Coupling between mineral reactions, chemical changes in groundwater, and earthquakes in Iceland
Chemical analysis of groundwater samples collected from a borehole at Hafralækur, northern Iceland, from October 2008 to June 2015 revealed (1) a long‐term decrease in concentration of Si and Na and (2) an abrupt increase in concentration of Na before each of two consecutive M > 5 earthquakes wh...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Andrén, Margareta [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2016 |
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| Rechteinformationen: |
Nutzungsrecht: © 2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Journal of geophysical research / B - Washington, DC : Union, 1978, 121(2016), 4, Seite 2315-2337 |
|---|---|
| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:121 ; year:2016 ; number:4 ; pages:2315-2337 |
| Links: |
|---|
| DOI / URN: |
10.1002/2015JB012614 |
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OLC1975414233 |
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| 520 | |a Chemical analysis of groundwater samples collected from a borehole at Hafralækur, northern Iceland, from October 2008 to June 2015 revealed (1) a long‐term decrease in concentration of Si and Na and (2) an abrupt increase in concentration of Na before each of two consecutive M > 5 earthquakes which occurred in 2012 and 2013, both 76 km from Hafralækur. Based on a geochemical (major elements and stable isotopes), petrological, and mineralogical study of drill cuttings taken from an adjacent borehole, we are able to show that (1) the long‐term decrease in concentration of Si and Na was caused by constant volume replacement of labradorite by analcime coupled with precipitation of zeolites in vesicles and along fractures and (2) the abrupt increase of Na concentration before the first earthquake records a switchover to nonstoichiometric dissolution of analcime with preferential release of Na into groundwater. We attribute decay of the Na peaks, which followed and coincided with each earthquake to uptake of Na along fractured or porous boundaries between labradorite and analcime crystals. Possible causes of these Na peaks are an increase of reactive surface area caused by fracturing or a shift from chemical equilibrium caused by mixing between groundwater components. Both could have been triggered by preseismic dilation, which was also inferred in a previous study by Skelton et al. (2014). The mechanism behind preseismic dilation so far from the focus of an earthquake remains unknown. Eight years of groundwater monitoring records changes before and after M > 5 earthquakes Long‐term chemical changes can be explained by stoichiometric replacement of plagioclase by analcime and zeolites Short‐term chemical changes associated with earthquakes can be explained by nonstoichiometric release of Na from analcime | ||
| 540 | |a Nutzungsrecht: © 2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a nonstoichiometric dissolution | |
| 650 | 4 | |a groundwater chemistry | |
| 650 | 4 | |a water‐rock interaction | |
| 650 | 4 | |a replacement of labradorite by analcime | |
| 650 | 4 | |a earthquakes | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Seismology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Earthquakes | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mineralogy | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Groundwater | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geochemistry | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Stockmann, Gabrielle |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Skelton, Alasdair |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Sturkell, Erik |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Mörth, Carl‐Magnus |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Guðrúnardóttir, Helga Rakel |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Keller, Nicole Simone |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Odling, Nic |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Dahrén, Börje |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Broman, Curt |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Balic‐Zunic, Tonci |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hjartarson, Hreinn |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Siegmund, Heike |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Freund, Friedemann |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kockum, Ingrid |4 oth | |
