Lithium-Ion Battery Aging Experiments at Subzero Temperatures and Model Development for Capacity Fade Estimation
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs (HEVs) are insufficient for vehicle use after they have degraded to 70% to 80% of their original capacity. Battery lifespan is a large consideration when designing battery packs for EVs/HEVs. Aging mechanisms, such...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Jaguemont, Joris [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2016 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: IEEE transactions on vehicular technology - New York, NY : IEEE, 1967, 65(2016), 6, Seite 4328-4343 |
|---|---|
| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:65 ; year:2016 ; number:6 ; pages:4328-4343 |
| Links: |
|---|
| DOI / URN: |
10.1109/TVT.2015.2473841 |
|---|
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OLC1977330460 |
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| 520 | |a Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs (HEVs) are insufficient for vehicle use after they have degraded to 70% to 80% of their original capacity. Battery lifespan is a large consideration when designing battery packs for EVs/HEVs. Aging mechanisms, such as metal dissolution, growth of the passivated surface film layer on the electrodes, and loss of both recyclable lithium ions, affect the longevity of the Li-ion battery at high-temperature operations. Even vehicle maneuvers at low temperatures <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">(T < \mbox{0}\ ^\circ\mbox{C})</tex-math></inline-formula> contribute to battery lifetime degradation, owing to the anode electrode vulnerability to other degradation mechanisms such as lithium plating. Nowadays, only a few battery thermal management schemes have properly considered low-temperature degradation. This is due to the lack of studies on aging of Li-ion batteries at subzero temperature. This paper investigates how load cycle and calendar life properties affect the lifetime and aging processes of Li-ion cells at low temperatures. Accelerated aging tests were used to determine the effect of the ambient temperature on the performance of three 100-Ah LiFeMnP0 4 Li-ion cells. Two of them were aged through a normalized driving cycle at two temperature tests ( <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">-\mbox{20}\ ^\circ\mbox{C}</tex-math></inline-formula> and 25 °C). The calendar test was carried out on one single battery at -20 °C and mid-range of state of charge (50%). Their capacities were continuously measured every two or three days. An aging model is developed and added to a preliminary single-cell electrothermal model to establish, in future works, a thermal strategy capable of predicting how the cell ages. This aging model was then validated by comparing its predictions with the aging data obtained from a cycling test at 0 °C. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a hybrid vehicles | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Resistance | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Temperature measurement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Batteries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a aging mechanisms | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Aging | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Temperature | |
| 650 | 4 | |a low temperatures | |
| 650 | 4 | |a System-on-chip | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Lithium-Ion | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Lithium | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Boulon, Loic |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Venet, Pascal |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Dube, Yves |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Sari, Ali |4 oth | |
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10.1109/TVT.2015.2473841 doi PQ20160719 (DE-627)OLC1977330460 (DE-599)GBVOLC1977330460 (PRQ)c709-656e82865b36e1392dd13fce840745f36e5e83d757b7f73e3456bfee4a22e4710 (KEY)0030991520160000065000604328lithiumionbatteryagingexperimentsatsubzerotemperat DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 620 DNB 53.70 bkl 53.74 bkl Jaguemont, Joris verfasserin aut Lithium-Ion Battery Aging Experiments at Subzero Temperatures and Model Development for Capacity Fade Estimation 2016 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs (HEVs) are insufficient for vehicle use after they have degraded to 70% to 80% of their original capacity. Battery lifespan is a large consideration when designing battery packs for EVs/HEVs. Aging mechanisms, such as metal dissolution, growth of the passivated surface film layer on the electrodes, and loss of both recyclable lithium ions, affect the longevity of the Li-ion battery at high-temperature operations. Even vehicle maneuvers at low temperatures <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">(T < \mbox{0}\ ^\circ\mbox{C})</tex-math></inline-formula> contribute to battery lifetime degradation, owing to the anode electrode vulnerability to other degradation mechanisms such as lithium plating. Nowadays, only a few battery thermal management schemes have properly