The changing morphology of an open lava channel on Mt. Etna
Abstract An open channel lava flow on Mt. Etna (Sicily) was observed during May 30–31, 2001. Data collected using a forward looking infrared (FLIR) thermal camera and a Minolta-Land Cyclops 300 thermal infrared thermometer showed that the bulk volume flux of lava flowing in the channel varied greatl...
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| Autor*in: |
Bailey, John E. [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2006 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Anmerkung: |
© Springer-Verlag 2005 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Bulletin of volcanology - Springer-Verlag, 1986, 68(2006), 6 vom: 07. Feb., Seite 497-515 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:68 ; year:2006 ; number:6 ; day:07 ; month:02 ; pages:497-515 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s00445-005-0025-6 |
|---|
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OLC205479998X |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The changing morphology of an open lava channel on Mt. Etna |
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| 520 | |a Abstract An open channel lava flow on Mt. Etna (Sicily) was observed during May 30–31, 2001. Data collected using a forward looking infrared (FLIR) thermal camera and a Minolta-Land Cyclops 300 thermal infrared thermometer showed that the bulk volume flux of lava flowing in the channel varied greatly over time. Cyclic changes in the channel's volumetric flow rate occurred over several hours, with cycle durations of 113–190 min, and discharges peaking at 0.7 $ m^{3} $ $ s^{−1} $ and waning to 0.1 $ m^{3} $ $ s^{−1} $. Each cycle was characterized by a relatively short, high-volume flux phase during which a pulse of lava, with a well-defined flow front, would propagate down-channel, followed by a period of waning flow during which volume flux lowered. Pulses involved lava moving at relatively high velocities (up to 0.29 m $ s^{−1} $) and were related to some change in the flow conditions occurring up-channel, possibly at the vent. They implied either a change in the dense rock effusion rate at the source vent and/or cyclic-variation in the vesicle content of the lava changing its bulk volume flux. Pulses would generally overspill the channel to emplace pāhoehoe overflows. During periods of waning flow, velocities fell to 0.05 m $ s^{–1} $. Blockages forming during such phases caused lava to back up. Occasionally backup resulted in overflows of slow moving ‘a‘ā that would advance a few tens of meters down the levee flank. Compound levees were thus a symptom of unsteady flow, where overflow levees were emplaced as relatively fast moving pāhoehoe sheets during pulses, and as slow-moving ‘a‘ā units during backup. Small, localized fluctuations in channel volume flux also occurred on timescales of minutes. Volumes of lava backed up behind blockages that formed at constrictions in the channel. Blockage collapse and/or enhanced flow under/around the blockage would then feed short-lived, wave-like, down-channel surges. Real fluctuations in channel volume flux, due to pulses and surges, can lead to significant errors in effusion rate calculations. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Etna | |
| 650 | 4 | |a FLIR | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Lava channel | |
| 650 | 4 | |a ‘a‘ā | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Thermal | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Unsteady flow | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Morphology | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Harris, Andrew J. L. |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Dehn, Jonathan |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Calvari, Sonia |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Rowland, Scott K. |4 aut | |
