Effects of Signal Saturation on QUS Parameter Estimates Based on High-Frequency-Ultrasound Signals Acquired From Isolated Cancerous Lymph Nodes
Choosing an appropriate dynamic range (DR) for acquiring radio frequency (RF) data from a high-frequency-ultrasound (HFU) system is challenging because signals can vary greatly in amplitude as a result of focusing and attenuation effects. In addition, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) results are altere...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Tamura, Kazuki [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2017 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control - New York, NY : IEEE, 1986, 64(2017), 10, Seite 1501-1513 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:64 ; year:2017 ; number:10 ; pages:1501-1513 |
| Links: |
|---|
| DOI / URN: |
10.1109/TUFFC.2017.2737360 |
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OLC1996835238 |
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| 520 | |a Choosing an appropriate dynamic range (DR) for acquiring radio frequency (RF) data from a high-frequency-ultrasound (HFU) system is challenging because signals can vary greatly in amplitude as a result of focusing and attenuation effects. In addition, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) results are altered by saturated data. In this paper, the effects of saturation on QUS estimates of effective scatterer diameter (ESD) and effective acoustic concentration (EAC) were quantified using simulated and experimental RF data. Experimental data were acquired from 69 dissected human lymph nodes using a single-element transducer with a 26-MHz center frequency. Artificially saturated signals (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">x_{c}) </tex-math></inline-formula> were produced by thresholding the original unsaturated RF echo signals. Saturation severity was expressed using a quantity called saturate-signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR). Results indicated that saturation has little effect on ESD estimates. However, EAC estimates decreased significantly with decreasing SSNR. An EAC correction algorithm exploiting a linear relationship between EAC values over a range of SSNR values and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{l}^{1} </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">x_{c} </tex-math></inline-formula> (i.e., the sum of absolute values of the true RF echo signal) is developed. The maximal errors in EAC estimates resulting from saturation were −8.05, −3.59, and −0.93 dB/mm 3 with the RF echo signals thresholded to keep 5, 6, and 7-bit from the original 8-bit DR, respectively. The EAC correction algorithm reduced maximal errors to −3.71, −0.89, and −0.26 dB/mm 3 when signals were thresholded at 5, 6, and 7-bit, respectively. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Radio frequency | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Cancerous lymph nodes (LNs) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Dynamic range | |
| 650 | 4 | |a quantitative ultrasound (QUS) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Transducers | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Acoustics | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Electrostatic discharges | |
| 650 | 4 | |a LN metastases | |
| 650 | 4 | |a signal saturation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a RF signals | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ultrasonic imaging | |
| 650 | 4 | |a high-frequency ultrasound (HFU) | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Mamou, Jonathan |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Coron, Alain |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Yoshida, Kenji |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Feleppa, Ernest J |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Yamaguchi, Tadashi |4 oth | |
| 773 | 0 | 8 | |i Enthalten in |t IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control |d New York, NY : IEEE, 1986 |g 64(2017), 10, Seite 1501-1513 |w (DE-627)129191442 |w (DE-600)53308-7 |w (DE-576)014456540 |x 0885-3010 |7 nnns |
| 773 | 1 | 8 | |g volume:64 |g year:2017 |g number:10 |g pages:1501-1513 |
| 856 | 4 | 1 | |u http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2017.2737360 |3 Volltext |
