Base Cation Cycling in a Pristine Watershed of the Canadian Boreal Forest
Abstract Base cation cycling was investigated on the Canadian Shield in a pristine catchment of the boreal forest. An input–output budget (atmospheric deposition – stream exports) for the whole watershed indicated that nitrogen (N) was strongly retained, while sulphur (S) and base cations (K, Ca, Mg...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Duchesne, Louis [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2006 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Anmerkung: |
© Springer 2006 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Biogeochemistry - Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1984, 78(2006), 2 vom: Apr., Seite 195-216 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:78 ; year:2006 ; number:2 ; month:04 ; pages:195-216 |
| Links: |
|---|
| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s10533-005-4174-7 |
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| 520 | |a Abstract Base cation cycling was investigated on the Canadian Shield in a pristine catchment of the boreal forest. An input–output budget (atmospheric deposition – stream exports) for the whole watershed indicated that nitrogen (N) was strongly retained, while sulphur (S) and base cations (K, Ca, Mg) were lost. The S losses are attributed to internal sources, such as $ SO_{4} $ desorption and/or mineralisation of soil organic-S. The base cation losses at the catchment scale, however, might be contributed by weathering of the till below the rooting zone, which has little ecological significance. For this reason, a detailed budget of basic cations, including atmospheric deposition, tree uptake, mineral weathering and leaching losses was constructed for the soil rooting zone of a stand representative of the forest covering the catchment. Different scenarios of tree uptake (whole tree and stem-only harvesting), weathering rates (PROFILE modelled values, PROFILE modelled values corrected for soil Na leaching) and soil leaching losses (depth of 22 and 81 cm) were considered. The element budgets were summed for the 1997–2003 (7 years) period. In every scenario, K was lost (−35.5 to −1.2 kg $ ha^{−1} $) from the exchangeable reservoir. Gain or losses of Ca were observable, depending of the scenario considered (28.8 to −20.1 kg $ ha^{−1} $) while Mg (−0.8 to 13.3 kg $ ha^{−1} $) generally accumulated over the 7-year period. The absolute K losses are very important, given the very small K soil exchangeable reservoir (55.2 kg $ ha^{−1} $) at the site. Because the amount of K sequestered in biomass (110 kg $ ha^{−1} $) is twice the amount found in the exchangeable soil reservoir, this forest is very sensitive to commercial forestry operations and forest harvesting appears as the main pathway of base cation losses. This raises important questions regarding the sustainability of the boreal forest that lies on K-poor soils of the Canadian Shield. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Acid deposition | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Acidification | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Basic cation losses | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Boreal forest | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Forest harvesting | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Nutrient budget | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Houle, Daniel |4 aut | |
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10.1007/s10533-005-4174-7 doi (DE-627)OLC2050420838 (DE-He213)s10533-005-4174-7-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 540 550 VZ 13 ssgn Duchesne, Louis verfasserin aut Base Cation Cycling in a Pristine Watershed of the Canadian Boreal Forest 2006 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer 2006 Abstract Base cation cycling was investigated on the Canadian Shield in a pristine catchment of the boreal forest. An input–output budget (atmospheric deposition – stream exports) for the whole watershed indicated that nitrogen (N) was strongly retained, while sulphur (S) and base cations (K, Ca, Mg) were lost. The S losses are attributed to internal sources, such as $ SO_{4} $ desorption and/or mineralisation of soil organic-S. The base cation losses at the catchment scale, however, might be contributed by weathering of the till below the rooting zone, which has little ecological significance. For this reason, a detailed budget of basic cations, including atmospheric deposition, tree uptake, mineral weathering and leaching losses was constructed for the soil rooting zone of a stand representative of the forest covering the catchment. Different scenarios of tree uptake (whole tree and stem-only harvesting), weathering rates (PROFILE modelled values, PROFILE modelled values corrected for soil Na leaching) and soil leaching losses (depth of 22 and 81 cm) were considered. The element budgets were summed for the 1997–2003 (7 years) period. In every scenario, K was lost (−35.5 