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10.1007/s00445-005-0025-6 doi (DE-627)OLC205479998X (DE-He213)s00445-005-0025-6-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ Bailey, John E. verfasserin aut The changing morphology of an open lava channel on Mt. Etna 2006 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag 2005 Abstract An open channel lava flow on Mt. Etna (Sicily) was observed during May 30–31, 2001. Data collected using a forward looking infrared (FLIR) thermal camera and a Minolta-Land Cyclops 300 thermal infrared thermometer showed that the bulk volume flux of lava flowing in the channel varied greatly over time. Cyclic changes in the channel's volumetric flow rate occurred over several hours, with cycle durations of 113–190 min, and discharges peaking at 0.7 $ m^{3} $ $ s^{−1} $ and waning to 0.1 $ m^{3} $ $ s^{−1} $. Each cycle was characterized by a relatively short, high-volume flux phase during which a pulse of lava, with a well-defined flow front, would propagate down-channel, followed by a period of waning flow during which volume flux lowered. Pulses involved lava moving at relatively high velocities (up to 0.29 m $ s^{−1} $) and were related to some change in the flow conditions occurring up-channel, possibly at the vent. They implied either a change in the dense rock effusion rate at the source vent and/or cyclic-variation in the vesicle content of the lava changing its bulk volume flux. Pulses would generally overspill the channel to emplace pāhoehoe overflows. During periods of waning flow, velocities fell to 0.05 m $ s^{–1} $. Blockages forming during such phases caused lava to back up. Occasionally backup resulted in overflows of slow moving ‘a‘ā that would advance a few tens of meters down the levee flank. Compound levees were thus a symptom of unsteady flow, where overflow levees were emplaced as relatively fast moving pāhoehoe sheets during pulses, and as slow-moving ‘a‘ā units during backup. Small, localized fluctuations in channel volume flux also occurred on timescales of minutes. Volumes of lava backed up behind blockages that formed at constrictions in the channel. Blockage collapse and/or enhanced flow under/around the blockage would then feed short-lived, wave-like, down-channel surges. Real fluctuations in channel volume flux, due to pulses and surges, can lead to significant errors in effusion rate calculations. Etna FLIR Lava channel ‘a‘ā Thermal Unsteady flow Morphology Harris, Andrew J. L. aut Dehn, Jonathan aut Calvari, Sonia aut Rowland, Scott K. aut Enthalten in Bulletin of volcanology Springer-Verlag, 1986 68(2006), 6 vom: 07. Feb., Seite 497-515 (DE-627)130428833 (DE-600)635594-8 (DE-576)015927865 0258-8900 nnns volume:68 year:2006 number:6 day:07 month:02 pages:497-515 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-005-0025-6 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4323 AR 68 2006 6 07 02 497-515 |
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10.1007/s00445-005-0025-6 doi (DE-627)OLC205479998X (DE-He213)s00445-005-0025-6-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ Bailey, John E. verfasserin aut The changing morphology of an open lava channel on Mt. Etna 2006 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag 2005 Abstract An open channel lava flow on Mt. Etna (Sicily) was observed during May 30–31, 2001. Data collected using a forward looking infrared (FLIR) thermal camera and a Minolta-Land Cyclops 300 thermal infrared thermometer showed that the bulk volume flux of lava flowing in the channel varied greatly over time. Cyclic changes in the channel's volumetric flow rate occurred over several hours, with cycle durations of 113–190 min, and discharges peaking at 0.7 $ m^{3} $ $ s^{−1} $ and waning to 0.1 $ m^{3} $ $ s^{−1} $. Each cycle was characterized by a relatively short, high-volume flux phase during which a pulse of lava, with a well-defined flow front, would propagate down-channel, followed by a period of waning flow during which volume flux lowered. Pulses involved lava moving at relatively high velocities (up to 0.29 m $ s^{−1} $) and were related to some change in the flow conditions occurring up-channel, possibly at the vent. They implied either a change in the dense rock effusion rate at the source vent and/or cyclic-variation in the vesicle content of the lava changing its bulk volume flux. Pulses would generally overspill the channel to emplace pāhoehoe overflows. During periods of waning flow, velocities fell to 0.05 m $ s^{–1} $. Blockages forming during such phases caused lava to back up. Occasionally backup resulted in overflows of slow moving ‘a‘ā that would advance a few tens of meters down the levee flank. Compound levees were thus a symptom of unsteady flow, where overflow levees were emplaced as relatively fast moving pāhoehoe sheets during pulses, and as slow-moving ‘a‘ā units during backup. Small, localized fluctuations in channel volume flux also occurred on