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10.1109/TUFFC.2017.2737360 doi PQ20171125 (DE-627)OLC1996835238 (DE-599)GBVOLC1996835238 (PRQ)i948-62c7259b79e121cc07764feffcc6fec25edebfc7db6432e120c66bb24292f7910 (KEY)0013324820170000064001001501effectsofsignalsaturationonqusparameterestimatesba DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 520 620 530 DE-600 Tamura, Kazuki verfasserin aut Effects of Signal Saturation on QUS Parameter Estimates Based on High-Frequency-Ultrasound Signals Acquired From Isolated Cancerous Lymph Nodes 2017 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Choosing an appropriate dynamic range (DR) for acquiring radio frequency (RF) data from a high-frequency-ultrasound (HFU) system is challenging because signals can vary greatly in amplitude as a result of focusing and attenuation effects. In addition, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) results are altered by saturated data. In this paper, the effects of saturation on QUS estimates of effective scatterer diameter (ESD) and effective acoustic concentration (EAC) were quantified using simulated and experimental RF data. Experimental data were acquired from 69 dissected human lymph nodes using a single-element transducer with a 26-MHz center frequency. Artificially saturated signals (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">x_{c}) </tex-math></inline-formula> were produced by thresholding the original unsaturated RF echo signals. Saturation severity was expressed using a quantity called saturate-signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR). Results indicated that saturation has little effect on ESD estimates. However, EAC estimates decreased significantly with decreasing SSNR. An EAC correction algorithm exploiting a linear relationship between EAC values over a range of SSNR values and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{l}^{1} </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">x_{c} </tex-math></inline-formula> (i.e., the sum of absolute values of the true RF echo signal) is developed. The maximal errors in EAC estimates resulting from saturation were −8.05, −3.59, and −0.93 dB/mm 3 with the RF echo signals thresholded to keep 5, 6, and 7-bit from the original 8-bit DR, respectively. The EAC correction algorithm reduced maximal errors to −3.71, −0.89, and −0.26 dB/mm 3 when signals were thresholded at 5, 6, and 7-bit, respectively. Radio frequency Cancerous lymph nodes (LNs) Dynamic range quantitative ultrasound (QUS) Transducers Acoustics Electrostatic discharges LN metastases signal saturation RF signals Ultrasonic imaging high-frequency ultrasound (HFU) Mamou, Jonathan oth Coron, Alain oth Yoshida, Kenji oth Feleppa, Ernest J oth Yamaguchi, Tadashi oth Enthalten in IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control New York, NY : IEEE, 1986 64(2017), 10, Seite 1501-1513 (DE-627)129191442 (DE-600)53308-7 (DE-576)014456540 0885-3010 nnns volume:64 year:2017 number:10 pages:1501-1513 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2017.2737360 Volltext http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8003499 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-PHY GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_95 AR 64 2017 10 1501-1513 |
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10.1109/TUFFC.2017.2737360 doi PQ20171125 (DE-627)OLC1996835238 (DE-599)GBVOLC1996835238 (PRQ)i948-62c7259b79e121cc07764feffcc6fec25edebfc7db6432e120c66bb24292f7910 (KEY)0013324820170000064001001501effectsofsignalsaturationonqusparameterestimatesba DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 520 620 530 DE-600 Tamura, Kazuki verfasserin aut Effects of Signal Saturation on QUS Parameter Estimates Based on High-Frequency-Ultrasound Signals Acquired From Isolated Cancerous Lymph Nodes 2017 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Choosing an appropriate dynamic range (DR) for acquiring radio frequency (RF) data from a high-frequency-ultrasound (HFU) system is challenging because signals can vary greatly in amplitude as a result of focusing and attenuation effects. In addition, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) results are altered by saturated data. In this paper, the effects of saturation on QUS estimates of effective scatterer diameter (ESD) and effective acoustic concentration (EAC) were quantified using simulated and experimental RF data. Experimental data were acquired from 69 dissected human lymph nodes using a single-element transducer with a 26-MHz center frequency. Artificially saturated signals (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">x_{c}) </tex-math></inline-formula> were produced by thresholding the original unsaturated RF echo signals. Saturation severity was expressed using a quantity called saturate-signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR). Results indicated that saturation has little effect on ESD estimates. However, EAC estimates decreased significantly with decreasing SSNR. An EAC