to −1.2 kg $ ha^{−1} $) from the exchangeable reservoir. Gain or losses of Ca were observable, depending of the scenario considered (28.8 to −20.1 kg $ ha^{−1} $) while Mg (−0.8 to 13.3 kg $ ha^{−1} $) generally accumulated over the 7-year period. The absolute K losses are very important, given the very small K soil exchangeable reservoir (55.2 kg $ ha^{−1} $) at the site. Because the amount of K sequestered in biomass (110 kg $ ha^{−1} $) is twice the amount found in the exchangeable soil reservoir, this forest is very sensitive to commercial forestry operations and forest harvesting appears as the main pathway of base cation losses. This raises important questions regarding the sustainability of the boreal forest that lies on K-poor soils of the Canadian Shield. Acid deposition Acidification Basic cation losses Boreal forest Forest harvesting Nutrient budget Houle, Daniel aut Enthalten in Biogeochemistry Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1984 78(2006), 2 vom: Apr., Seite 195-216 (DE-627)12916786X (DE-600)50671-0 (DE-576)014454904 0168-2563 nnns volume:78 year:2006 number:2 month:04 pages:195-216 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-005-4174-7 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_601 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_4012 AR 78 2006 2 04 195-216 |
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10.1007/s10533-005-4174-7 doi (DE-627)OLC2050420838 (DE-He213)s10533-005-4174-7-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 540 550 VZ 13 ssgn Duchesne, Louis verfasserin aut Base Cation Cycling in a Pristine Watershed of the Canadian Boreal Forest 2006 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer 2006 Abstract Base cation cycling was investigated on the Canadian Shield in a pristine catchment of the boreal forest. An input–output budget (atmospheric deposition – stream exports) for the whole watershed indicated that nitrogen (N) was strongly retained, while sulphur (S) and base cations (K, Ca, Mg) were lost. The S losses are attributed to internal sources, such as $ SO_{4} $ desorption and/or mineralisation of soil organic-S. The base cation losses at the catchment scale, however, might be contributed by weathering of the till below the rooting zone, which has little ecological significance. For this reason, a detailed budget of basic cations, including atmospheric deposition, tree uptake, mineral weathering and leaching losses was constructed for the soil rooting zone of a stand representative of the forest covering the catchment. Different scenarios of tree uptake (whole tree and stem-only harvesting), weathering rates (PROFILE modelled values, PROFILE modelled values corrected for soil Na leaching) and soil leaching losses (depth of 22 and 81 cm) were considered. The element budgets were summed for the 1997–2003 (7 years) period. In every scenario, K was lost (−35.5 to −1.2 kg $ ha^{−1} $) from the exchangeable reservoir. Gain or losses of Ca were observable, depending of the scenario considered (28.8 to −20.1 kg $ ha^{−1} $) while Mg (−0.8 to 13.3 kg $ ha^{−1} $) generally accumulated over the 7-year period. The absolute K losses are very important, given the very small K soil exchangeable reservoir (55.2 kg $ ha^{−1} $) at the site. Because the amount of K sequestered in biomass (110 kg $ ha^{−1} $) is twice the amount found in the exchangeable soil reservoir, this forest is very sensitive to commercial forestry operations and forest harvesting appears as the main pathway of base cation losses. This raises important questions regarding the sustainability of the boreal forest that lies on K-poor soils of the Canadian Shield. Acid deposition Acidification Basic cation losses Boreal forest Forest harvesting Nutrient budget Houle, Daniel aut Enthalten in Biogeochemistry Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1984 78(2006), 2 vom: Apr., Seite 195-216 (DE-627)12916786X (DE-600)50671-0 (DE-576)014454904 0168-2563 nnns volume:78 year:2006 number:2 month:04 pages:195-216 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-005-4174-7 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_601 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_4012 AR 78 2006 2 04 195-216 |
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10.1007/s10533-005-4174-7 doi (DE-627)OLC2050420838 (DE-He213)s10533-005-4174-7-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 540 550 VZ 13 ssgn Duchesne, Louis verfasserin aut Base Cation Cycling in a Pristine Watershed of the Canadian Boreal Forest 2006 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer 2006 Abstract Base cation cycling was investigated on the Canadian Shield in a pristine catchment of the boreal forest. An input–output budget (atmospheric deposition – stream exports) for the whole watershed indicated that nitrogen (N) was strongly retained, while sulphur (S) and base cations (K, Ca, Mg) were lost. The S losses are attributed to internal sources, such as $ SO_{4} $ desorption and/or mineralisation of soil