considered low-temperature degradation. This is due to the lack of studies on aging of Li-ion batteries at subzero temperature. This paper investigates how load cycle and calendar life properties affect the lifetime and aging processes of Li-ion cells at low temperatures. Accelerated aging tests were used to determine the effect of the ambient temperature on the performance of three 100-Ah LiFeMnP0 4 Li-ion cells. Two of them were aged through a normalized driving cycle at two temperature tests ( <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">-\mbox{20}\ ^\circ\mbox{C}</tex-math></inline-formula> and 25 °C). The calendar test was carried out on one single battery at -20 °C and mid-range of state of charge (50%). Their capacities were continuously measured every two or three days. An aging model is developed and added to a preliminary single-cell electrothermal model to establish, in future works, a thermal strategy capable of predicting how the cell ages. This aging model was then validated by comparing its predictions with the aging data obtained from a cycling test at 0 °C. hybrid vehicles Resistance Temperature measurement Batteries aging mechanisms Aging Temperature low temperatures System-on-chip Lithium-Ion Lithium Boulon, Loic oth Venet, Pascal oth Dube, Yves oth Sari, Ali oth Enthalten in IEEE transactions on vehicular technology New York, NY : IEEE, 1967 65(2016), 6, Seite 4328-4343 (DE-627)129358584 (DE-600)160444-2 (DE-576)014730871 0018-9545 nnns volume:65 year:2016 number:6 pages:4328-4343 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2015.2473841 Volltext http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=7226857 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-TEC GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_2061 53.70 AVZ 53.74 AVZ AR 65 2016 6 4328-4343 |
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10.1109/TVT.2015.2473841 doi PQ20160719 (DE-627)OLC1977330460 (DE-599)GBVOLC1977330460 (PRQ)c709-656e82865b36e1392dd13fce840745f36e5e83d757b7f73e3456bfee4a22e4710 (KEY)0030991520160000065000604328lithiumionbatteryagingexperimentsatsubzerotemperat DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 620 DNB 53.70 bkl 53.74 bkl Jaguemont, Joris verfasserin aut Lithium-Ion Battery Aging Experiments at Subzero Temperatures and Model Development for Capacity Fade Estimation 2016 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs (HEVs) are insufficient for vehicle use after they have degraded to 70% to 80% of their original capacity. Battery lifespan is a large consideration when designing battery packs for EVs/HEVs. Aging mechanisms, such as metal dissolution, growth of the passivated surface film layer on the electrodes, and loss of both recyclable lithium ions, affect the longevity of the Li-ion battery at high-temperature operations. Even vehicle maneuvers at low temperatures <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">(T < \mbox{0}\ ^\circ\mbox{C})</tex-math></inline-formula> contribute to battery lifetime degradation, owing to the anode electrode vulnerability to other degradation mechanisms such as lithium plating. Nowadays, only a few battery thermal management schemes have properly considered low-temperature degradation. This is due to the lack of studies on aging of Li-ion batteries at subzero temperature. This paper investigates how load cycle and calendar life properties affect the lifetime and aging processes of Li-ion cells at low temperatures. Accelerated aging tests were used to determine the effect of the ambient temperature on the performance of three 100-Ah LiFeMnP0 4 Li-ion cells. Two of them were aged through a normalized driving cycle at two temperature tests ( <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">-\mbox{20}\ ^\circ\mbox{C}</tex-math></inline-formula> and 25 °C). The calendar test was carried out on one single battery at -20 °C and mid-range of state of charge (50%). Their capacities were continuously measured every two or three days. An aging model is developed and added to a preliminary single-cell electrothermal model to establish, in future works, a thermal strategy capable of predicting how the cell ages. This aging model was then validated by comparing its predictions with the aging data obtained from a cycling test at 0 °C. hybrid vehicles Resistance Temperature measurement Batteries aging mechanisms Aging Temperature low temperatures System-on-chip Lithium-Ion Lithium Boulon, Loic oth Venet, Pascal oth Dube, Yves oth Sari, Ali oth Enthalten in IEEE transactions on vehicular technology New York, NY : IEEE, 1967 65(2016), 6, Seite 4328-4343 (DE-627)129358584 (DE-600)160444-2 (DE-576)014730871 0018-9545 nnns volume:65 year:2016 number:6 pages:4328-4343 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2015.2473841 Volltext http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=7226857 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-TEC GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_2061 53.70 AVZ 53.74 AVZ AR 65 2016 6 4328-4343 |