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10.1002/2015JB012614 doi PQ20160610 (DE-627)OLC1975414233 (DE-599)GBVOLC1975414233 (PRQ)p1335-cc136f6ca7c76cacab21299d8c80e86a9108ee04183aef6557cd5ba5a93c03d30 (KEY)0108436420160000121000402315couplingbetweenmineralreactionschemicalchangesingr DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 DNB 38.70 bkl Andrén, Margareta verfasserin aut Coupling between mineral reactions, chemical changes in groundwater, and earthquakes in Iceland 2016 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Chemical analysis of groundwater samples collected from a borehole at Hafralækur, northern Iceland, from October 2008 to June 2015 revealed (1) a long‐term decrease in concentration of Si and Na and (2) an abrupt increase in concentration of Na before each of two consecutive M > 5 earthquakes which occurred in 2012 and 2013, both 76 km from Hafralækur. Based on a geochemical (major elements and stable isotopes), petrological, and mineralogical study of drill cuttings taken from an adjacent borehole, we are able to show that (1) the long‐term decrease in concentration of Si and Na was caused by constant volume replacement of labradorite by analcime coupled with precipitation of zeolites in vesicles and along fractures and (2) the abrupt increase of Na concentration before the first earthquake records a switchover to nonstoichiometric dissolution of analcime with preferential release of Na into groundwater. We attribute decay of the Na peaks, which followed and coincided with each earthquake to uptake of Na along fractured or porous boundaries between labradorite and analcime crystals. Possible causes of these Na peaks are an increase of reactive surface area caused by fracturing or a shift from chemical equilibrium caused by mixing between groundwater components. Both could have been triggered by preseismic dilation, which was also inferred in a previous study by Skelton et al. (2014). The mechanism behind preseismic dilation so far from the focus of an earthquake remains unknown. Eight years of groundwater monitoring records changes before and after M > 5 earthquakes Long‐term chemical changes can be explained by stoichiometric replacement of plagioclase by analcime and zeolites Short‐term chemical changes associated with earthquakes can be explained by nonstoichiometric release of Na from analcime Nutzungsrecht: © 2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. nonstoichiometric dissolution groundwater chemistry water‐rock interaction replacement of labradorite by analcime earthquakes Seismology Earthquakes Mineralogy Groundwater Geochemistry Stockmann, Gabrielle oth Skelton, Alasdair oth Sturkell, Erik oth Mörth, Carl‐Magnus oth Guðrúnardóttir, Helga Rakel oth Keller, Nicole Simone oth Odling, Nic oth Dahrén, Börje oth Broman, Curt oth Balic‐Zunic, Tonci oth Hjartarson, Hreinn oth Siegmund, Heike oth Freund, Friedemann oth Kockum, Ingrid oth Enthalten in Journal of geophysical research / B Washington, DC : Union, 1978 121(2016), 4, Seite 2315-2337 (DE-627)129366382 (DE-600)161666-3 (DE-576)014740451 0148-0227 nnns volume:121 year:2016 number:4 pages:2315-2337 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012614 Volltext http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015JB012614/abstract http://search.proquest.com/docview/1788608865 http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-282873 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-PHY SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-GEO GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2279 38.70 AVZ AR 121 2016 4 2315-2337 |
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10.1002/2015JB012614 doi PQ20160610 (DE-627)OLC1975414233 (DE-599)GBVOLC1975414233 (PRQ)p1335-cc136f6ca7c76cacab21299d8c80e86a9108ee04183aef6557cd5ba5a93c03d30 (KEY)0108436420160000121000402315couplingbetweenmineralreactionschemicalchangesingr DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 DNB 38.70 bkl Andrén, Margareta verfasserin aut Coupling between mineral reactions, chemical changes in groundwater, and earthquakes in Iceland 2016 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Chemical analysis of groundwater samples collected from a borehole at Hafralækur, northern Iceland, from October 2008 to June 2015 revealed (1) a long‐term decrease in concentration of Si and Na and (2) an abrupt increase in concentration of Na before each of two consecutive M > 5 earthquakes which occurred in 2012 and 2013, both 76 km from Hafralækur. Based on a geochemical (major elements and stable isotopes), petrological, and mineralogical study of drill cuttings taken from an adjacent borehole, we are able to show that (1) the long‐term decrease in concentration of Si and Na was caused by constant volume replacement of labradorite by analcime coupled with precipitation of zeolites in vesicles and along fractures and (2) the abrupt increase of Na concentration before the first earthquake records a switchover to nonstoichiometric dissolution of analcime with preferential release of Na into groundwater. We attribute decay of the Na peaks, which followed and coincided with each earthquake to uptake of Na along fractured or porous boundaries between labradorite and analcime crystals. Possible causes of these Na peaks are an increase of reactive surface area caused by fracturing or a shift from chemical equilibrium caused by mixing between groundwater