organic-S. The base cation losses at the catchment scale, however, might be contributed by weathering of the till below the rooting zone, which has little ecological significance. For this reason, a detailed budget of basic cations, including atmospheric deposition, tree uptake, mineral weathering and leaching losses was constructed for the soil rooting zone of a stand representative of the forest covering the catchment. Different scenarios of tree uptake (whole tree and stem-only harvesting), weathering rates (PROFILE modelled values, PROFILE modelled values corrected for soil Na leaching) and soil leaching losses (depth of 22 and 81 cm) were considered. The element budgets were summed for the 1997–2003 (7 years) period. In every scenario, K was lost (−35.5 to −1.2 kg $ ha^{−1} $) from the exchangeable reservoir. Gain or losses of Ca were observable, depending of the scenario considered (28.8 to −20.1 kg $ ha^{−1} $) while Mg (−0.8 to 13.3 kg $ ha^{−1} $) generally accumulated over the 7-year period. The absolute K losses are very important, given the very small K soil exchangeable reservoir (55.2 kg $ ha^{−1} $) at the site. Because the amount of K sequestered in biomass (110 kg $ ha^{−1} $) is twice the amount found in the exchangeable soil reservoir, this forest is very sensitive to commercial forestry operations and forest harvesting appears as the main pathway of base cation losses. This raises important questions regarding the sustainability of the boreal forest that lies on K-poor soils of the Canadian Shield. Acid deposition Acidification Basic cation losses Boreal forest Forest harvesting Nutrient budget Houle, Daniel aut Enthalten in Biogeochemistry Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1984 78(2006), 2 vom: Apr., Seite 195-216 (DE-627)12916786X (DE-600)50671-0 (DE-576)014454904 0168-2563 nnns volume:78 year:2006 number:2 month:04 pages:195-216 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-005-4174-7 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_601 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_4012 AR 78 2006 2 04 195-216 |
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10.1007/s10533-005-4174-7 doi (DE-627)OLC2050420838 (DE-He213)s10533-005-4174-7-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 540 550 VZ 13 ssgn Duchesne, Louis verfasserin aut Base Cation Cycling in a Pristine Watershed of the Canadian Boreal Forest 2006 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer 2006 Abstract Base cation cycling was investigated on the Canadian Shield in a pristine catchment of the boreal forest. An input–output budget (atmospheric deposition – stream exports) for the whole watershed indicated that nitrogen (N) was strongly retained, while sulphur (S) and base cations (K, Ca, Mg) were lost. The S losses are attributed to internal sources, such as $ SO_{4} $ desorption and/or mineralisation of soil organic-S. The base cation losses at the catchment scale, however, might be contributed by weathering of the till below the rooting zone, which has little ecological significance. For this reason, a detailed budget of basic cations, including atmospheric deposition, tree uptake, mineral weathering and leaching losses was constructed for the soil rooting zone of a stand representative of the forest covering the catchment. Different scenarios of tree uptake (whole tree and stem-only harvesting), weathering rates (PROFILE modelled values, PROFILE modelled values corrected for soil Na leaching) and soil leaching losses (depth of 22 and 81 cm) were considered. The element budgets were summed for the 1997–2003 (7 years) period. In every scenario, K was lost (−35.5 to −1.2 kg $ ha^{−1} $) from the exchangeable reservoir. Gain or losses of Ca were observable, depending of the scenario considered (28.8 to −20.1 kg $ ha^{−1} $) while Mg (−0.8 to 13.3 kg $ ha^{−1} $) generally accumulated over the 7-year period. The absolute K losses are very important, given the very small K soil exchangeable reservoir (55.2 kg $ ha^{−1} $) at the site. Because the amount of K sequestered in biomass (110 kg $ ha^{−1} $) is twice the amount found in the exchangeable soil reservoir, this forest is very sensitive to commercial forestry operations and forest harvesting appears as the main pathway of base cation losses. This raises important questions regarding the sustainability of the boreal forest that lies on K-poor soils of the Canadian Shield. Acid deposition Acidification Basic cation losses Boreal forest Forest harvesting Nutrient budget Houle, Daniel aut Enthalten in Biogeochemistry Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1984 78(2006), 2 vom: Apr., Seite 195-216 (DE-627)12916786X (DE-600)50671-0 (DE-576)014454904 0168-2563 nnns volume:78 year:2006 number:2 month:04 pages:195-216 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-005-4174-7 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_601 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_4012 AR 78 2006 2 04 195-216 |
