Protective role of citric acid against oxidative stress induced by heavy metals in Caenorhabditis elegans

Abstract The adverse effects of heavy metals, such as cadmium, zinc, and copper, occur due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The use of Caenorhabditis elegans for the purposes of conservation and biomonitoring is of great interest. In the present study, ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA),...
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Autor*in:	Song, Shaojuan [verfasserIn] Han, Yan Zhang, Yun Ma, Honglian Zhang, Lei Huo, Jing Wang, Peisheng Liang, Mengrui Gao, Ming

Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2019

Schlagwörter:	ROS MDA Citric acid Antioxidative enzymes Heavy metals

Anmerkung:	© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: Environmental science and pollution research - Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994, 26(2019), 36 vom: 19. Nov., Seite 36820-36831
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:26 ; year:2019 ; number:36 ; day:19 ; month:11 ; pages:36820-36831

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1007/s11356-019-06853-w

Katalog-ID:	OLC2040567313

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520			\|a Abstract The adverse effects of heavy metals, such as cadmium, zinc, and copper, occur due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The use of Caenorhabditis elegans for the purposes of conservation and biomonitoring is of great interest. In the present study, ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), and citric acid levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in a model organism were tested to study toxicity. C. elegans was exposed to three different concentrations of cadmium ($ CdCl_{2} $, 5, 10, 50 μM), zinc ($ ZnSO_{4} $, 10, 100, 500 μM), and copper ($ CuSO_{4} $, 10, 100, 500 μM) for 3 days. ROS levels increased by 1.3- to 2.1-fold with increasing metal concentrations. The MDA content increased by approximately 7-, 5-, 2-fold after exposure to high concentrations of cadmium, zinc, and copper, respectively. Furthermore, the citric acid content increased by approximately 3-fold in the cadmium (Cd, 5 μM), zinc (Zn, 10 μM), and copper (Cu, 100 μM) treatment groups compared to that in untreated C. elegans. Therefore, citric acid may play an important role in heavy metal detoxification. Excess citric acid also slightly increased the $ LC_{50} $ by 1.3- to 2.0-fold, basic movements by 1.0- to 1.5-fold, decreased the ROS content by 2.4- to 2.1-fold, the MDA content by 4- to 2-fold, the SOD activity by 9- to 3-fold, the GPx activity by 4.0- to 3.0-fold, and the mRNA expression levels of GPxs by 3.2- to 1.8-fold after metals treatment. And it is most significantly in the alleviation of citric acid to cadmium. This study not only provides information to further understand the effects of heavy metal exposure on ROS, MDA, GPx, SOD, and citric acid in worms but also indicates that supplemental citric acid can protect animals from heavy metal stress and has broad application prospects in decreasing oxidative damage caused by heavy metals.
650		4	\|a ROS
650		4	\|a MDA
650		4	\|a Citric acid
650		4	\|a Antioxidative enzymes
650		4	\|a Heavy metals
700	1		\|a Han, Yan \|4 aut
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700	1		\|a Ma, Honglian \|4 aut
700	1		\|a Zhang, Lei \|4 aut
700	1		\|a Huo, Jing \|4 aut
700	1		\|a Wang, Peisheng \|4 aut
700	1		\|a Liang, Mengrui \|4 aut
700	1		\|a Gao, Ming \|4 aut
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allfields	10.1007/s11356-019-06853-w doi (DE-627)OLC2040567313 (DE-He213)s11356-019-06853-w-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 360 333.7 VZ 690 333.7 540 VZ BIODIV DE-30 fid Song, Shaojuan verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-9063-4001 aut Protective role of citric acid against oxidative stress induced by heavy metals in Caenorhabditis elegans 2019 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract The adverse effects of heavy metals, such as cadmium, zinc, and copper, occur due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The use of Caenorhabditis elegans for the purposes of conservation and biomonitoring is of great interest. In the present study, ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), and citric acid levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in a model organism were tested to study toxicity. C. elegans was exposed to three different concentrations of cadmium ($ CdCl_{2} $, 5, 10, 50 μM), zinc ($ ZnSO_{4} $, 10, 100, 500 μM), and copper ($ CuSO_{4} $, 10, 100, 500 μM) for 3 days. ROS levels increased by 1.3- to 2.1-fold with increasing metal concentrations. The