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10.1109/TVT.2015.2473841 doi PQ20160719 (DE-627)OLC1977330460 (DE-599)GBVOLC1977330460 (PRQ)c709-656e82865b36e1392dd13fce840745f36e5e83d757b7f73e3456bfee4a22e4710 (KEY)0030991520160000065000604328lithiumionbatteryagingexperimentsatsubzerotemperat DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 620 DNB 53.70 bkl 53.74 bkl Jaguemont, Joris verfasserin aut Lithium-Ion Battery Aging Experiments at Subzero Temperatures and Model Development for Capacity Fade Estimation 2016 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs (HEVs) are insufficient for vehicle use after they have degraded to 70% to 80% of their original capacity. Battery lifespan is a large consideration when designing battery packs for EVs/HEVs. Aging mechanisms, such as metal dissolution, growth of the passivated surface film layer on the electrodes, and loss of both recyclable lithium ions, affect the longevity of the Li-ion battery at high-temperature operations. Even vehicle maneuvers at low temperatures <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">(T < \mbox{0}\ ^\circ\mbox{C})</tex-math></inline-formula> contribute to battery lifetime degradation, owing to the anode electrode vulnerability to other degradation mechanisms such as lithium plating. Nowadays, only a few battery thermal management schemes have properly considered low-temperature degradation. This is due to the lack of studies on aging of Li-ion batteries at subzero temperature. This paper investigates how load cycle and calendar life properties affect the lifetime and aging processes of Li-ion cells at low temperatures. Accelerated aging tests were used to determine the effect of the ambient temperature on the performance of three 100-Ah LiFeMnP0 4 Li-ion cells. Two of them were aged through a normalized driving cycle at two temperature tests ( <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">-\mbox{20}\ ^\circ\mbox{C}</tex-math></inline-formula> and 25 °C). The calendar test was carried out on one single battery at -20 °C and mid-range of state of charge (50%). Their capacities were continuously measured every two or three days. An aging model is developed and added to a preliminary single-cell electrothermal model to establish, in future works, a thermal strategy capable of predicting how the cell ages. This aging model was then validated by comparing its predictions with the aging data obtained from a cycling test at 0 °C. hybrid vehicles Resistance Temperature measurement Batteries aging mechanisms Aging Temperature low temperatures System-on-chip Lithium-Ion Lithium Boulon, Loic oth Venet, Pascal oth Dube, Yves oth Sari, Ali oth Enthalten in IEEE transactions on vehicular technology New York, NY : IEEE, 1967 65(2016), 6, Seite 4328-4343 (DE-627)129358584 (DE-600)160444-2 (DE-576)014730871 0018-9545 nnns volume:65 year:2016 number:6 pages:4328-4343 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2015.2473841 Volltext http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=7226857 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-TEC GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_2061 53.70 AVZ 53.74 AVZ AR 65 2016 6 4328-4343 |
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10.1109/TVT.2015.2473841 doi PQ20160719 (DE-627)OLC1977330460 (DE-599)GBVOLC1977330460 (PRQ)c709-656e82865b36e1392dd13fce840745f36e5e83d757b7f73e3456bfee4a22e4710 (KEY)0030991520160000065000604328lithiumionbatteryagingexperimentsatsubzerotemperat DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 620 DNB 53.70 bkl 53.74 bkl Jaguemont, Joris verfasserin aut Lithium-Ion Battery Aging Experiments at Subzero Temperatures and Model Development for Capacity Fade Estimation 2016 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs (HEVs) are insufficient for vehicle use after they have degraded to 70% to 80% of their original capacity. Battery lifespan is a large consideration when designing battery packs for EVs/HEVs. Aging mechanisms, such as metal dissolution, growth of the passivated surface film layer on the electrodes, and loss of both recyclable lithium ions, affect the longevity of the Li-ion battery at high-temperature operations. Even vehicle maneuvers at low temperatures <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">(T < \mbox{0}\ ^\circ\mbox{C})</tex-math></inline-formula> contribute to battery lifetime degradation, owing to the anode electrode vulnerability to other degradation mechanisms such as lithium plating. Nowadays, only a few battery thermal management schemes have properly considered low-temperature degradation. This is due to the lack of studies on aging of Li-ion batteries at subzero temperature. This paper investigates how load cycle and calendar life properties affect the lifetime and aging processes of Li-ion cells at low temperatures. Accelerated aging tests were used to determine the effect of the ambient temperature on the performance of three 100-Ah LiFeMnP0 4 Li-ion cells. Two of them were aged through a normalized driving cycle at two temperature tests ( <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">-\mbox{20}\ ^\circ\mbox{C}</tex-math></inline-formula> and 25 °C). The calendar test was carried out on one single battery at -20 °C and mid-range of state of charge (50%). Their capacities were continuously measured every two or three days. An aging model is developed and added to a