Racially aggravated offences: when does section 145 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 apply?
The development of hate crime laws in England and Wales over the past 15 years has been fragmented. The lack of uniformity with regards to what offences are covered by legislation, which characteristics are protected, and how identity-based hostility is proved in court has led to a number of concept...
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Owusu-Bempah, Abenaa [verfasserIn] |
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Artikel |
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Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2016 |
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Enthalten in: The criminal law review - London : Thomson / Sweet & Maxwell, 1954, (2016), 2, Seite 116 |
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year:2016 ; number:2 ; pages:116 |
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Owusu-Bempah, Abenaa |
| dewey-full |
340 |
| title_sort |
racially aggravated offences: when does section 145 of the criminal justice act 2003 apply? |
| title_auth |
Racially aggravated offences: when does section 145 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 apply? |
| abstract |
The development of hate crime laws in England and Wales over the past 15 years has been fragmented. The lack of uniformity with regards to what offences are covered by legislation, which characteristics are protected, and how identity-based hostility is proved in court has led to a number of conceptual and procedural problems for the operationalization of hate crime offences. One issue that has caused some confusion is the relationship between the racially and religiously aggravated offences as proscribed under the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and the penalty enhancement provisions that are set out under ss. 145 and 146 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. In particular, the question as to whether penalty enhancers can be applied at sentencing when a racially or religiously aggravated offence could have been, but was not, charged has been left unclear. It is this question that was recently faced by the Court of Appeal in the case of O'Leary. Here, Walters and Owusu-Bempah discuss when s. 145 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 applies. |
| abstractGer |
The development of hate crime laws in England and Wales over the past 15 years has been fragmented. The lack of uniformity with regards to what offences are covered by legislation, which characteristics are protected, and how identity-based hostility is proved in court has led to a number of conceptual and procedural problems for the operationalization of hate crime offences. One issue that has caused some confusion is the relationship between the racially and religiously aggravated offences as proscribed under the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and the penalty enhancement provisions that are set out under ss. 145 and 146 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. In particular, the question as to whether penalty enhancers can be applied at sentencing when a racially or religiously aggravated offence could have been, but was not, charged has been left unclear. It is this question that was recently faced by the Court of Appeal in the case of O'Leary. Here, Walters and Owusu-Bempah discuss when s. 145 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 applies. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
The development of hate crime laws in England and Wales over the past 15 years has been fragmented. The lack of uniformity with regards to what offences are covered by legislation, which characteristics are protected, and how identity-based hostility is proved in court has led to a number of conceptual and procedural problems for the operationalization of hate crime offences. One issue that has caused some confusion is the relationship between the racially and religiously aggravated offences as proscribed under the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and the penalty enhancement provisions that are set out under ss. 145 and 146 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. In particular, the question as to whether penalty enhancers can be applied at sentencing when a racially or religiously aggravated offence could have been, but was not, charged has been left unclear. It is this question that was recently faced by the Court of Appeal in the case of O'Leary. Here, Walters and Owusu-Bempah discuss when s. 145 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 applies. |
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Racially aggravated offences: when does section 145 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 apply? |
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