MDA content increased by approximately 7-, 5-, 2-fold after exposure to high concentrations of cadmium, zinc, and copper, respectively. Furthermore, the citric acid content increased by approximately 3-fold in the cadmium (Cd, 5 μM), zinc (Zn, 10 μM), and copper (Cu, 100 μM) treatment groups compared to that in untreated C. elegans. Therefore, citric acid may play an important role in heavy metal detoxification. Excess citric acid also slightly increased the $ LC_{50} $ by 1.3- to 2.0-fold, basic movements by 1.0- to 1.5-fold, decreased the ROS content by 2.4- to 2.1-fold, the MDA content by 4- to 2-fold, the SOD activity by 9- to 3-fold, the GPx activity by 4.0- to 3.0-fold, and the mRNA expression levels of GPxs by 3.2- to 1.8-fold after metals treatment. And it is most significantly in the alleviation of citric acid to cadmium. This study not only provides information to further understand the effects of heavy metal exposure on ROS, MDA, GPx, SOD, and citric acid in worms but also indicates that supplemental citric acid can protect animals from heavy metal stress and has broad application prospects in decreasing oxidative damage caused by heavy metals. ROS MDA Citric acid Antioxidative enzymes Heavy metals Han, Yan aut Zhang, Yun aut Ma, Honglian aut Zhang, Lei aut Huo, Jing aut Wang, Peisheng aut Liang, Mengrui aut Gao, Ming aut Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994 26(2019), 36 vom: 19. Nov., Seite 36820-36831 (DE-627)171335805 (DE-600)1178791-0 (DE-576)038875101 0944-1344 nnns volume:26 year:2019 number:36 day:19 month:11 pages:36820-36831 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06853-w lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-ARC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-DE-84 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 AR 26 2019 36 19 11 36820-36831
spelling	10.1007/s11356-019-06853-w doi (DE-627)OLC2040567313 (DE-He213)s11356-019-06853-w-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 360 333.7 VZ 690 333.7 540 VZ BIODIV DE-30 fid Song, Shaojuan verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-9063-4001 aut Protective role of citric acid against oxidative stress induced by heavy metals in Caenorhabditis elegans 2019 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract The adverse effects of heavy metals, such as cadmium, zinc, and copper, occur due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The use of Caenorhabditis elegans for the purposes of conservation and biomonitoring is of great interest. In the present study, ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), and citric acid levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in a model organism were tested to study toxicity. C. elegans was exposed to three different concentrations of cadmium ($ CdCl_{2} $, 5, 10, 50 μM), zinc ($ ZnSO_{4} $, 10, 100, 500 μM), and copper ($ CuSO_{4} $, 10, 100, 500 μM) for 3 days. ROS levels increased by 1.3- to 2.1-fold with increasing metal concentrations. The MDA content increased by approximately 7-, 5-, 2-fold after exposure to high concentrations of cadmium, zinc, and copper, respectively. Furthermore, the citric acid content increased by approximately 3-fold in the cadmium (Cd, 5 μM), zinc (Zn, 10 μM), and copper (Cu, 100 μM) treatment groups compared to that in untreated C. elegans. Therefore, citric acid may play an important role in heavy metal detoxification. Excess citric acid also slightly increased the $ LC_{50} $ by 1.3- to 2.0-fold, basic movements by 1.0- to 1.5-fold, decreased the ROS content by 2.4- to 2.1-fold, the MDA content by 4- to 2-fold, the SOD activity by 9- to 3-fold, the GPx activity by 4.0- to 3.0-fold, and the mRNA expression levels of GPxs by 3.2- to 1.8-fold after metals treatment. And it is most significantly in the alleviation of citric acid to cadmium. This study not only provides information to further understand the effects of heavy metal exposure on ROS, MDA, GPx, SOD, and citric acid in worms but also indicates that supplemental citric acid can protect animals from heavy metal stress and has broad application prospects in decreasing oxidative damage caused by heavy metals. ROS MDA Citric acid Antioxidative enzymes Heavy metals Han, Yan aut Zhang, Yun aut Ma, Honglian aut Zhang, Lei aut Huo, Jing aut Wang, Peisheng aut Liang, Mengrui aut Gao, Ming aut Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994 26(2019), 36 vom: 19. Nov., Seite 36820-36831 (DE-627)171335805 (DE-600)1178791-0 (DE-576)038875101 0944-1344 nnns volume:26 year:2019 number:36 day:19 month:11 pages:36820-36831 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06853-w lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-ARC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-DE-84 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 AR 26 2019 36 19 11 36820-36831