preliminary single-cell electrothermal model to establish, in future works, a thermal strategy capable of predicting how the cell ages. This aging model was then validated by comparing its predictions with the aging data obtained from a cycling test at 0 °C. hybrid vehicles Resistance Temperature measurement Batteries aging mechanisms Aging Temperature low temperatures System-on-chip Lithium-Ion Lithium Boulon, Loic oth Venet, Pascal oth Dube, Yves oth Sari, Ali oth Enthalten in IEEE transactions on vehicular technology New York, NY : IEEE, 1967 65(2016), 6, Seite 4328-4343 (DE-627)129358584 (DE-600)160444-2 (DE-576)014730871 0018-9545 nnns volume:65 year:2016 number:6 pages:4328-4343 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2015.2473841 Volltext http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=7226857 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-TEC GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_2061 53.70 AVZ 53.74 AVZ AR 65 2016 6 4328-4343 |
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10.1109/TVT.2015.2473841 doi PQ20160719 (DE-627)OLC1977330460 (DE-599)GBVOLC1977330460 (PRQ)c709-656e82865b36e1392dd13fce840745f36e5e83d757b7f73e3456bfee4a22e4710 (KEY)0030991520160000065000604328lithiumionbatteryagingexperimentsatsubzerotemperat DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 620 DNB 53.70 bkl 53.74 bkl Jaguemont, Joris verfasserin aut Lithium-Ion Battery Aging Experiments at Subzero Temperatures and Model Development for Capacity Fade Estimation 2016 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs (HEVs) are insufficient for vehicle use after they have degraded to 70% to 80% of their original capacity. Battery lifespan is a large consideration when designing battery packs for EVs/HEVs. Aging mechanisms, such as metal dissolution, growth of the passivated surface film layer on the electrodes, and loss of both recyclable lithium ions, affect the longevity of the Li-ion battery at high-temperature operations. Even vehicle maneuvers at low temperatures <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">(T < \mbox{0}\ ^\circ\mbox{C})</tex-math></inline-formula> contribute to battery lifetime degradation, owing to the anode electrode vulnerability to other degradation mechanisms such as lithium plating. Nowadays, only a few battery thermal management schemes have properly considered low-temperature degradation. This is due to the lack of studies on aging of Li-ion batteries at subzero temperature. This paper investigates how load cycle and calendar life properties affect the lifetime and aging processes of Li-ion cells at low temperatures. Accelerated aging tests were used to determine the effect of the ambient temperature on the performance of three 100-Ah LiFeMnP0 4 Li-ion cells. Two of them were aged through a normalized driving cycle at two temperature tests ( <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">-\mbox{20}\ ^\circ\mbox{C}</tex-math></inline-formula> and 25 °C). The calendar test was carried out on one single battery at -20 °C and mid-range of state of charge (50%). Their capacities were continuously measured every two or three days. An aging model is developed and added to a preliminary single-cell electrothermal model to establish, in future works, a thermal strategy capable of predicting how the cell ages. This aging model was then validated by comparing its predictions with the aging data obtained from a cycling test at 0 °C. hybrid vehicles Resistance Temperature measurement Batteries aging mechanisms Aging Temperature low temperatures System-on-chip Lithium-Ion Lithium Boulon, Loic oth Venet, Pascal oth Dube, Yves oth Sari, Ali oth Enthalten in IEEE transactions on vehicular technology New York, NY : IEEE, 1967 65(2016), 6, Seite 4328-4343 (DE-627)129358584 (DE-600)160444-2 (DE-576)014730871 0018-9545 nnns volume:65 year:2016 number:6 pages:4328-4343 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2015.2473841 Volltext http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=7226857 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-TEC GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_2061 53.70 AVZ 53.74 AVZ AR 65 2016 6 4328-4343 |
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Jaguemont, Joris @@aut@@ Boulon, Loic @@oth@@ Venet, Pascal @@oth@@ Dube, Yves @@oth@@ Sari, Ali @@oth@@ |
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Lithium-Ion Battery Aging Experiments at Subzero Temperatures and Model Development for Capacity Fade Estimation |
| abstract |
