Altered physiology, cell structure, and gene expression of Theobroma cacao seedlings subjected to Cu toxicity
Abstract Seedlings of Theobroma cacao CCN 51 genotype were grown under greenhouse conditions and exposed to increasing concentrations of Cu (0.005, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $) in nutrient solution. When doses were equal or higher than 8 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $, after 24 h of treatment applicat...
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| Autor*in: |
Souza, Vânia L. [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2013 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Anmerkung: |
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Environmental science and pollution research - Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994, 21(2013), 2 vom: 26. Juli, Seite 1217-1230 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:21 ; year:2013 ; number:2 ; day:26 ; month:07 ; pages:1217-1230 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s11356-013-1983-4 |
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OLC2040424059 |
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| 520 | |a Abstract Seedlings of Theobroma cacao CCN 51 genotype were grown under greenhouse conditions and exposed to increasing concentrations of Cu (0.005, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $) in nutrient solution. When doses were equal or higher than 8 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $, after 24 h of treatment application, leaf gas exchange was highly affected and changes in chloroplasts thylakoids of leaf mesophyll cells and plasmolysis of cells from the root cortical region were observed. In addition, cell membranes of roots and leaves were damaged. In leaves, 96 h after treatments started, increases in the percentage of electrolyte leakage through membranes were observed with increases of Cu in the nutrient solution. Moreover, there was an increase in the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in roots due to lipid peroxidation of membranes. Chemical analysis showed that increases in Cu concentrations in vegetative organs of T. cacao increased with the increase of the metal in the nutrient solution, but there was a greater accumulation of Cu in roots than in shoots. The excess of Cu interfered in the levels of Mn, Zn, Fe, Mg, K, and Ca in different organs of T. cacao. Analysis of gene expression via RTq-PCR showed increased levels of MT2b, SODCyt, and PER-1 expression in roots and of MT2b, PSBA, PSBO, SODCyt, and SODChI in leaves. Hence, it was concluded that Cu in nutrient solution at doses equal or above 8 mg $ L^{−1} $ significantly affected leaf gas exchange, cell ultrastructure, and transport of mineral nutrients in seedlings of this T. cacao genotype. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Cacao | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Heavy metal | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Lipid peroxidation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Photosynthesis | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ultrastructure | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Gene expression | |
| 700 | 1 | |a de Almeida, Alex-Alan F. |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a de S. Souza, Jadiel |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Mangabeira, Pedro A. O. |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a de Jesus, Raildo M. |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Pirovani, Carlos P. |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ahnert, Dário |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Baligar, Virupax C. |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Loguercio, Leandro L. |4 aut | |
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10.1007/s11356-013-1983-4 doi (DE-627)OLC2040424059 (DE-He213)s11356-013-1983-4-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 360 333.7 VZ 690 333.7 540 VZ BIODIV DE-30 fid Souza, Vânia L. verfasserin aut Altered physiology, cell structure, and gene expression of Theobroma cacao seedlings subjected to Cu toxicity 2013 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract Seedlings of Theobroma cacao CCN 51 genotype were grown under greenhouse conditions and exposed to increasing concentrations of Cu (0.005, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $) in nutrient solution. When doses were equal or higher than 8 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $, after 24 h of treatment application, leaf gas exchange was highly affected and changes in chloroplasts thylakoids of leaf mesophyll cells and plasmolysis of cells from the root cortical region were observed. In addition, cell membranes of roots and leaves were damaged. In leaves, 96 h after treatments started, increases in the percentage of electrolyte leakage through membranes were observed with increases of Cu in the nutrient solution. Moreover, there was an increase in the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in roots due to lipid peroxidation of membranes. Chemical analysis showed that increases in Cu concentrations in