allfields_unstemmed	10.1007/s11356-019-06853-w doi (DE-627)OLC2040567313 (DE-He213)s11356-019-06853-w-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 360 333.7 VZ 690 333.7 540 VZ BIODIV DE-30 fid Song, Shaojuan verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-9063-4001 aut Protective role of citric acid against oxidative stress induced by heavy metals in Caenorhabditis elegans 2019 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract The adverse effects of heavy metals, such as cadmium, zinc, and copper, occur due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The use of Caenorhabditis elegans for the purposes of conservation and biomonitoring is of great interest. In the present study, ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), and citric acid levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in a model organism were tested to study toxicity. C. elegans was exposed to three different concentrations of cadmium ($ CdCl_{2} $, 5, 10, 50 μM), zinc ($ ZnSO_{4} $, 10, 100, 500 μM), and copper ($ CuSO_{4} $, 10, 100, 500 μM) for 3 days. ROS levels increased by 1.3- to 2.1-fold with increasing metal concentrations. The MDA content increased by approximately 7-, 5-, 2-fold after exposure to high concentrations of cadmium, zinc, and copper, respectively. Furthermore, the citric acid content increased by approximately 3-fold in the cadmium (Cd, 5 μM), zinc (Zn, 10 μM), and copper (Cu, 100 μM) treatment groups compared to that in untreated C. elegans. Therefore, citric acid may play an important role in heavy metal detoxification. Excess citric acid also slightly increased the $ LC_{50} $ by 1.3- to 2.0-fold, basic movements by 1.0- to 1.5-fold, decreased the ROS content by 2.4- to 2.1-fold, the MDA content by 4- to 2-fold, the SOD activity by 9- to 3-fold, the GPx activity by 4.0- to 3.0-fold, and the mRNA expression levels of GPxs by 3.2- to 1.8-fold after metals treatment. And it is most significantly in the alleviation of citric acid to cadmium. This study not only provides information to further understand the effects of heavy metal exposure on ROS, MDA, GPx, SOD, and citric acid in worms but also indicates that supplemental citric acid can protect animals from heavy metal stress and has broad application prospects in decreasing oxidative damage caused by heavy metals. ROS MDA Citric acid Antioxidative enzymes Heavy metals Han, Yan aut Zhang, Yun aut Ma, Honglian aut Zhang, Lei aut Huo, Jing aut Wang, Peisheng aut Liang, Mengrui aut Gao, Ming aut Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994 26(2019), 36 vom: 19. Nov., Seite 36820-36831 (DE-627)171335805 (DE-600)1178791-0 (DE-576)038875101 0944-1344 nnns volume:26 year:2019 number:36 day:19 month:11 pages:36820-36831 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06853-w lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-ARC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-DE-84 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 AR 26 2019 36 19 11 36820-36831
allfieldsGer	10.1007/s11356-019-06853-w doi (DE-627)OLC2040567313 (DE-He213)s11356-019-06853-w-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 360 333.7 VZ 690 333.7 540 VZ BIODIV DE-30 fid Song, Shaojuan verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-9063-4001 aut Protective role of citric acid against oxidative stress induced by heavy metals in Caenorhabditis elegans 2019 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract The adverse effects of heavy metals, such as cadmium, zinc, and copper, occur due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The use of Caenorhabditis elegans for the purposes of conservation and biomonitoring is of great interest. In the present study, ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), and citric acid levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in a model organism were tested to study toxicity. C. elegans was exposed to three different concentrations of cadmium ($ CdCl_{2} $, 5, 10, 50 μM), zinc ($ ZnSO_{4} $, 10, 100, 500 μM), and copper ($ CuSO_{4} $, 10, 100, 500 μM) for 3 days. ROS levels increased by 1.3- to 2.1-fold with increasing metal concentrations. The MDA content increased by approximately 7-, 5-, 2-fold after exposure to high concentrations of cadmium, zinc, and copper, respectively. Furthermore, the citric acid content increased by approximately 3-fold in the cadmium (Cd, 5 μM), zinc (Zn, 10 μM), and copper (Cu, 100 μM) treatment groups compared to that in untreated C. elegans. Therefore, citric acid may play an important role in heavy metal detoxification. Excess