timescales of minutes. Volumes of lava backed up behind blockages that formed at constrictions in the channel. Blockage collapse and/or enhanced flow under/around the blockage would then feed short-lived, wave-like, down-channel surges. Real fluctuations in channel volume flux, due to pulses and surges, can lead to significant errors in effusion rate calculations. Etna FLIR Lava channel ‘a‘ā Thermal Unsteady flow Morphology Harris, Andrew J. L. aut Dehn, Jonathan aut Calvari, Sonia aut Rowland, Scott K. aut Enthalten in Bulletin of volcanology Springer-Verlag, 1986 68(2006), 6 vom: 07. Feb., Seite 497-515 (DE-627)130428833 (DE-600)635594-8 (DE-576)015927865 0258-8900 nnns volume:68 year:2006 number:6 day:07 month:02 pages:497-515 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-005-0025-6 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4323 AR 68 2006 6 07 02 497-515 |
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10.1007/s00445-005-0025-6 doi (DE-627)OLC205479998X (DE-He213)s00445-005-0025-6-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ Bailey, John E. verfasserin aut The changing morphology of an open lava channel on Mt. Etna 2006 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag 2005 Abstract An open channel lava flow on Mt. Etna (Sicily) was observed during May 30–31, 2001. Data collected using a forward looking infrared (FLIR) thermal camera and a Minolta-Land Cyclops 300 thermal infrared thermometer showed that the bulk volume flux of lava flowing in the channel varied greatly over time. Cyclic changes in the channel's volumetric flow rate occurred over several hours, with cycle durations of 113–190 min, and discharges peaking at 0.7 $ m^{3} $ $ s^{−1} $ and waning to 0.1 $ m^{3} $ $ s^{−1} $. Each cycle was characterized by a relatively short, high-volume flux phase during which a pulse of lava, with a well-defined flow front, would propagate down-channel, followed by a period of waning flow during which volume flux lowered. Pulses involved lava moving at relatively high velocities (up to 0.29 m $ s^{−1} $) and were related to some change in the flow conditions occurring up-channel, possibly at the vent. They implied either a change in the dense rock effusion rate at the source vent and/or cyclic-variation in the vesicle content of the lava changing its bulk volume flux. Pulses would generally overspill the channel to emplace pāhoehoe overflows. During periods of waning flow, velocities fell to 0.05 m $ s^{–1} $. Blockages forming during such phases caused lava to back up. Occasionally backup resulted in overflows of slow moving ‘a‘ā that would advance a few tens of meters down the levee flank. Compound levees were thus a symptom of unsteady flow, where overflow levees were emplaced as relatively fast moving pāhoehoe sheets during pulses, and as slow-moving ‘a‘ā units during backup. Small, localized fluctuations in channel volume flux also occurred on timescales of minutes. Volumes of lava backed up behind blockages that formed at constrictions in the channel. Blockage collapse and/or enhanced flow under/around the blockage would then feed short-lived, wave-like, down-channel surges. Real fluctuations in channel volume flux, due to pulses and surges, can lead to significant errors in effusion rate calculations. Etna FLIR Lava channel ‘a‘ā Thermal Unsteady flow Morphology Harris, Andrew J. L. aut Dehn, Jonathan aut Calvari, Sonia aut Rowland, Scott K. aut Enthalten in Bulletin of volcanology Springer-Verlag, 1986 68(2006), 6 vom: 07. Feb., Seite 497-515 (DE-627)130428833 (DE-600)635594-8 (DE-576)015927865 0258-8900 nnns volume:68 year:2006 number:6 day:07 month:02 pages:497-515 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-005-0025-6 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4323 AR 68 2006 6 07 02 497-515 |