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10.1007/s10533-005-4174-7 doi (DE-627)OLC2050420838 (DE-He213)s10533-005-4174-7-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 540 550 VZ 13 ssgn Duchesne, Louis verfasserin aut Base Cation Cycling in a Pristine Watershed of the Canadian Boreal Forest 2006 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer 2006 Abstract Base cation cycling was investigated on the Canadian Shield in a pristine catchment of the boreal forest. An input–output budget (atmospheric deposition – stream exports) for the whole watershed indicated that nitrogen (N) was strongly retained, while sulphur (S) and base cations (K, Ca, Mg) were lost. The S losses are attributed to internal sources, such as $ SO_{4} $ desorption and/or mineralisation of soil organic-S. The base cation losses at the catchment scale, however, might be contributed by weathering of the till below the rooting zone, which has little ecological significance. For this reason, a detailed budget of basic cations, including atmospheric deposition, tree uptake, mineral weathering and leaching losses was constructed for the soil rooting zone of a stand representative of the forest covering the catchment. Different scenarios of tree uptake (whole tree and stem-only harvesting), weathering rates (PROFILE modelled values, PROFILE modelled values corrected for soil Na leaching) and soil leaching losses (depth of 22 and 81 cm) were considered. The element budgets were summed for the 1997–2003 (7 years) period. In every scenario, K was lost (−35.5 to −1.2 kg $ ha^{−1} $) from the exchangeable reservoir. Gain or losses of Ca were observable, depending of the scenario considered (28.8 to −20.1 kg $ ha^{−1} $) while Mg (−0.8 to 13.3 kg $ ha^{−1} $) generally accumulated over the 7-year period. The absolute K losses are very important, given the very small K soil exchangeable reservoir (55.2 kg $ ha^{−1} $) at the site. Because the amount of K sequestered in biomass (110 kg $ ha^{−1} $) is twice the amount found in the exchangeable soil reservoir, this forest is very sensitive to commercial forestry operations and forest harvesting appears as the main pathway of base cation losses. This raises important questions regarding the sustainability of the boreal forest that lies on K-poor soils of the Canadian Shield. Acid deposition Acidification Basic cation losses Boreal forest Forest harvesting Nutrient budget Houle, Daniel aut Enthalten in Biogeochemistry Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1984 78(2006), 2 vom: Apr., Seite 195-216 (DE-627)12916786X (DE-600)50671-0 (DE-576)014454904 0168-2563 nnns volume:78 year:2006 number:2 month:04 pages:195-216 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-005-4174-7 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_601 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_4012 AR 78 2006 2 04 195-216 |
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The element budgets were summed for the 1997–2003 (7 years) period. In every scenario, K was lost (−35.5 to −1.2 kg $ ha^{−1} $) from the exchangeable reservoir. Gain or losses of Ca were observable, depending of the scenario considered (28.8 to −20.1 kg $ ha^{−1} $) while Mg (−0.8 to 13.3 kg $ ha^{−1} $) generally accumulated over the 7-year period. The absolute K losses are very important, given the very small K soil exchangeable reservoir (55.2 kg $ ha^{−1} $) at the site. Because the amount of K sequestered in biomass (110 kg $ ha^{−1} $) is twice the amount found in the exchangeable soil reservoir, this forest is very sensitive to commercial forestry operations and forest harvesting appears as the main pathway of base cation losses. 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base cation cycling in a pristine watershed of the canadian boreal forest |
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Base Cation Cycling in a Pristine Watershed of the Canadian Boreal Forest |
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Abstract Base cation cycling was investigated on the Canadian Shield in a pristine catchment of the boreal forest. An input–output budget (atmospheric deposition – stream exports) for the whole watershed indicated that nitrogen (N) was strongly retained, while sulphur (S) and base cations (K, Ca, Mg) were lost. The S losses are attributed to internal sources, such as $ SO_{4} $ desorption and/or mineralisation of soil organic-S. The base cation losses at the catchment scale, however, might be contributed by weathering of the till below the rooting zone, which has little ecological significance. For this reason, a detailed budget of basic cations, including atmospheric deposition, tree uptake, mineral weathering and leaching losses was constructed for the soil rooting zone of a stand representative of the forest covering the catchment. Different scenarios of tree uptake (whole tree and stem-only harvesting), weathering rates (PROFILE modelled values, PROFILE modelled values corrected for soil Na leaching) and soil leaching losses (depth of 22 