citric acid also slightly increased the $ LC_{50} $ by 1.3- to 2.0-fold, basic movements by 1.0- to 1.5-fold, decreased the ROS content by 2.4- to 2.1-fold, the MDA content by 4- to 2-fold, the SOD activity by 9- to 3-fold, the GPx activity by 4.0- to 3.0-fold, and the mRNA expression levels of GPxs by 3.2- to 1.8-fold after metals treatment. And it is most significantly in the alleviation of citric acid to cadmium. This study not only provides information to further understand the effects of heavy metal exposure on ROS, MDA, GPx, SOD, and citric acid in worms but also indicates that supplemental citric acid can protect animals from heavy metal stress and has broad application prospects in decreasing oxidative damage caused by heavy metals. ROS MDA Citric acid Antioxidative enzymes Heavy metals Han, Yan aut Zhang, Yun aut Ma, Honglian aut Zhang, Lei aut Huo, Jing aut Wang, Peisheng aut Liang, Mengrui aut Gao, Ming aut Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994 26(2019), 36 vom: 19. Nov., Seite 36820-36831 (DE-627)171335805 (DE-600)1178791-0 (DE-576)038875101 0944-1344 nnns volume:26 year:2019 number:36 day:19 month:11 pages:36820-36831 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06853-w lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-ARC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-DE-84 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 AR 26 2019 36 19 11 36820-36831
allfieldsSound	10.1007/s11356-019-06853-w doi (DE-627)OLC2040567313 (DE-He213)s11356-019-06853-w-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 360 333.7 VZ 690 333.7 540 VZ BIODIV DE-30 fid Song, Shaojuan verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-9063-4001 aut Protective role of citric acid against oxidative stress induced by heavy metals in Caenorhabditis elegans 2019 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract The adverse effects of heavy metals, such as cadmium, zinc, and copper, occur due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The use of Caenorhabditis elegans for the purposes of conservation and biomonitoring is of great interest. In the present study, ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), and citric acid levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in a model organism were tested to study toxicity. C. elegans was exposed to three different concentrations of cadmium ($ CdCl_{2} $, 5, 10, 50 μM), zinc ($ ZnSO_{4} $, 10, 100, 500 μM), and copper ($ CuSO_{4} $, 10, 100, 500 μM) for 3 days. ROS levels increased by 1.3- to 2.1-fold with increasing metal concentrations. The MDA content increased by approximately 7-, 5-, 2-fold after exposure to high concentrations of cadmium, zinc, and copper, respectively. Furthermore, the citric acid content increased by approximately 3-fold in the cadmium (Cd, 5 μM), zinc (Zn, 10 μM), and copper (Cu, 100 μM) treatment groups compared to that in untreated C. elegans. Therefore, citric acid may play an important role in heavy metal detoxification. Excess citric acid also slightly increased the $ LC_{50} $ by 1.3- to 2.0-fold, basic movements by 1.0- to 1.5-fold, decreased the ROS content by 2.4- to 2.1-fold, the MDA content by 4- to 2-fold, the SOD activity by 9- to 3-fold, the GPx activity by 4.0- to 3.0-fold, and the mRNA expression levels of GPxs by 3.2- to 1.8-fold after metals treatment. And it is most significantly in the alleviation of citric acid to cadmium. This study not only provides information to further understand the effects of heavy metal exposure on ROS, MDA, GPx, SOD, and citric acid in worms but also indicates that supplemental citric acid can protect animals from heavy metal stress and has broad application prospects in decreasing oxidative damage caused by heavy metals. ROS MDA Citric acid Antioxidative enzymes Heavy metals Han, Yan aut Zhang, Yun aut Ma, Honglian aut Zhang, Lei aut Huo, Jing aut Wang, Peisheng aut Liang, Mengrui aut Gao, Ming aut Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994 26(2019), 36 vom: 19. Nov., Seite 36820-36831 (DE-627)171335805 (DE-600)1178791-0 (DE-576)038875101 0944-1344 nnns volume:26 year:2019 number:36 day:19 month:11 pages:36820-36831 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06853-w lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-ARC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-DE-84 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 AR 26 2019 36 19 11 36820-36831
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source	Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research 26(2019), 36 vom: 19. Nov., Seite 36820-36831 volume:26 year:2019 number:36 day:19 month:11 pages:36820-36831