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10.1007/s00445-005-0025-6 doi (DE-627)OLC205479998X (DE-He213)s00445-005-0025-6-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ Bailey, John E. verfasserin aut The changing morphology of an open lava channel on Mt. Etna 2006 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag 2005 Abstract An open channel lava flow on Mt. Etna (Sicily) was observed during May 30–31, 2001. Data collected using a forward looking infrared (FLIR) thermal camera and a Minolta-Land Cyclops 300 thermal infrared thermometer showed that the bulk volume flux of lava flowing in the channel varied greatly over time. Cyclic changes in the channel's volumetric flow rate occurred over several hours, with cycle durations of 113–190 min, and discharges peaking at 0.7 $ m^{3} $ $ s^{−1} $ and waning to 0.1 $ m^{3} $ $ s^{−1} $. Each cycle was characterized by a relatively short, high-volume flux phase during which a pulse of lava, with a well-defined flow front, would propagate down-channel, followed by a period of waning flow during which volume flux lowered. Pulses involved lava moving at relatively high velocities (up to 0.29 m $ s^{−1} $) and were related to some change in the flow conditions occurring up-channel, possibly at the vent. They implied either a change in the dense rock effusion rate at the source vent and/or cyclic-variation in the vesicle content of the lava changing its bulk volume flux. Pulses would generally overspill the channel to emplace pāhoehoe overflows. During periods of waning flow, velocities fell to 0.05 m $ s^{–1} $. Blockages forming during such phases caused lava to back up. Occasionally backup resulted in overflows of slow moving ‘a‘ā that would advance a few tens of meters down the levee flank. Compound levees were thus a symptom of unsteady flow, where overflow levees were emplaced as relatively fast moving pāhoehoe sheets during pulses, and as slow-moving ‘a‘ā units during backup. Small, localized fluctuations in channel volume flux also occurred on timescales of minutes. Volumes of lava backed up behind blockages that formed at constrictions in the channel. Blockage collapse and/or enhanced flow under/around the blockage would then feed short-lived, wave-like, down-channel surges. Real fluctuations in channel volume flux, due to pulses and surges, can lead to significant errors in effusion rate calculations. Etna FLIR Lava channel ‘a‘ā Thermal Unsteady flow Morphology Harris, Andrew J. L. aut Dehn, Jonathan aut Calvari, Sonia aut Rowland, Scott K. aut Enthalten in Bulletin of volcanology Springer-Verlag, 1986 68(2006), 6 vom: 07. Feb., Seite 497-515 (DE-627)130428833 (DE-600)635594-8 (DE-576)015927865 0258-8900 nnns volume:68 year:2006 number:6 day:07 month:02 pages:497-515 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-005-0025-6 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4323 AR 68 2006 6 07 02 497-515 |
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10.1007/s00445-005-0025-6 doi (DE-627)OLC205479998X (DE-He213)s00445-005-0025-6-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ Bailey, John E. verfasserin aut The changing morphology of an open lava channel on Mt. Etna 2006 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag 2005 Abstract An open channel lava flow on Mt. Etna (Sicily) was observed during May 30–31, 2001. Data collected using a forward looking infrared (FLIR) thermal camera and a Minolta-Land Cyclops 300 thermal infrared thermometer showed that the bulk volume flux of lava flowing in the channel varied greatly over time. Cyclic changes in the channel's volumetric flow rate occurred over several hours, with cycle durations of 113–190 min, and discharges peaking at 0.7 $ m^{3} $ $ s^{−1} $ and waning to 0.1 $ m^{3} $ $ s^{−1} $. Each cycle was characterized by a relatively short, high-volume flux phase during which a pulse of lava, with a well-defined flow front, would propagate down-channel, followed by a period of waning flow during which volume flux lowered. Pulses involved lava moving at relatively high velocities (up to 0.29 m $ s^{−1} $) and were related to some change in the flow conditions occurring up-channel, possibly at the vent. They implied either a change in the dense rock effusion rate at the source vent and/or cyclic-variation in the vesicle content of the lava changing its bulk volume flux. Pulses would generally overspill the channel to emplace pāhoehoe overflows. During periods of waning flow, velocities fell to 0.05 m $ s^{–1} $. Blockages forming during such phases caused lava to back up. Occasionally backup resulted in overflows of slow moving ‘a‘ā that would advance a few tens of meters down the levee flank. Compound levees were thus a symptom of unsteady flow, where overflow levees were emplaced as relatively fast moving pāhoehoe sheets during pulses, and as slow-moving ‘a‘ā units during backup. Small, localized fluctuations in channel volume flux also occurred on timescales of minutes. Volumes of lava backed up behind blockages that formed at