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs (HEVs) are insufficient for vehicle use after they have degraded to 70% to 80% of their original capacity. Battery lifespan is a large consideration when designing battery packs for EVs/HEVs. Aging mechanisms, such as metal dissolution, growth of the passivated surface film layer on the electrodes, and loss of both recyclable lithium ions, affect the longevity of the Li-ion battery at high-temperature operations. Even vehicle maneuvers at low temperatures <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">(T < \mbox{0}\ ^\circ\mbox{C})</tex-math></inline-formula> contribute to battery lifetime degradation, owing to the anode electrode vulnerability to other degradation mechanisms such as lithium plating. Nowadays, only a few battery thermal management schemes have properly considered low-temperature degradation. This is due to the lack of studies on aging of Li-ion batteries at subzero temperature. This paper investigates how load cycle and calendar life properties affect the lifetime and aging processes of Li-ion cells at low temperatures. Accelerated aging tests were used to determine the effect of the ambient temperature on the performance of three 100-Ah LiFeMnP0 4 Li-ion cells. Two of them were aged through a normalized driving cycle at two temperature tests ( <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">-\mbox{20}\ ^\circ\mbox{C}</tex-math></inline-formula> and 25 °C). The calendar test was carried out on one single battery at -20 °C and mid-range of state of charge (50%). Their capacities were continuously measured every two or three days. An aging model is developed and added to a preliminary single-cell electrothermal model to establish, in future works, a thermal strategy capable of predicting how the cell ages. This aging model was then validated by comparing its predictions with the aging data obtained from a cycling test at 0 °C. |
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Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs (HEVs) are insufficient for vehicle use after they have degraded to 70% to 80% of their original capacity. Battery lifespan is a large consideration when designing battery packs for EVs/HEVs. Aging mechanisms, such as metal dissolution, growth of the passivated surface film layer on the electrodes, and loss of both recyclable lithium ions, affect the longevity of the Li-ion battery at high-temperature operations. Even vehicle maneuvers at low temperatures <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">(T < \mbox{0}\ ^\circ\mbox{C})</tex-math></inline-formula> contribute to battery lifetime degradation, owing to the anode electrode vulnerability to other degradation mechanisms such as lithium plating. Nowadays, only a few battery thermal management schemes have properly considered low-temperature degradation. This is due to the lack of studies on aging of Li-ion batteries at subzero temperature. This paper investigates how load cycle and calendar life properties affect the lifetime and aging processes of Li-ion cells at low temperatures. Accelerated aging tests were used to determine the effect of the ambient temperature on the performance of three 100-Ah LiFeMnP0 4 Li-ion cells. Two of them were aged through a normalized driving cycle at two temperature tests ( <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">-\mbox{20}\ ^\circ\mbox{C}</tex-math></inline-formula> and 25 °C). The calendar test was carried out on one single battery at -20 °C and mid-range of state of charge (50%). Their capacities were continuously measured every two or three days. An aging model is developed and added to a preliminary single-cell electrothermal model to establish, in future works, a thermal strategy capable of predicting how the cell ages. This aging model was then validated by comparing its predictions with the aging data obtained from a cycling test at 0 °C. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs (HEVs) are insufficient for vehicle use after they have degraded to 70% to 80% of their original capacity. Battery lifespan is a large consideration when designing battery packs for EVs/HEVs. Aging mechanisms, such as metal dissolution, growth of the passivated surface film layer on the electrodes, and loss of both recyclable lithium ions, affect the longevity of the Li-ion battery at high-temperature operations. Even vehicle maneuvers at low temperatures <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">(T < \mbox{0}\ ^\circ\mbox{C})</tex-math></inline-formula> contribute to battery lifetime degradation, owing to the anode electrode vulnerability to other degradation mechanisms such as lithium plating. Nowadays, only a few battery thermal management schemes have properly considered low-temperature degradation. This is due to the lack of studies on aging of Li-ion batteries at subzero temperature. This paper investigates how load cycle and calendar life properties affect the lifetime and aging processes of Li-ion cells at low temperatures. Accelerated aging tests were used to determine the effect of the ambient temperature on the performance of three 100-Ah LiFeMnP0 4 Li-ion cells. Two of them were aged through a normalized driving cycle at two temperature tests ( <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">-\mbox{20}\ ^\circ\mbox{C}</tex-math></inline-formula> and 25 °C). The calendar test was carried out on one single battery at -20 °C and mid-range of state of charge (50%). Their capacities were continuously measured every two or three days. An aging model is developed and added to a preliminary single-cell electrothermal model to establish, in future works, a thermal strategy capable of predicting how the cell ages. This aging model was then validated by comparing its predictions with the aging data obtained from a cycling test at 0 °C. |
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