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title	Protective role of citric acid against oxidative stress induced by heavy metals in Caenorhabditis elegans
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title_sort	protective role of citric acid against oxidative stress induced by heavy metals in caenorhabditis elegans
title_auth	Protective role of citric acid against oxidative stress induced by heavy metals in Caenorhabditis elegans
abstract	Abstract The adverse effects of heavy metals, such as cadmium, zinc, and copper, occur due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The use of Caenorhabditis elegans for the purposes of conservation and biomonitoring is of great interest. In the present study, ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), and citric acid levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in a model organism were tested to study toxicity. C. elegans was exposed to three different concentrations of cadmium ($ CdCl_{2} $, 5, 10, 50 μM), zinc ($ ZnSO_{4} $, 10, 100, 500 μM), and copper ($ CuSO_{4} $, 10, 100, 500 μM) for 3 days. ROS levels increased by 1.3- to 2.1-fold with increasing metal concentrations. The MDA content increased by approximately 7-, 5-, 2-fold after exposure to high concentrations of cadmium, zinc, and copper, respectively. Furthermore, the citric acid content increased by approximately 3-fold in the cadmium (Cd, 5 μM), zinc (Zn, 10 μM), and copper (Cu, 100 μM) treatment groups compared to that in untreated C. elegans. Therefore, citric acid may play an important role in heavy metal detoxification. Excess citric acid also slightly increased the $ LC_{50} $ by 1.3- to 2.0-fold, basic movements by 1.0- to 1.5-fold, decreased the ROS content by 2.4- to 2.1-fold, the MDA content by 4- to 2-fold, the SOD activity by 9- to 3-fold, the GPx activity by 4.0- to 3.0-fold, and the mRNA expression levels of GPxs by 3.2- to 1.8-fold after metals treatment. And it is most significantly in the alleviation of citric acid to cadmium. This study not only provides information to further understand the effects of heavy metal exposure on ROS, MDA, GPx, SOD, and citric acid in worms but also indicates that supplemental citric acid can protect animals from heavy metal stress and has broad application prospects in decreasing oxidative damage caused by heavy metals. © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
abstractGer	Abstract The adverse effects of heavy metals, such as cadmium, zinc, and copper, occur due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The use of Caenorhabditis elegans for the purposes of conservation and biomonitoring is of great interest. In the present study, ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), and citric acid levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in a model organism were tested to study toxicity. C. elegans was exposed to three different concentrations of cadmium ($ CdCl_{2} $, 5, 10, 50 μM), zinc ($ ZnSO_{4} $, 10, 100, 500 μM), and copper ($ CuSO_{4} $, 10, 100, 500 μM) for 3 days. ROS levels increased by 1.3- to 2.1-fold with increasing metal concentrations. The MDA content increased by approximately 7-, 5-, 2-fold after exposure to high concentrations of cadmium, zinc, and copper, respectively. Furthermore, the citric acid content increased by approximately 3-fold in the cadmium (Cd, 5 μM), zinc (Zn, 10 μM), and copper (Cu, 100 μM) treatment groups compared to that in untreated C. elegans. Therefore, citric acid may play an important role in heavy metal detoxification. Excess citric acid also slightly increased the $ LC_{50} $ by 1.3- to 2.0-fold, basic movements by 1.0- to 1.5-fold, decreased the ROS content by 2.4- to 2.1-fold, the MDA content by 4- to 2-fold, the SOD activity by 9- to 3-fold, the GPx activity by 4.0- to 3.0-fold, and the mRNA expression levels of GPxs by 3.2- to 1.8-fold after metals treatment. And it is most significantly in the alleviation of citric acid to cadmium. This study not only provides information to further understand the effects of heavy metal exposure on ROS, MDA, GPx, SOD, and citric acid in worms but also indicates that supplemental citric acid can protect animals from heavy metal stress and has broad application prospects in decreasing oxidative damage caused by heavy metals. © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