vegetative organs of T. cacao increased with the increase of the metal in the nutrient solution, but there was a greater accumulation of Cu in roots than in shoots. The excess of Cu interfered in the levels of Mn, Zn, Fe, Mg, K, and Ca in different organs of T. cacao. Analysis of gene expression via RTq-PCR showed increased levels of MT2b, SODCyt, and PER-1 expression in roots and of MT2b, PSBA, PSBO, SODCyt, and SODChI in leaves. Hence, it was concluded that Cu in nutrient solution at doses equal or above 8 mg $ L^{−1} $ significantly affected leaf gas exchange, cell ultrastructure, and transport of mineral nutrients in seedlings of this T. cacao genotype. Cacao Heavy metal Lipid peroxidation Photosynthesis Ultrastructure Gene expression de Almeida, Alex-Alan F. aut de S. Souza, Jadiel aut Mangabeira, Pedro A. O. aut de Jesus, Raildo M. aut Pirovani, Carlos P. aut Ahnert, Dário aut Baligar, Virupax C. aut Loguercio, Leandro L. aut Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994 21(2013), 2 vom: 26. Juli, Seite 1217-1230 (DE-627)171335805 (DE-600)1178791-0 (DE-576)038875101 0944-1344 nnns volume:21 year:2013 number:2 day:26 month:07 pages:1217-1230 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1983-4 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-ARC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-DE-84 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_183 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4219 GBV_ILN_4266 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4302 AR 21 2013 2 26 07 1217-1230 |
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10.1007/s11356-013-1983-4 doi (DE-627)OLC2040424059 (DE-He213)s11356-013-1983-4-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 360 333.7 VZ 690 333.7 540 VZ BIODIV DE-30 fid Souza, Vânia L. verfasserin aut Altered physiology, cell structure, and gene expression of Theobroma cacao seedlings subjected to Cu toxicity 2013 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract Seedlings of Theobroma cacao CCN 51 genotype were grown under greenhouse conditions and exposed to increasing concentrations of Cu (0.005, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $) in nutrient solution. When doses were equal or higher than 8 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $, after 24 h of treatment application, leaf gas exchange was highly affected and changes in chloroplasts thylakoids of leaf mesophyll cells and plasmolysis of cells from the root cortical region were observed. In addition, cell membranes of roots and leaves were damaged. In leaves, 96 h after treatments started, increases in the percentage of electrolyte leakage through membranes were observed with increases of Cu in the nutrient solution. Moreover, there was an increase in the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in roots due to lipid peroxidation of membranes. Chemical analysis showed that increases in Cu concentrations in vegetative organs of T. cacao increased with the increase of the metal in the nutrient solution, but there was a greater accumulation of Cu in roots than in shoots. The excess of Cu interfered in the levels of Mn, Zn, Fe, Mg, K, and Ca in different organs of T. cacao. Analysis of gene expression via RTq-PCR showed increased levels of MT2b, SODCyt, and PER-1 expression in roots and of MT2b, PSBA, PSBO, SODCyt, and SODChI in leaves. Hence, it was concluded that Cu in nutrient solution at doses equal or above 8 mg $ L^{−1} $ significantly affected leaf gas exchange, cell ultrastructure, and transport of mineral nutrients in seedlings of this T. cacao genotype. Cacao Heavy metal Lipid peroxidation Photosynthesis Ultrastructure Gene expression de Almeida, Alex-Alan F. aut de S. Souza, Jadiel aut Mangabeira, Pedro A. O. aut de Jesus, Raildo M. aut Pirovani, Carlos P. aut Ahnert, Dário aut Baligar, Virupax C. aut Loguercio, Leandro L. aut Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994 21(2013), 2 vom: 26. Juli, Seite 1217-1230 (DE-627)171335805 (DE-600)1178791-0 (DE-576)038875101 0944-1344 nnns volume:21 year:2013 number:2 day:26 month:07 pages:1217-1230 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1983-4 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-ARC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-DE-84 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_183 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4219 GBV_ILN_4266 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4302 AR 21 2013 2 26 07 1217-1230 |