correction algorithm exploiting a linear relationship between EAC values over a range of SSNR values and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{l}^{1} </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">x_{c} </tex-math></inline-formula> (i.e., the sum of absolute values of the true RF echo signal) is developed. The maximal errors in EAC estimates resulting from saturation were −8.05, −3.59, and −0.93 dB/mm 3 with the RF echo signals thresholded to keep 5, 6, and 7-bit from the original 8-bit DR, respectively. The EAC correction algorithm reduced maximal errors to −3.71, −0.89, and −0.26 dB/mm 3 when signals were thresholded at 5, 6, and 7-bit, respectively. Radio frequency Cancerous lymph nodes (LNs) Dynamic range quantitative ultrasound (QUS) Transducers Acoustics Electrostatic discharges LN metastases signal saturation RF signals Ultrasonic imaging high-frequency ultrasound (HFU) Mamou, Jonathan oth Coron, Alain oth Yoshida, Kenji oth Feleppa, Ernest J oth Yamaguchi, Tadashi oth Enthalten in IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control New York, NY : IEEE, 1986 64(2017), 10, Seite 1501-1513 (DE-627)129191442 (DE-600)53308-7 (DE-576)014456540 0885-3010 nnns volume:64 year:2017 number:10 pages:1501-1513 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2017.2737360 Volltext http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8003499 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-PHY GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_95 AR 64 2017 10 1501-1513 |
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10.1109/TUFFC.2017.2737360 doi PQ20171125 (DE-627)OLC1996835238 (DE-599)GBVOLC1996835238 (PRQ)i948-62c7259b79e121cc07764feffcc6fec25edebfc7db6432e120c66bb24292f7910 (KEY)0013324820170000064001001501effectsofsignalsaturationonqusparameterestimatesba DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 520 620 530 DE-600 Tamura, Kazuki verfasserin aut Effects of Signal Saturation on QUS Parameter Estimates Based on High-Frequency-Ultrasound Signals Acquired From Isolated Cancerous Lymph Nodes 2017 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Choosing an appropriate dynamic range (DR) for acquiring radio frequency (RF) data from a high-frequency-ultrasound (HFU) system is challenging because signals can vary greatly in amplitude as a result of focusing and attenuation effects. In addition, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) results are altered by saturated data. In this paper, the effects of saturation on QUS estimates of effective scatterer diameter (ESD) and effective acoustic concentration (EAC) were quantified using simulated and experimental RF data. Experimental data were acquired from 69 dissected human lymph nodes using a single-element transducer with a 26-MHz center frequency. Artificially saturated signals (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">x_{c}) </tex-math></inline-formula> were produced by thresholding the original unsaturated RF echo signals. Saturation severity was expressed using a quantity called saturate-signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR). Results indicated that saturation has little effect on ESD estimates. However, EAC estimates decreased significantly with decreasing SSNR. An EAC correction algorithm exploiting a linear relationship between EAC values over a range of SSNR values and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{l}^{1} </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">x_{c} </tex-math></inline-formula> (i.e., the sum of absolute values of the true RF echo signal) is developed. The maximal errors in EAC estimates resulting from saturation were −8.05, −3.59, and −0.93 dB/mm 3 with the RF echo signals thresholded to keep 5, 6, and 7-bit from the original 8-bit DR, respectively. The EAC correction algorithm reduced maximal errors to −3.71, −0.89, and −0.26 dB/mm 3 when signals were thresholded at 5, 6, and 7-bit, respectively. Radio frequency Cancerous lymph nodes (LNs) Dynamic range quantitative ultrasound (QUS) Transducers Acoustics Electrostatic discharges LN metastases signal saturation RF signals Ultrasonic imaging high-frequency ultrasound (HFU) Mamou, Jonathan oth Coron, Alain oth Yoshida, Kenji oth Feleppa, Ernest J oth Yamaguchi, Tadashi oth Enthalten in IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control New York, NY : IEEE, 1986 64(2017), 10, Seite 1501-1513 (DE-627)129191442 (DE-600)53308-7 (DE-576)014456540 0885-3010 nnns volume:64 year:2017 number:10 pages:1501-1513 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2017.2737360 Volltext http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8003499 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-PHY GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_95 AR 64 2017 10 1501-1513 |