abstract_unstemmed	Abstract The adverse effects of heavy metals, such as cadmium, zinc, and copper, occur due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The use of Caenorhabditis elegans for the purposes of conservation and biomonitoring is of great interest. In the present study, ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), and citric acid levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in a model organism were tested to study toxicity. C. elegans was exposed to three different concentrations of cadmium ($ CdCl_{2} $, 5, 10, 50 μM), zinc ($ ZnSO_{4} $, 10, 100, 500 μM), and copper ($ CuSO_{4} $, 10, 100, 500 μM) for 3 days. ROS levels increased by 1.3- to 2.1-fold with increasing metal concentrations. The MDA content increased by approximately 7-, 5-, 2-fold after exposure to high concentrations of cadmium, zinc, and copper, respectively. Furthermore, the citric acid content increased by approximately 3-fold in the cadmium (Cd, 5 μM), zinc (Zn, 10 μM), and copper (Cu, 100 μM) treatment groups compared to that in untreated C. elegans. Therefore, citric acid may play an important role in heavy metal detoxification. Excess citric acid also slightly increased the $ LC_{50} $ by 1.3- to 2.0-fold, basic movements by 1.0- to 1.5-fold, decreased the ROS content by 2.4- to 2.1-fold, the MDA content by 4- to 2-fold, the SOD activity by 9- to 3-fold, the GPx activity by 4.0- to 3.0-fold, and the mRNA expression levels of GPxs by 3.2- to 1.8-fold after metals treatment. And it is most significantly in the alleviation of citric acid to cadmium. This study not only provides information to further understand the effects of heavy metal exposure on ROS, MDA, GPx, SOD, and citric acid in worms but also indicates that supplemental citric acid can protect animals from heavy metal stress and has broad application prospects in decreasing oxidative damage caused by heavy metals. © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019
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title_short	Protective role of citric acid against oxidative stress induced by heavy metals in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Excess citric acid also slightly increased the $ LC_{50} $ by 1.3- to 2.0-fold, basic movements by 1.0- to 1.5-fold, decreased the ROS content by 2.4- to 2.1-fold, the MDA content by 4- to 2-fold, the SOD activity by 9- to 3-fold, the GPx activity by 4.0- to 3.0-fold, and the mRNA expression levels of GPxs by 3.2- to 1.8-fold after metals treatment. And it is most significantly in the alleviation of citric acid to cadmium. 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Nov., Seite 36820-36831</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-627)171335805</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-600)1178791-0</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-576)038875101</subfield><subfield code="x">0944-1344</subfield><subfield code="7">nnns</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="1" ind2="8"><subfield code="g">volume:26</subfield><subfield code="g">year:2019</subfield><subfield code="g">number:36</subfield><subfield code="g">day:19</subfield><subfield code="g">month:11</subfield><subfield code="g">pages:36820-36831</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="1"><subfield code="u">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06853-w</subfield><subfield code="z">lizenzpflichtig</subfield><subfield code="3">Volltext</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_USEFLAG_A</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">SYSFLAG_A</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_OLC</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">FID-BIODIV</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">SSG-OLC-UMW</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">SSG-OLC-ARC</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">SSG-OLC-TEC</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">SSG-OLC-CHE</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">SSG-OLC-FOR</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">SSG-OLC-DE-84</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_70</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_252</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_267</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_2018</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="912" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">GBV_ILN_4277</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="951" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">AR</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="952" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="d">26</subfield><subfield code="j">2019</subfield><subfield code="e">36</subfield><subfield code="b">19</subfield><subfield code="c">11</subfield><subfield code="h">36820-36831</subfield></datafield></record></collection>
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Protective role of citric acid against oxidative stress induced by heavy metals in Caenorhabditis elegans

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