components. Both could have been triggered by preseismic dilation, which was also inferred in a previous study by Skelton et al. (2014). The mechanism behind preseismic dilation so far from the focus of an earthquake remains unknown. Eight years of groundwater monitoring records changes before and after M > 5 earthquakes Long‐term chemical changes can be explained by stoichiometric replacement of plagioclase by analcime and zeolites Short‐term chemical changes associated with earthquakes can be explained by nonstoichiometric release of Na from analcime Nutzungsrecht: © 2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. nonstoichiometric dissolution groundwater chemistry water‐rock interaction replacement of labradorite by analcime earthquakes Seismology Earthquakes Mineralogy Groundwater Geochemistry Stockmann, Gabrielle oth Skelton, Alasdair oth Sturkell, Erik oth Mörth, Carl‐Magnus oth Guðrúnardóttir, Helga Rakel oth Keller, Nicole Simone oth Odling, Nic oth Dahrén, Börje oth Broman, Curt oth Balic‐Zunic, Tonci oth Hjartarson, Hreinn oth Siegmund, Heike oth Freund, Friedemann oth Kockum, Ingrid oth Enthalten in Journal of geophysical research / B Washington, DC : Union, 1978 121(2016), 4, Seite 2315-2337 (DE-627)129366382 (DE-600)161666-3 (DE-576)014740451 0148-0227 nnns volume:121 year:2016 number:4 pages:2315-2337 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012614 Volltext http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015JB012614/abstract http://search.proquest.com/docview/1788608865 http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-282873 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-PHY SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-GEO GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2279 38.70 AVZ AR 121 2016 4 2315-2337 |
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10.1002/2015JB012614 doi PQ20160610 (DE-627)OLC1975414233 (DE-599)GBVOLC1975414233 (PRQ)p1335-cc136f6ca7c76cacab21299d8c80e86a9108ee04183aef6557cd5ba5a93c03d30 (KEY)0108436420160000121000402315couplingbetweenmineralreactionschemicalchangesingr DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 DNB 38.70 bkl Andrén, Margareta verfasserin aut Coupling between mineral reactions, chemical changes in groundwater, and earthquakes in Iceland 2016 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Chemical analysis of groundwater samples collected from a borehole at Hafralækur, northern Iceland, from October 2008 to June 2015 revealed (1) a long‐term decrease in concentration of Si and Na and (2) an abrupt increase in concentration of Na before each of two consecutive M > 5 earthquakes which occurred in 2012 and 2013, both 76 km from Hafralækur. Based on a geochemical (major elements and stable isotopes), petrological, and mineralogical study of drill cuttings taken from an adjacent borehole, we are able to show that (1) the long‐term decrease in concentration of Si and Na was caused by constant volume replacement of labradorite by analcime coupled with precipitation of zeolites in vesicles and along fractures and (2) the abrupt increase of Na concentration before the first earthquake records a switchover to nonstoichiometric dissolution of analcime with preferential release of Na into groundwater. We attribute decay of the Na peaks, which followed and coincided with each earthquake to uptake of Na along fractured or porous boundaries between labradorite and analcime crystals. Possible causes of these Na peaks are an increase of reactive surface area caused by fracturing or a shift from chemical equilibrium caused by mixing between groundwater components. Both could have been triggered by preseismic dilation, which was also inferred in a previous study by Skelton et al. (2014). The mechanism behind preseismic dilation so far from the focus of an earthquake remains unknown. Eight years of groundwater monitoring records changes before and after M > 5 earthquakes Long‐term chemical changes can be explained by stoichiometric replacement of plagioclase by analcime and zeolites Short‐term chemical changes associated with earthquakes can be explained by nonstoichiometric release of Na from analcime Nutzungsrecht: © 2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. nonstoichiometric dissolution groundwater chemistry water‐rock interaction replacement of labradorite by analcime earthquakes Seismology Earthquakes Mineralogy Groundwater Geochemistry Stockmann, Gabrielle oth Skelton, Alasdair oth Sturkell, Erik oth Mörth, Carl‐Magnus oth Guðrúnardóttir, Helga Rakel oth Keller, Nicole Simone oth Odling, Nic oth Dahrén, Börje oth Broman, Curt oth Balic‐Zunic, Tonci oth Hjartarson, Hreinn oth Siegmund, Heike oth Freund, Friedemann oth Kockum, Ingrid oth Enthalten in Journal of geophysical research / B Washington, DC : Union, 1978 121(2016), 4, Seite 2315-2337 (DE-627)129366382 (DE-600)161666-3 (DE-576)014740451 0148-0227 nnns volume:121 year:2016 number:4 pages:2315-2337 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012614 Volltext http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015JB012614/abstract http://search.proquest.com/docview/1788608865 http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-282873 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-PHY SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-GEO GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2279 38.70 AVZ AR 121 2016 4 2315-2337 |