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10.1109/TUFFC.2017.2737360 doi PQ20171125 (DE-627)OLC1996835238 (DE-599)GBVOLC1996835238 (PRQ)i948-62c7259b79e121cc07764feffcc6fec25edebfc7db6432e120c66bb24292f7910 (KEY)0013324820170000064001001501effectsofsignalsaturationonqusparameterestimatesba DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 520 620 530 DE-600 Tamura, Kazuki verfasserin aut Effects of Signal Saturation on QUS Parameter Estimates Based on High-Frequency-Ultrasound Signals Acquired From Isolated Cancerous Lymph Nodes 2017 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Choosing an appropriate dynamic range (DR) for acquiring radio frequency (RF) data from a high-frequency-ultrasound (HFU) system is challenging because signals can vary greatly in amplitude as a result of focusing and attenuation effects. In addition, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) results are altered by saturated data. In this paper, the effects of saturation on QUS estimates of effective scatterer diameter (ESD) and effective acoustic concentration (EAC) were quantified using simulated and experimental RF data. Experimental data were acquired from 69 dissected human lymph nodes using a single-element transducer with a 26-MHz center frequency. Artificially saturated signals (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">x_{c}) </tex-math></inline-formula> were produced by thresholding the original unsaturated RF echo signals. Saturation severity was expressed using a quantity called saturate-signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR). Results indicated that saturation has little effect on ESD estimates. However, EAC estimates decreased significantly with decreasing SSNR. An EAC correction algorithm exploiting a linear relationship between EAC values over a range of SSNR values and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{l}^{1} </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">x_{c} </tex-math></inline-formula> (i.e., the sum of absolute values of the true RF echo signal) is developed. The maximal errors in EAC estimates resulting from saturation were −8.05, −3.59, and −0.93 dB/mm 3 with the RF echo signals thresholded to keep 5, 6, and 7-bit from the original 8-bit DR, respectively. The EAC correction algorithm reduced maximal errors to −3.71, −0.89, and −0.26 dB/mm 3 when signals were thresholded at 5, 6, and 7-bit, respectively. Radio frequency Cancerous lymph nodes (LNs) Dynamic range quantitative ultrasound (QUS) Transducers Acoustics Electrostatic discharges LN metastases signal saturation RF signals Ultrasonic imaging high-frequency ultrasound (HFU) Mamou, Jonathan oth Coron, Alain oth Yoshida, Kenji oth Feleppa, Ernest J oth Yamaguchi, Tadashi oth Enthalten in IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control New York, NY : IEEE, 1986 64(2017), 10, Seite 1501-1513 (DE-627)129191442 (DE-600)53308-7 (DE-576)014456540 0885-3010 nnns volume:64 year:2017 number:10 pages:1501-1513 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2017.2737360 Volltext http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8003499 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-PHY GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_95 AR 64 2017 10 1501-1513 |
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10.1109/TUFFC.2017.2737360 doi PQ20171125 (DE-627)OLC1996835238 (DE-599)GBVOLC1996835238 (PRQ)i948-62c7259b79e121cc07764feffcc6fec25edebfc7db6432e120c66bb24292f7910 (KEY)0013324820170000064001001501effectsofsignalsaturationonqusparameterestimatesba DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 520 620 530 DE-600 Tamura, Kazuki verfasserin aut Effects of Signal Saturation on QUS Parameter Estimates Based on High-Frequency-Ultrasound Signals Acquired From Isolated Cancerous Lymph Nodes 2017 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier Choosing an appropriate dynamic range (DR) for acquiring radio frequency (RF) data from a high-frequency-ultrasound (HFU) system is challenging because signals can vary greatly in amplitude as a result of focusing and attenuation effects. In addition, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) results are altered by saturated data. In this paper, the effects of saturation on QUS estimates of effective scatterer diameter (ESD) and effective acoustic concentration (EAC) were quantified using simulated and experimental RF data. Experimental data were acquired from 69 dissected human lymph nodes using a single-element transducer with a 26-MHz center