and 81 cm) were considered. The element budgets were summed for the 1997–2003 (7 years) period. In every scenario, K was lost (−35.5 to −1.2 kg $ ha^{−1} $) from the exchangeable reservoir. Gain or losses of Ca were observable, depending of the scenario considered (28.8 to −20.1 kg $ ha^{−1} $) while Mg (−0.8 to 13.3 kg $ ha^{−1} $) generally accumulated over the 7-year period. The absolute K losses are very important, given the very small K soil exchangeable reservoir (55.2 kg $ ha^{−1} $) at the site. Because the amount of K sequestered in biomass (110 kg $ ha^{−1} $) is twice the amount found in the exchangeable soil reservoir, this forest is very sensitive to commercial forestry operations and forest harvesting appears as the main pathway of base cation losses. This raises important questions regarding the sustainability of the boreal forest that lies on K-poor soils of the Canadian Shield. © Springer 2006 |
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Abstract Base cation cycling was investigated on the Canadian Shield in a pristine catchment of the boreal forest. An input–output budget (atmospheric deposition – stream exports) for the whole watershed indicated that nitrogen (N) was strongly retained, while sulphur (S) and base cations (K, Ca, Mg) were lost. The S losses are attributed to internal sources, such as $ SO_{4} $ desorption and/or mineralisation of soil organic-S. The base cation losses at the catchment scale, however, might be contributed by weathering of the till below the rooting zone, which has little ecological significance. For this reason, a detailed budget of basic cations, including atmospheric deposition, tree uptake, mineral weathering and leaching losses was constructed for the soil rooting zone of a stand representative of the forest covering the catchment. Different scenarios of tree uptake (whole tree and stem-only harvesting), weathering rates (PROFILE modelled values, PROFILE modelled values corrected for soil Na leaching) and soil leaching losses (depth of 22 and 81 cm) were considered. The element budgets were summed for the 1997–2003 (7 years) period. In every scenario, K was lost (−35.5 to −1.2 kg $ ha^{−1} $) from the exchangeable reservoir. Gain or losses of Ca were observable, depending of the scenario considered (28.8 to −20.1 kg $ ha^{−1} $) while Mg (−0.8 to 13.3 kg $ ha^{−1} $) generally accumulated over the 7-year period. The absolute K losses are very important, given the very small K soil exchangeable reservoir (55.2 kg $ ha^{−1} $) at the site. Because the amount of K sequestered in biomass (110 kg $ ha^{−1} $) is twice the amount found in the exchangeable soil reservoir, this forest is very sensitive to commercial forestry operations and forest harvesting appears as the main pathway of base cation losses. This raises important questions regarding the sustainability of the boreal forest that lies on K-poor soils of the Canadian Shield. © Springer 2006 |
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Abstract Base cation cycling was investigated on the Canadian Shield in a pristine catchment of the boreal forest. An input–output budget (atmospheric deposition – stream exports) for the whole watershed indicated that nitrogen (N) was strongly retained, while sulphur (S) and base cations (K, Ca, Mg) were lost. The S losses are attributed to internal sources, such as $ SO_{4} $ desorption and/or mineralisation of soil organic-S. The base cation losses at the catchment scale, however, might be contributed by weathering of the till below the rooting zone, which has little ecological significance. For this reason, a detailed budget of basic cations, including atmospheric deposition, tree uptake, mineral weathering and leaching losses was constructed for the soil rooting zone of a stand representative of the forest covering the catchment. Different scenarios of tree uptake (whole tree and stem-only harvesting), weathering rates (PROFILE modelled values, PROFILE modelled values corrected for soil Na leaching) and soil leaching losses (depth of 22 and 81 cm) were considered. The element budgets were summed for the 1997–2003 (7 years) period. In every scenario, K was lost (−35.5 to −1.2 kg $ ha^{−1} $) from the exchangeable reservoir. Gain or losses of Ca were observable, depending of the scenario considered (28.8 to −20.1 kg $ ha^{−1} $) while Mg (−0.8 to 13.3 kg $ ha^{−1} $) generally accumulated over the 7-year period. The absolute K losses are very important, given the very small K soil exchangeable reservoir (55.2 kg $ ha^{−1} $) at the site. Because the amount of K sequestered in biomass (110 kg $ ha^{−1} $) is twice the amount found in the exchangeable soil reservoir, this forest is very sensitive to commercial forestry operations and forest harvesting appears as the main pathway of base cation losses. This raises important questions regarding the sustainability of the boreal forest that lies on K-poor soils of the Canadian Shield. © Springer 2006 |
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