constrictions in the channel. Blockage collapse and/or enhanced flow under/around the blockage would then feed short-lived, wave-like, down-channel surges. Real fluctuations in channel volume flux, due to pulses and surges, can lead to significant errors in effusion rate calculations. Etna FLIR Lava channel ‘a‘ā Thermal Unsteady flow Morphology Harris, Andrew J. L. aut Dehn, Jonathan aut Calvari, Sonia aut Rowland, Scott K. aut Enthalten in Bulletin of volcanology Springer-Verlag, 1986 68(2006), 6 vom: 07. Feb., Seite 497-515 (DE-627)130428833 (DE-600)635594-8 (DE-576)015927865 0258-8900 nnns volume:68 year:2006 number:6 day:07 month:02 pages:497-515 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-005-0025-6 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4323 AR 68 2006 6 07 02 497-515 |
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Etna</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="c">2006</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Text</subfield><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen</subfield><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Band</subfield><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">© Springer-Verlag 2005</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Abstract An open channel lava flow on Mt. Etna (Sicily) was observed during May 30–31, 2001. Data collected using a forward looking infrared (FLIR) thermal camera and a Minolta-Land Cyclops 300 thermal infrared thermometer showed that the bulk volume flux of lava flowing in the channel varied greatly over time. Cyclic changes in the channel's volumetric flow rate occurred over several hours, with cycle durations of 113–190 min, and discharges peaking at 0.7 $ m^{3} $ $ s^{−1} $ and waning to 0.1 $ m^{3} $ $ s^{−1} $. Each cycle was characterized by a relatively short, high-volume flux phase during which a pulse of lava, with a well-defined flow front, would propagate down-channel, followed by a period of waning flow during which volume flux lowered. Pulses involved lava moving at relatively high velocities (up to 0.29 m $ s^{−1} $) and were related to some change in the flow conditions occurring up-channel, possibly at the vent. 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the changing morphology of an open lava channel on mt. etna |
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The changing morphology of an open lava channel on Mt. Etna |
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Abstract An open channel lava flow on Mt. Etna (Sicily) was observed during May 30–31, 2001. Data collected using a forward looking infrared (FLIR) thermal camera and a Minolta-Land Cyclops 300 thermal infrared thermometer showed that the bulk volume flux of lava flowing in the channel varied greatly over time. Cyclic changes in the channel's volumetric flow rate occurred over several hours, with cycle durations of 113–190 min, and discharges peaking at 0.7 $ m^{3} $ $ s^{−1} $ and waning to 0.1 $ m^{3} $ $ s^{−1} $. Each cycle was characterized by a relatively short, high-volume flux phase during which a pulse of lava, with a well-defined flow front, would propagate down-channel, followed by a period of waning flow during which volume flux lowered. Pulses involved lava moving at relatively high velocities (up to 0.29 m $ s^{−1} $) and were related to some change in the flow conditions occurring up-channel, possibly at the vent. They implied either a change in the dense rock effusion rate at the source vent and/or cyclic-variation in the vesicle content of the lava changing its bulk volume flux. Pulses would generally overspill the channel to emplace pāhoehoe overflows. During periods of waning flow, velocities fell to 0.05 m $ s^{–1} $. Blockages forming during such phases caused lava to back up. Occasionally backup resulted in overflows of slow moving ‘a‘ā that would advance a few tens of meters down the levee flank. Compound levees were thus a symptom of unsteady flow, where overflow levees were emplaced as relatively fast moving pāhoehoe sheets during pulses, and as slow-moving ‘a‘ā units during backup. Small, localized fluctuations in channel volume flux also occurred on timescales of minutes. Volumes of lava backed up behind blockages that formed at constrictions in the channel. Blockage collapse and/or enhanced flow under/around the blockage would then feed short-lived, wave-like, down-channel surges. Real fluctuations in channel volume flux, due to pulses and surges, can lead to significant errors in effusion rate calculations. © Springer-Verlag 2005 |