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10.1007/s11356-013-1983-4 doi (DE-627)OLC2040424059 (DE-He213)s11356-013-1983-4-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 360 333.7 VZ 690 333.7 540 VZ BIODIV DE-30 fid Souza, Vânia L. verfasserin aut Altered physiology, cell structure, and gene expression of Theobroma cacao seedlings subjected to Cu toxicity 2013 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract Seedlings of Theobroma cacao CCN 51 genotype were grown under greenhouse conditions and exposed to increasing concentrations of Cu (0.005, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $) in nutrient solution. When doses were equal or higher than 8 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $, after 24 h of treatment application, leaf gas exchange was highly affected and changes in chloroplasts thylakoids of leaf mesophyll cells and plasmolysis of cells from the root cortical region were observed. In addition, cell membranes of roots and leaves were damaged. In leaves, 96 h after treatments started, increases in the percentage of electrolyte leakage through membranes were observed with increases of Cu in the nutrient solution. Moreover, there was an increase in the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in roots due to lipid peroxidation of membranes. Chemical analysis showed that increases in Cu concentrations in vegetative organs of T. cacao increased with the increase of the metal in the nutrient solution, but there was a greater accumulation of Cu in roots than in shoots. The excess of Cu interfered in the levels of Mn, Zn, Fe, Mg, K, and Ca in different organs of T. cacao. Analysis of gene expression via RTq-PCR showed increased levels of MT2b, SODCyt, and PER-1 expression in roots and of MT2b, PSBA, PSBO, SODCyt, and SODChI in leaves. Hence, it was concluded that Cu in nutrient solution at doses equal or above 8 mg $ L^{−1} $ significantly affected leaf gas exchange, cell ultrastructure, and transport of mineral nutrients in seedlings of this T. cacao genotype. Cacao Heavy metal Lipid peroxidation Photosynthesis Ultrastructure Gene expression de Almeida, Alex-Alan F. aut de S. Souza, Jadiel aut Mangabeira, Pedro A. O. aut de Jesus, Raildo M. aut Pirovani, Carlos P. aut Ahnert, Dário aut Baligar, Virupax C. aut Loguercio, Leandro L. aut Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994 21(2013), 2 vom: 26. Juli, Seite 1217-1230 (DE-627)171335805 (DE-600)1178791-0 (DE-576)038875101 0944-1344 nnns volume:21 year:2013 number:2 day:26 month:07 pages:1217-1230 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1983-4 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-ARC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-DE-84 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_183 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4219 GBV_ILN_4266 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4302 AR 21 2013 2 26 07 1217-1230 |
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10.1007/s11356-013-1983-4 doi (DE-627)OLC2040424059 (DE-He213)s11356-013-1983-4-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 360 333.7 VZ 690 333.7 540 VZ BIODIV DE-30 fid Souza, Vânia L. verfasserin aut Altered physiology, cell structure, and gene expression of Theobroma cacao seedlings subjected to Cu toxicity 2013 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract Seedlings of Theobroma cacao CCN 51 genotype were grown under greenhouse conditions and exposed to increasing concentrations of Cu (0.005, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $) in nutrient solution. When doses were equal or higher than 8 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $, after 24 h of treatment application, leaf gas exchange was highly affected and changes in chloroplasts thylakoids of leaf mesophyll cells and plasmolysis of cells from the root cortical region were observed. In addition, cell membranes of roots and leaves were damaged. In leaves, 96 h after treatments started, increases in the percentage of electrolyte leakage through membranes were observed with increases of Cu in the nutrient solution. Moreover, there was an increase in the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in roots due to lipid peroxidation of membranes. Chemical analysis showed that increases in Cu concentrations in vegetative organs of T. cacao increased with the increase of the metal in the nutrient solution, but there was a greater accumulation of Cu in roots than in shoots. The excess of Cu interfered in the levels of Mn, Zn, Fe, Mg, K, and Ca in different organs of T. cacao. Analysis of gene expression via RTq-PCR showed increased levels of MT2b, SODCyt, and PER-1 expression in roots and of MT2b, PSBA, PSBO, SODCyt, and SODChI in leaves. Hence, it was concluded that Cu in nutrient solution at doses equal or above 8 mg $ L^{−1} $ significantly affected leaf gas exchange, cell ultrastructure, and transport of mineral nutrients in seedlings of this T. cacao genotype. Cacao Heavy metal Lipid peroxidation Photosynthesis Ultrastructure Gene expression de Almeida, Alex-Alan F. aut de S. Souza, Jadiel aut Mangabeira, Pedro A. O. aut de Jesus, Raildo M. aut Pirovani, Carlos P. aut Ahnert, Dário aut Baligar, Virupax C. aut Loguercio, Leandro L. aut Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994 21(2013), 2 vom: 26. Juli, Seite 1217-1230 (DE-627)171335805 (DE-600)1178791-0 (DE-576)038875101 0944-1344 nnns volume:21 year:2013 number:2 day:26 month:07 pages:1217-1230 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1983-4 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-ARC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-DE-84 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_183 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4219 GBV_ILN_4266 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4302 AR 21 2013 2 26 07 1217-1230 |