frequency. Artificially saturated signals (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">x_{c}) </tex-math></inline-formula> were produced by thresholding the original unsaturated RF echo signals. Saturation severity was expressed using a quantity called saturate-signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR). Results indicated that saturation has little effect on ESD estimates. However, EAC estimates decreased significantly with decreasing SSNR. An EAC correction algorithm exploiting a linear relationship between EAC values over a range of SSNR values and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{l}^{1} </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">x_{c} </tex-math></inline-formula> (i.e., the sum of absolute values of the true RF echo signal) is developed. The maximal errors in EAC estimates resulting from saturation were −8.05, −3.59, and −0.93 dB/mm 3 with the RF echo signals thresholded to keep 5, 6, and 7-bit from the original 8-bit DR, respectively. The EAC correction algorithm reduced maximal errors to −3.71, −0.89, and −0.26 dB/mm 3 when signals were thresholded at 5, 6, and 7-bit, respectively. Radio frequency Cancerous lymph nodes (LNs) Dynamic range quantitative ultrasound (QUS) Transducers Acoustics Electrostatic discharges LN metastases signal saturation RF signals Ultrasonic imaging high-frequency ultrasound (HFU) Mamou, Jonathan oth Coron, Alain oth Yoshida, Kenji oth Feleppa, Ernest J oth Yamaguchi, Tadashi oth Enthalten in IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control New York, NY : IEEE, 1986 64(2017), 10, Seite 1501-1513 (DE-627)129191442 (DE-600)53308-7 (DE-576)014456540 0885-3010 nnns volume:64 year:2017 number:10 pages:1501-1513 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TUFFC.2017.2737360 Volltext http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8003499 GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-PHY GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_95 AR 64 2017 10 1501-1513 |
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Tamura, Kazuki ddc 520 misc Radio frequency misc Cancerous lymph nodes (LNs) misc Dynamic range misc quantitative ultrasound (QUS) misc Transducers misc Acoustics misc Electrostatic discharges misc LN metastases misc signal saturation misc RF signals misc Ultrasonic imaging misc high-frequency ultrasound (HFU) Effects of Signal Saturation on QUS Parameter Estimates Based on High-Frequency-Ultrasound Signals Acquired From Isolated Cancerous Lymph Nodes |
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520 620 530 DE-600 Effects of Signal Saturation on QUS Parameter Estimates Based on High-Frequency-Ultrasound Signals Acquired From Isolated Cancerous Lymph Nodes Radio frequency Cancerous lymph nodes (LNs) Dynamic range quantitative ultrasound (QUS) Transducers Acoustics Electrostatic discharges LN metastases signal saturation RF signals Ultrasonic imaging high-frequency ultrasound (HFU) |
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Effects of Signal Saturation on QUS Parameter Estimates Based on High-Frequency-Ultrasound Signals Acquired From Isolated Cancerous Lymph Nodes |
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effects of signal saturation on qus parameter estimates based on high-frequency-ultrasound signals acquired from isolated cancerous lymph nodes |
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Effects of Signal Saturation on QUS Parameter Estimates Based on High-Frequency-Ultrasound Signals Acquired From Isolated Cancerous Lymph Nodes |
| abstract |
Choosing an appropriate dynamic range (DR) for acquiring radio frequency (RF) data from a high-frequency-ultrasound (HFU) system is challenging because signals can vary greatly in amplitude as a result of focusing and attenuation effects. In addition, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) results are altered by saturated data. In this paper, the effects of saturation on QUS estimates of effective scatterer diameter (ESD) and effective acoustic concentration (EAC) were quantified using simulated and experimental RF data. Experimental data were acquired from 69 dissected human lymph nodes using a single-element transducer with a 26-MHz center frequency. Artificially saturated signals (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">x_{c}) </tex-math></inline-formula> were produced by thresholding the original unsaturated RF echo signals. Saturation severity was expressed using a quantity called saturate-signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR). Results indicated that saturation has little effect on ESD estimates. However, EAC estimates decreased significantly