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10.1002/2015JB012614 doi PQ20160610 (DE-627)OLC1975414233 (DE-599)GBVOLC1975414233 (PRQ)p1335-cc136f6ca7c76cacab21299d8c80e86a9108ee04183aef6557cd5ba5a93c03d30 (KEY)0108436420160000121000402315couplingbetweenmineralreactionschemicalchangesingr DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 DNB 38.70 bkl Andrén, Margareta verfasserin aut Coupling between mineral reactions, chemical changes in groundwater, and earthquakes in Iceland 2016 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Chemical analysis of groundwater samples collected from a borehole at Hafralækur, northern Iceland, from October 2008 to June 2015 revealed (1) a long‐term decrease in concentration of Si and Na and (2) an abrupt increase in concentration of Na before each of two consecutive M > 5 earthquakes which occurred in 2012 and 2013, both 76 km from Hafralækur. Based on a geochemical (major elements and stable isotopes), petrological, and mineralogical study of drill cuttings taken from an adjacent borehole, we are able to show that (1) the long‐term decrease in concentration of Si and Na was caused by constant volume replacement of labradorite by analcime coupled with precipitation of zeolites in vesicles and along fractures and (2) the abrupt increase of Na concentration before the first earthquake records a switchover to nonstoichiometric dissolution of analcime with preferential release of Na into groundwater. We attribute decay of the Na peaks, which followed and coincided with each earthquake to uptake of Na along fractured or porous boundaries between labradorite and analcime crystals. Possible causes of these Na peaks are an increase of reactive surface area caused by fracturing or a shift from chemical equilibrium caused by mixing between groundwater components. Both could have been triggered by preseismic dilation, which was also inferred in a previous study by Skelton et al. (2014). The mechanism behind preseismic dilation so far from the focus of an earthquake remains unknown. Eight years of groundwater monitoring records changes before and after M > 5 earthquakes Long‐term chemical changes can be explained by stoichiometric replacement of plagioclase by analcime and zeolites Short‐term chemical changes associated with earthquakes can be explained by nonstoichiometric release of Na from analcime Nutzungsrecht: © 2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. nonstoichiometric dissolution groundwater chemistry water‐rock interaction replacement of labradorite by analcime earthquakes Seismology Earthquakes Mineralogy Groundwater Geochemistry Stockmann, Gabrielle oth Skelton, Alasdair oth Sturkell, Erik oth Mörth, Carl‐Magnus oth Guðrúnardóttir, Helga Rakel oth Keller, Nicole Simone oth Odling, Nic oth Dahrén, Börje oth Broman, Curt oth Balic‐Zunic, Tonci oth Hjartarson, Hreinn oth Siegmund, Heike oth Freund, Friedemann oth Kockum, Ingrid oth Enthalten in Journal of geophysical research / B Washington, DC : Union, 1978 121(2016), 4, Seite 2315-2337 (DE-627)129366382 (DE-600)161666-3 (DE-576)014740451 0148-0227 nnns volume:121 year:2016 number:4 pages:2315-2337 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012614 Volltext http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015JB012614/abstract http://search.proquest.com/docview/1788608865 http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-282873 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-PHY SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-GEO GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2279 38.70 AVZ AR 121 2016 4 2315-2337 |
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10.1002/2015JB012614 doi PQ20160610 (DE-627)OLC1975414233 (DE-599)GBVOLC1975414233 (PRQ)p1335-cc136f6ca7c76cacab21299d8c80e86a9108ee04183aef6557cd5ba5a93c03d30 (KEY)0108436420160000121000402315couplingbetweenmineralreactionschemicalchangesingr DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 DNB 38.70 bkl Andrén, Margareta verfasserin aut Coupling between mineral reactions, chemical changes in groundwater, and earthquakes in Iceland 2016 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Chemical analysis of groundwater samples collected from a borehole at Hafralækur, northern Iceland, from October 2008 to June 2015 revealed (1) a long‐term decrease in concentration of Si and Na and (2) an abrupt increase in concentration of Na before each of two consecutive M > 5 earthquakes which occurred in 2012 and 2013, both 76 km from