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10.1007/s11356-013-1983-4 doi (DE-627)OLC2040424059 (DE-He213)s11356-013-1983-4-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 360 333.7 VZ 690 333.7 540 VZ BIODIV DE-30 fid Souza, Vânia L. verfasserin aut Altered physiology, cell structure, and gene expression of Theobroma cacao seedlings subjected to Cu toxicity 2013 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 Abstract Seedlings of Theobroma cacao CCN 51 genotype were grown under greenhouse conditions and exposed to increasing concentrations of Cu (0.005, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $) in nutrient solution. When doses were equal or higher than 8 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $, after 24 h of treatment application, leaf gas exchange was highly affected and changes in chloroplasts thylakoids of leaf mesophyll cells and plasmolysis of cells from the root cortical region were observed. In addition, cell membranes of roots and leaves were damaged. In leaves, 96 h after treatments started, increases in the percentage of electrolyte leakage through membranes were observed with increases of Cu in the nutrient solution. Moreover, there was an increase in the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in roots due to lipid peroxidation of membranes. Chemical analysis showed that increases in Cu concentrations in vegetative organs of T. cacao increased with the increase of the metal in the nutrient solution, but there was a greater accumulation of Cu in roots than in shoots. The excess of Cu interfered in the levels of Mn, Zn, Fe, Mg, K, and Ca in different organs of T. cacao. Analysis of gene expression via RTq-PCR showed increased levels of MT2b, SODCyt, and PER-1 expression in roots and of MT2b, PSBA, PSBO, SODCyt, and SODChI in leaves. Hence, it was concluded that Cu in nutrient solution at doses equal or above 8 mg $ L^{−1} $ significantly affected leaf gas exchange, cell ultrastructure, and transport of mineral nutrients in seedlings of this T. cacao genotype. Cacao Heavy metal Lipid peroxidation Photosynthesis Ultrastructure Gene expression de Almeida, Alex-Alan F. aut de S. Souza, Jadiel aut Mangabeira, Pedro A. O. aut de Jesus, Raildo M. aut Pirovani, Carlos P. aut Ahnert, Dário aut Baligar, Virupax C. aut Loguercio, Leandro L. aut Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994 21(2013), 2 vom: 26. Juli, Seite 1217-1230 (DE-627)171335805 (DE-600)1178791-0 (DE-576)038875101 0944-1344 nnns volume:21 year:2013 number:2 day:26 month:07 pages:1217-1230 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1983-4 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-ARC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-DE-84 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_183 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4219 GBV_ILN_4266 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4302 AR 21 2013 2 26 07 1217-1230 |
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When doses were equal or higher than 8 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $, after 24 h of treatment application, leaf gas exchange was highly affected and changes in chloroplasts thylakoids of leaf mesophyll cells and plasmolysis of cells from the root cortical region were observed. In addition, cell membranes of roots and leaves were damaged. In leaves, 96 h after treatments started, increases in the percentage of electrolyte leakage through membranes were observed with increases of Cu in the nutrient solution. Moreover, there was an increase in the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in roots due to lipid peroxidation of membranes. Chemical analysis showed that increases in Cu concentrations in vegetative organs of T. cacao increased with the increase of the metal in the nutrient solution, but there was a greater accumulation of Cu in roots than in shoots. The excess of Cu interfered in the levels of Mn, Zn, Fe, Mg, K, and Ca in different organs of T. cacao. 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Souza, Vânia L. |
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Souza, Vânia L. ddc 570 ddc 690 fid BIODIV misc Cacao misc Heavy metal misc Lipid peroxidation misc Photosynthesis misc Ultrastructure misc Gene expression Altered physiology, cell structure, and gene expression of Theobroma cacao seedlings subjected to Cu toxicity |
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Souza, Vânia L. de Almeida, Alex-Alan F. de S. Souza, Jadiel Mangabeira, Pedro A. O. de Jesus, Raildo M. Pirovani, Carlos P. Ahnert, Dário Baligar, Virupax C. Loguercio, Leandro L. |
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altered physiology, cell structure, and gene expression of theobroma cacao seedlings subjected to cu toxicity |
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Altered physiology, cell structure, and gene expression of Theobroma cacao seedlings subjected to Cu toxicity |
| abstract |
