine cycle
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topic_title	620 DNB 50.70 bkl Multiphase ultra‐low grade thermal energy storage for organic Rankine cycle ORC low grade heat multi-phase TES energy efficiency ultra-low grade TES
topic	ddc 620 bkl 50.70 misc ORC misc low grade heat misc multi-phase TES misc energy efficiency misc ultra-low grade TES
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title	Multiphase ultra‐low grade thermal energy storage for organic Rankine cycle
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title_full	Multiphase ultra‐low grade thermal energy storage for organic Rankine cycle
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title_sort	multiphase ultra‐low grade thermal energy storage for organic rankine cycle
title_auth	Multiphase ultra‐low grade thermal energy storage for organic Rankine cycle
abstract	Up to 60% of thermal energy is wasted as low or ultra‐low quality through exhaust systems. The organic Rankine cycle can be used to generate mechanical power and electricity from these low grade energy sources. A variety of organic working fluids are available to optimize the organic rankine cycle (ORC) for any target temperature range. Because the out of these sources is intermittent, it is desirable to have a storage system. Multiple types of low grade thermal energy storages have been explored including sensible, latent, and thermochemical. Targeting 86 °C, the operating temperature of our experimental ORC, multiple potential materials were explored and tested as potential phase change materials including magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O), magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O), montan wax, and carnauba wax. The addition of graphite to augment heat transfer rates was also tested. Melting and solidification temperatures largely matched predictions. The magnesium salts were found to be less stable under thermal cycling than the waxes. Graphite was only soluble in the waxes. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer, which significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts. Research into optimum heat exchangers and storage vessels for these applications indicates that horizontally oriented aluminum pipes with vertically oriented aluminum fins would be the best method of storing and retrieving energy. Fin spacing can be predicted by an equation based on target temperatures and phase change material characteristics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Because the availability of ultra‐low grade thermal energy resources (below boiling temperature of water) are often intermittent, it is desirable to thermal energy storage close to the resource temperature. Potential thermal energy storage materials for ORC were tested. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer that significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts.
abstractGer	Up to 60% of thermal energy is wasted as low or ultra‐low quality through exhaust systems. The organic Rankine cycle can be used to generate mechanical power and electricity from these low grade energy sources. A variety of organic working fluids are available to optimize the organic rankine cycle (ORC) for any target temperature range. Because the out of these sources is intermittent, it is desirable to have a storage system. Multiple types of low grade thermal energy storages have been explored including sensible, latent, and thermochemical. Targeting 86 °C, the operating temperature of our experimental ORC, multiple potential materials were explored and tested as potential phase change materials including magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O), magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O), montan wax, and carnauba wax. The addition of graphite to augment heat transfer rates was also tested. Melting and solidification temperatures largely matched predictions. The magnesium salts were found to be less stable under thermal cycling than the waxes. Graphite was only soluble in the waxes. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer, which significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts. Research into optimum heat exchangers and storage vessels for these applications indicates that horizontally oriented aluminum pipes with vertically oriented aluminum fins would be the best method of storing and retrieving energy. Fin spacing can be predicted by an equation based on target temperatures and phase change material characteristics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Because the availability of ultra‐low grade thermal energy resources (below boiling temperature of water) are often intermittent, it is desirable to thermal energy storage close to the resource temperature. Potential thermal energy storage materials for ORC were tested. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer that significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts.
abstract_unstemmed	Up to 60% of thermal energy is wasted as low or ultra‐low quality through exhaust systems. The organic Rankine cycle can be used to generate mechanical power and electricity from these low grade energy sources. A variety of organic working fluids are available to optimize the organic rankine cycle (ORC) for any target temperature range. Because the out of these sources is intermittent, it is desirable to have a storage system. Multiple types of low grade thermal energy storages have been explored including sensible, latent, and thermochemical. Targeting 86 °C, the operating temperature of our experimental ORC, multiple potential materials were explored and tested as potential phase change materials including magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl 2 ·6H 2 O), magnesium nitrate hexahydrate (Mg(NO 3 ) 2 ·6H 2 O), montan wax, and carnauba wax. The addition of graphite to augment heat transfer rates was also tested. Melting and solidification temperatures largely matched predictions. The magnesium salts were found to be less stable under thermal cycling than the waxes. Graphite was only soluble in the waxes. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer, which significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts. Research into optimum heat exchangers and storage vessels for these applications indicates that horizontally oriented aluminum pipes with vertically oriented aluminum fins would be the best method of storing and retrieving energy. Fin spacing can be predicted by an equation based on target temperatures and phase change material characteristics. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Because the availability of ultra‐low grade thermal energy resources (below boiling temperature of water) are often intermittent, it is desirable to thermal energy storage close to the resource temperature. Potential thermal energy storage materials for ORC were tested. Mixtures of magnesium salts and waxes yielded a layered composite with the less dense waxes creating a sealing layer over the salt layer that significantly increased the stability of the magnesium salts.
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title_short	Multiphase ultra‐low grade thermal energy storage for organic Rankine cycle
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