Hafralækur. Based on a geochemical (major elements and stable isotopes), petrological, and mineralogical study of drill cuttings taken from an adjacent borehole, we are able to show that (1) the long‐term decrease in concentration of Si and Na was caused by constant volume replacement of labradorite by analcime coupled with precipitation of zeolites in vesicles and along fractures and (2) the abrupt increase of Na concentration before the first earthquake records a switchover to nonstoichiometric dissolution of analcime with preferential release of Na into groundwater. We attribute decay of the Na peaks, which followed and coincided with each earthquake to uptake of Na along fractured or porous boundaries between labradorite and analcime crystals. Possible causes of these Na peaks are an increase of reactive surface area caused by fracturing or a shift from chemical equilibrium caused by mixing between groundwater components. Both could have been triggered by preseismic dilation, which was also inferred in a previous study by Skelton et al. (2014). The mechanism behind preseismic dilation so far from the focus of an earthquake remains unknown. Eight years of groundwater monitoring records changes before and after M > 5 earthquakes Long‐term chemical changes can be explained by stoichiometric replacement of plagioclase by analcime and zeolites Short‐term chemical changes associated with earthquakes can be explained by nonstoichiometric release of Na from analcime Nutzungsrecht: © 2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. nonstoichiometric dissolution groundwater chemistry water‐rock interaction replacement of labradorite by analcime earthquakes Seismology Earthquakes Mineralogy Groundwater Geochemistry Stockmann, Gabrielle oth Skelton, Alasdair oth Sturkell, Erik oth Mörth, Carl‐Magnus oth Guðrúnardóttir, Helga Rakel oth Keller, Nicole Simone oth Odling, Nic oth Dahrén, Börje oth Broman, Curt oth Balic‐Zunic, Tonci oth Hjartarson, Hreinn oth Siegmund, Heike oth Freund, Friedemann oth Kockum, Ingrid oth Enthalten in Journal of geophysical research / B Washington, DC : Union, 1978 121(2016), 4, Seite 2315-2337 (DE-627)129366382 (DE-600)161666-3 (DE-576)014740451 0148-0227 nnns volume:121 year:2016 number:4 pages:2315-2337 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2015JB012614 Volltext http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015JB012614/abstract http://search.proquest.com/docview/1788608865 http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-282873 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-PHY SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-GEO GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2279 38.70 AVZ AR 121 2016 4 2315-2337 |
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Andrén, Margareta @@aut@@ Stockmann, Gabrielle @@oth@@ Skelton, Alasdair @@oth@@ Sturkell, Erik @@oth@@ Mörth, Carl‐Magnus @@oth@@ Guðrúnardóttir, Helga Rakel @@oth@@ Keller, Nicole Simone @@oth@@ Odling, Nic @@oth@@ Dahrén, Börje @@oth@@ Broman, Curt @@oth@@ Balic‐Zunic, Tonci @@oth@@ Hjartarson, Hreinn @@oth@@ Siegmund, Heike @@oth@@ Freund, Friedemann @@oth@@ Kockum, Ingrid @@oth@@ |
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Andrén, Margareta |
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550 DNB 38.70 bkl Coupling between mineral reactions, chemical changes in groundwater, and earthquakes in Iceland nonstoichiometric dissolution groundwater chemistry water‐rock interaction replacement of labradorite by analcime earthquakes Seismology Earthquakes Mineralogy Groundwater Geochemistry |
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coupling between mineral reactions, chemical changes in groundwater, and earthquakes in iceland |
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Coupling between mineral reactions, chemical changes in groundwater, and earthquakes in Iceland |
| abstract |
Chemical analysis of groundwater samples collected from a borehole at Hafralækur, northern Iceland, from October 2008 to June 2015 revealed (1) a long‐term decrease in concentration of Si and Na and (2) an abrupt increase in concentration of Na before each of two consecutive M > 5 earthquakes which occurred in 2012 and 2013, both 76 km from Hafralækur. Based on a geochemical (major elements and stable isotopes), petrological, and mineralogical study of drill cuttings taken from an adjacent borehole, we are able to show that (1) the long‐term decrease in concentration of Si and Na was caused by constant volume replacement of labradorite by analcime coupled with precipitation of zeolites in vesicles and along fractures and (2) the abrupt increase of Na concentration before the first earthquake records a switchover to nonstoichiometric dissolution of analcime with preferential release of Na into groundwater. We attribute decay of the Na peaks, which followed and coincided with each earthquake to uptake of Na along fractured or porous boundaries between labradorite