Abstract Seedlings of Theobroma cacao CCN 51 genotype were grown under greenhouse conditions and exposed to increasing concentrations of Cu (0.005, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $) in nutrient solution. When doses were equal or higher than 8 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $, after 24 h of treatment application, leaf gas exchange was highly affected and changes in chloroplasts thylakoids of leaf mesophyll cells and plasmolysis of cells from the root cortical region were observed. In addition, cell membranes of roots and leaves were damaged. In leaves, 96 h after treatments started, increases in the percentage of electrolyte leakage through membranes were observed with increases of Cu in the nutrient solution. Moreover, there was an increase in the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in roots due to lipid peroxidation of membranes. Chemical analysis showed that increases in Cu concentrations in vegetative organs of T. cacao increased with the increase of the metal in the nutrient solution, but there was a greater accumulation of Cu in roots than in shoots. The excess of Cu interfered in the levels of Mn, Zn, Fe, Mg, K, and Ca in different organs of T. cacao. Analysis of gene expression via RTq-PCR showed increased levels of MT2b, SODCyt, and PER-1 expression in roots and of MT2b, PSBA, PSBO, SODCyt, and SODChI in leaves. Hence, it was concluded that Cu in nutrient solution at doses equal or above 8 mg $ L^{−1} $ significantly affected leaf gas exchange, cell ultrastructure, and transport of mineral nutrients in seedlings of this T. cacao genotype. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 |
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Abstract Seedlings of Theobroma cacao CCN 51 genotype were grown under greenhouse conditions and exposed to increasing concentrations of Cu (0.005, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $) in nutrient solution. When doses were equal or higher than 8 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $, after 24 h of treatment application, leaf gas exchange was highly affected and changes in chloroplasts thylakoids of leaf mesophyll cells and plasmolysis of cells from the root cortical region were observed. In addition, cell membranes of roots and leaves were damaged. In leaves, 96 h after treatments started, increases in the percentage of electrolyte leakage through membranes were observed with increases of Cu in the nutrient solution. Moreover, there was an increase in the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in roots due to lipid peroxidation of membranes. Chemical analysis showed that increases in Cu concentrations in vegetative organs of T. cacao increased with the increase of the metal in the nutrient solution, but there was a greater accumulation of Cu in roots than in shoots. The excess of Cu interfered in the levels of Mn, Zn, Fe, Mg, K, and Ca in different organs of T. cacao. Analysis of gene expression via RTq-PCR showed increased levels of MT2b, SODCyt, and PER-1 expression in roots and of MT2b, PSBA, PSBO, SODCyt, and SODChI in leaves. Hence, it was concluded that Cu in nutrient solution at doses equal or above 8 mg $ L^{−1} $ significantly affected leaf gas exchange, cell ultrastructure, and transport of mineral nutrients in seedlings of this T. cacao genotype. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Abstract Seedlings of Theobroma cacao CCN 51 genotype were grown under greenhouse conditions and exposed to increasing concentrations of Cu (0.005, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $) in nutrient solution. When doses were equal or higher than 8 mg Cu $ L^{−1} $, after 24 h of treatment application, leaf gas exchange was highly affected and changes in chloroplasts thylakoids of leaf mesophyll cells and plasmolysis of cells from the root cortical region were observed. In addition, cell membranes of roots and leaves were damaged. In leaves, 96 h after treatments started, increases in the percentage of electrolyte leakage through membranes were observed with increases of Cu in the nutrient solution. Moreover, there was an increase in the concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in roots due to lipid peroxidation of membranes. Chemical analysis showed that increases in Cu concentrations in vegetative organs of T. cacao increased with the increase of the metal in the nutrient solution, but there was a greater accumulation of Cu in roots than in shoots. The excess of Cu interfered in the levels of Mn, Zn, Fe, Mg, K, and Ca in different organs of T. cacao. Analysis of gene expression via RTq-PCR showed increased levels of MT2b, SODCyt, and PER-1 expression in roots and of MT2b, PSBA, PSBO, SODCyt, and SODChI in leaves. Hence, it was concluded that Cu in nutrient solution at doses equal or above 8 mg $ L^{−1} $ significantly affected leaf gas exchange, cell ultrastructure, and transport of mineral nutrients in seedlings of this T. cacao genotype. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013 |
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de Almeida, Alex-Alan F. de S. Souza, Jadiel Mangabeira, Pedro A. O. de Jesus, Raildo M. Pirovani, Carlos P. Ahnert, Dário Baligar, Virupax C. Loguercio, Leandro L. |
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