with decreasing SSNR. An EAC correction algorithm exploiting a linear relationship between EAC values over a range of SSNR values and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{l}^{1} </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">x_{c} </tex-math></inline-formula> (i.e., the sum of absolute values of the true RF echo signal) is developed. The maximal errors in EAC estimates resulting from saturation were −8.05, −3.59, and −0.93 dB/mm 3 with the RF echo signals thresholded to keep 5, 6, and 7-bit from the original 8-bit DR, respectively. The EAC correction algorithm reduced maximal errors to −3.71, −0.89, and −0.26 dB/mm 3 when signals were thresholded at 5, 6, and 7-bit, respectively. |
| abstractGer |
Choosing an appropriate dynamic range (DR) for acquiring radio frequency (RF) data from a high-frequency-ultrasound (HFU) system is challenging because signals can vary greatly in amplitude as a result of focusing and attenuation effects. In addition, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) results are altered by saturated data. In this paper, the effects of saturation on QUS estimates of effective scatterer diameter (ESD) and effective acoustic concentration (EAC) were quantified using simulated and experimental RF data. Experimental data were acquired from 69 dissected human lymph nodes using a single-element transducer with a 26-MHz center frequency. Artificially saturated signals (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">x_{c}) </tex-math></inline-formula> were produced by thresholding the original unsaturated RF echo signals. Saturation severity was expressed using a quantity called saturate-signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR). Results indicated that saturation has little effect on ESD estimates. However, EAC estimates decreased significantly with decreasing SSNR. An EAC correction algorithm exploiting a linear relationship between EAC values over a range of SSNR values and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{l}^{1} </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">x_{c} </tex-math></inline-formula> (i.e., the sum of absolute values of the true RF echo signal) is developed. The maximal errors in EAC estimates resulting from saturation were −8.05, −3.59, and −0.93 dB/mm 3 with the RF echo signals thresholded to keep 5, 6, and 7-bit from the original 8-bit DR, respectively. The EAC correction algorithm reduced maximal errors to −3.71, −0.89, and −0.26 dB/mm 3 when signals were thresholded at 5, 6, and 7-bit, respectively. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Choosing an appropriate dynamic range (DR) for acquiring radio frequency (RF) data from a high-frequency-ultrasound (HFU) system is challenging because signals can vary greatly in amplitude as a result of focusing and attenuation effects. In addition, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) results are altered by saturated data. In this paper, the effects of saturation on QUS estimates of effective scatterer diameter (ESD) and effective acoustic concentration (EAC) were quantified using simulated and experimental RF data. Experimental data were acquired from 69 dissected human lymph nodes using a single-element transducer with a 26-MHz center frequency. Artificially saturated signals (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">x_{c}) </tex-math></inline-formula> were produced by thresholding the original unsaturated RF echo signals. Saturation severity was expressed using a quantity called saturate-signal-to-noise ratio (SSNR). Results indicated that saturation has little effect on ESD estimates. However, EAC estimates decreased significantly with decreasing SSNR. An EAC correction algorithm exploiting a linear relationship between EAC values over a range of SSNR values and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">{l}^{1} </tex-math></inline-formula>-norm of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">x_{c} </tex-math></inline-formula> (i.e., the sum of absolute values of the true RF echo signal) is developed. The maximal errors in EAC estimates resulting from saturation were −8.05, −3.59, and −0.93 dB/mm 3 with the RF echo signals thresholded to keep 5, 6, and 7-bit from the original 8-bit DR, respectively. The EAC correction algorithm reduced maximal errors to −3.71, −0.89, and −0.26 dB/mm 3 when signals were thresholded at 5, 6, and 7-bit, respectively. |
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Effects of Signal Saturation on QUS Parameter Estimates Based on High-Frequency-Ultrasound Signals Acquired From Isolated Cancerous Lymph Nodes |
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