| abstractGer |
Abstract An open channel lava flow on Mt. Etna (Sicily) was observed during May 30–31, 2001. Data collected using a forward looking infrared (FLIR) thermal camera and a Minolta-Land Cyclops 300 thermal infrared thermometer showed that the bulk volume flux of lava flowing in the channel varied greatly over time. Cyclic changes in the channel's volumetric flow rate occurred over several hours, with cycle durations of 113–190 min, and discharges peaking at 0.7 $ m^{3} $ $ s^{−1} $ and waning to 0.1 $ m^{3} $ $ s^{−1} $. Each cycle was characterized by a relatively short, high-volume flux phase during which a pulse of lava, with a well-defined flow front, would propagate down-channel, followed by a period of waning flow during which volume flux lowered. Pulses involved lava moving at relatively high velocities (up to 0.29 m $ s^{−1} $) and were related to some change in the flow conditions occurring up-channel, possibly at the vent. They implied either a change in the dense rock effusion rate at the source vent and/or cyclic-variation in the vesicle content of the lava changing its bulk volume flux. Pulses would generally overspill the channel to emplace pāhoehoe overflows. During periods of waning flow, velocities fell to 0.05 m $ s^{–1} $. Blockages forming during such phases caused lava to back up. Occasionally backup resulted in overflows of slow moving ‘a‘ā that would advance a few tens of meters down the levee flank. Compound levees were thus a symptom of unsteady flow, where overflow levees were emplaced as relatively fast moving pāhoehoe sheets during pulses, and as slow-moving ‘a‘ā units during backup. Small, localized fluctuations in channel volume flux also occurred on timescales of minutes. Volumes of lava backed up behind blockages that formed at constrictions in the channel. Blockage collapse and/or enhanced flow under/around the blockage would then feed short-lived, wave-like, down-channel surges. Real fluctuations in channel volume flux, due to pulses and surges, can lead to significant errors in effusion rate calculations. © Springer-Verlag 2005 |
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Abstract An open channel lava flow on Mt. Etna (Sicily) was observed during May 30–31, 2001. Data collected using a forward looking infrared (FLIR) thermal camera and a Minolta-Land Cyclops 300 thermal infrared thermometer showed that the bulk volume flux of lava flowing in the channel varied greatly over time. Cyclic changes in the channel's volumetric flow rate occurred over several hours, with cycle durations of 113–190 min, and discharges peaking at 0.7 $ m^{3} $ $ s^{−1} $ and waning to 0.1 $ m^{3} $ $ s^{−1} $. Each cycle was characterized by a relatively short, high-volume flux phase during which a pulse of lava, with a well-defined flow front, would propagate down-channel, followed by a period of waning flow during which volume flux lowered. Pulses involved lava moving at relatively high velocities (up to 0.29 m $ s^{−1} $) and were related to some change in the flow conditions occurring up-channel, possibly at the vent. They implied either a change in the dense rock effusion rate at the source vent and/or cyclic-variation in the vesicle content of the lava changing its bulk volume flux. Pulses would generally overspill the channel to emplace pāhoehoe overflows. During periods of waning flow, velocities fell to 0.05 m $ s^{–1} $. Blockages forming during such phases caused lava to back up. Occasionally backup resulted in overflows of slow moving ‘a‘ā that would advance a few tens of meters down the levee flank. Compound levees were thus a symptom of unsteady flow, where overflow levees were emplaced as relatively fast moving pāhoehoe sheets during pulses, and as slow-moving ‘a‘ā units during backup. Small, localized fluctuations in channel volume flux also occurred on timescales of minutes. Volumes of lava backed up behind blockages that formed at constrictions in the channel. Blockage collapse and/or enhanced flow under/around the blockage would then feed short-lived, wave-like, down-channel surges. Real fluctuations in channel volume flux, due to pulses and surges, can lead to significant errors in effusion rate calculations. © Springer-Verlag 2005 |
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