and analcime crystals. Possible causes of these Na peaks are an increase of reactive surface area caused by fracturing or a shift from chemical equilibrium caused by mixing between groundwater components. Both could have been triggered by preseismic dilation, which was also inferred in a previous study by Skelton et al. (2014). The mechanism behind preseismic dilation so far from the focus of an earthquake remains unknown. Eight years of groundwater monitoring records changes before and after M > 5 earthquakes Long‐term chemical changes can be explained by stoichiometric replacement of plagioclase by analcime and zeolites Short‐term chemical changes associated with earthquakes can be explained by nonstoichiometric release of Na from analcime |
| abstractGer |
Chemical analysis of groundwater samples collected from a borehole at Hafralækur, northern Iceland, from October 2008 to June 2015 revealed (1) a long‐term decrease in concentration of Si and Na and (2) an abrupt increase in concentration of Na before each of two consecutive M > 5 earthquakes which occurred in 2012 and 2013, both 76 km from Hafralækur. Based on a geochemical (major elements and stable isotopes), petrological, and mineralogical study of drill cuttings taken from an adjacent borehole, we are able to show that (1) the long‐term decrease in concentration of Si and Na was caused by constant volume replacement of labradorite by analcime coupled with precipitation of zeolites in vesicles and along fractures and (2) the abrupt increase of Na concentration before the first earthquake records a switchover to nonstoichiometric dissolution of analcime with preferential release of Na into groundwater. We attribute decay of the Na peaks, which followed and coincided with each earthquake to uptake of Na along fractured or porous boundaries between labradorite and analcime crystals. Possible causes of these Na peaks are an increase of reactive surface area caused by fracturing or a shift from chemical equilibrium caused by mixing between groundwater components. Both could have been triggered by preseismic dilation, which was also inferred in a previous study by Skelton et al. (2014). The mechanism behind preseismic dilation so far from the focus of an earthquake remains unknown. Eight years of groundwater monitoring records changes before and after M > 5 earthquakes Long‐term chemical changes can be explained by stoichiometric replacement of plagioclase by analcime and zeolites Short‐term chemical changes associated with earthquakes can be explained by nonstoichiometric release of Na from analcime |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Chemical analysis of groundwater samples collected from a borehole at Hafralækur, northern Iceland, from October 2008 to June 2015 revealed (1) a long‐term decrease in concentration of Si and Na and (2) an abrupt increase in concentration of Na before each of two consecutive M > 5 earthquakes which occurred in 2012 and 2013, both 76 km from Hafralækur. Based on a geochemical (major elements and stable isotopes), petrological, and mineralogical study of drill cuttings taken from an adjacent borehole, we are able to show that (1) the long‐term decrease in concentration of Si and Na was caused by constant volume replacement of labradorite by analcime coupled with precipitation of zeolites in vesicles and along fractures and (2) the abrupt increase of Na concentration before the first earthquake records a switchover to nonstoichiometric dissolution of analcime with preferential release of Na into groundwater. We attribute decay of the Na peaks, which followed and coincided with each earthquake to uptake of Na along fractured or porous boundaries between labradorite and analcime crystals. Possible causes of these Na peaks are an increase of reactive surface area caused by fracturing or a shift from chemical equilibrium caused by mixing between groundwater components. Both could have been triggered by preseismic dilation, which was also inferred in a previous study by Skelton et al. (2014). The mechanism behind preseismic dilation so far from the focus of an earthquake remains unknown. Eight years of groundwater monitoring records changes before and after M > 5 earthquakes Long‐term chemical changes can be explained by stoichiometric replacement of plagioclase by analcime and zeolites Short‐term chemical changes associated with earthquakes can be explained by nonstoichiometric release of Na from analcime |
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Coupling between mineral reactions, chemical changes in groundwater, and earthquakes in Iceland |
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Stockmann, Gabrielle Skelton, Alasdair Sturkell, Erik Mörth, Carl‐Magnus Guðrúnardóttir, Helga Rakel Keller, Nicole Simone Odling, Nic Dahrén, Börje Broman, Curt Balic‐Zunic, Tonci Hjartarson, Hreinn Siegmund, Heike Freund, Friedemann Kockum, Ingrid |
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