The world-class Howard’s Pass SEDEX Zn-Pb district, Selwyn Basin, Yukon. Part II: the roles of thermochemical and bacterial sulfate reduction in metal fixation
Abstract The Howard’s Pass district of sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) Zn-Pb deposits is located in Yukon Territory and comprises 14 Zn-Pb deposits that contain an estimated 400.7 Mt of sulfide mineralization grading 4.5 % Zn and 1.5 % Pb. Mineralization is hosted in carbonaceous and calcareous and,...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Gadd, Michael G. [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2016 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Systematik: |
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| Anmerkung: |
© The Author(s) 2016 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Mineralium deposita - Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1966, 52(2016), 3 vom: 15. Juli, Seite 405-419 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:52 ; year:2016 ; number:3 ; day:15 ; month:07 ; pages:405-419 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s00126-016-0672-x |
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| Katalog-ID: |
OLC2058259076 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The world-class Howard’s Pass SEDEX Zn-Pb district, Selwyn Basin, Yukon. Part II: the roles of thermochemical and bacterial sulfate reduction in metal fixation |
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| 520 | |a Abstract The Howard’s Pass district of sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) Zn-Pb deposits is located in Yukon Territory and comprises 14 Zn-Pb deposits that contain an estimated 400.7 Mt of sulfide mineralization grading 4.5 % Zn and 1.5 % Pb. Mineralization is hosted in carbonaceous and calcareous and, to a lesser extent, siliceous mudstones. Pyrite is a minor but ubiquitous mineral in the host rocks stratigraphically above, within, and below mineralization. Petrographic analyses reveal that pyrite has a complex and protracted growth history, preserving multiple generations of pyrite within single grains. Sulfur isotope analysis of paragenetically complex pyrite by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) reveals that sulfur isotope compositions vary with textural zonation. Within the Zn-Pb deposits, framboidal pyrite is the earliest pyrite generation recognized, and this exclusively has negative $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = −16.6 ± 4.1 ‰; n = 55), whereas paragenetically later pyrite and galena possess positive $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = 29.1 ± 7.5 and 22.4 ± 3.0 ‰, n = 13 and 13, respectively). Previous studies found that sphalerite and galena mineral separates have exclusively positive $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = 16.8 ± 3.3 and 12.7 ± 2.8 ‰, respectively; Goodfellow and Jonasson 1986). These distinct sulfur isotope values are interpreted to reflect varying contributions of bacterially reduced seawater sulfate (negative; framboidal pyrite) and thermochemically reduced seawater sulfate and/or hydrothermal sulfate (positive; galena, sphalerite, later forms of pyrite). Textural evidence indicates that framboidal pyrite predates galena and sphalerite deposition. Collectively, the in situ and bulk sulfur isotope data are much more complex than $ δ^{34} $S values permitted by prevailing genetic models that invoke only biogenically reduced sulfur and coeval deposition of galena, sphalerite, and framboidal pyrite within a euxinic water column, and we present several lines of evidence that argue against this model. Indeed, the new data indicate that much of the base metal sulfide mineralization was emplaced below the sediment-water interface within sulfidic muds under reducing conditions during early diagenesis. Furthermore, thermochemical sulfate reduction provided most of the reduced sulfur within the Zn-Pb deposits. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Pyrite | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Galena | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sulfur Isotope | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sulfur Isotope Composition | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Layton-Matthews, Daniel |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Peter, Jan M. |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Paradis, Suzanne |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Jonasson, Ian R. |4 aut | |
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10.1007/s00126-016-0672-x doi (DE-627)OLC2058259076 (DE-He213)s00126-016-0672-x-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ 13 ssgn TE 1000 VZ rvk Gadd, Michael G. verfasserin aut The world-class Howard’s Pass SEDEX Zn-Pb district, Selwyn Basin, Yukon. Part II: the roles of thermochemical and bacterial sulfate reduction in metal fixation 2016 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2016 Abstract The Howard’s Pass district of sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) Zn-Pb deposits is located in Yukon Territory and comprises 14 Zn-Pb deposits that contain an estimated 400.7 Mt of sulfide mineralization grading 4.5 % Zn and 1.5 % Pb. Mineralization is hosted in carbonaceous and calcareous and, to a lesser extent, siliceous mudstones. Pyrite is a minor but ubiquitous mineral in the host rocks stratigraphically above, within, and below mineralization. Petrographic analyses reveal that pyrite has a complex and protracted growth history, preserving multiple generations of pyrite within single grains. Sulfur isotope analysis of paragenetically complex pyrite by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) reveals that sulfur isotope compositions vary with textural zonation. Within the Zn-Pb deposits, framboidal pyrite is the earliest pyrite generation recognized, and this exclusively has negative $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = −16.6 ± 4.1 ‰; n = 55), whereas paragenetically later pyrite and galena possess positive $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = 29.1 ± 7.5 and 22.4 ± 3.0 ‰, n = 13 and 13, respectively). Previous studies found that sphalerite and galena mineral separates have exclusively positive $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = 16.8 ± 3.3 and 12.7 ± 2.8 ‰, respectively; Goodfellow and Jonasson 1986). These distinct sulfur isotope values are interpreted to reflect varying contributions of bacterially reduced seawater sulfate (negative; framboidal pyrite) and thermochemically reduced seawater sulfate and/or hydrothermal sulfate (positive; galena, sphalerite, later forms of pyrite). Textural evidence indicates that framboidal pyrite predates galena and sphalerite deposition. Collectively, the in situ and bulk sulfur isotope data are much more complex than $ δ^{34} $S values permitted by prevailing genetic models that invoke only biogenically reduced sulfur and coeval deposition of galena, sphalerite, and framboidal pyrite within a euxinic water column, and we present several lines of evidence that argue against this model. Indeed, the new data indicate that much of the base metal sulfide mineralization was emplaced below the sediment-water interface within sulfidic muds under reducing conditions during early diagenesis. Furthermore, thermochemical sulfate reduction provided most of the reduced sulfur within the Zn-Pb deposits. Pyrite Galena Sulfur Isotope Sulfur Isotope Composition Bacterial Sulfate Reduction Layton-Matthews, Daniel aut Peter, Jan M. aut Paradis, Suzanne aut Jonasson, Ian R. aut Enthalten in Mineralium deposita Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1966 52(2016), 3 vom: 15. Juli, Seite 405-419 (DE-627)12906906X (DE-600)1679-2 (DE-576)01440074X 0026-4598 nnns volume:52 year:2016 number:3 day:15 month:07 pages:405-419 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-016-0672-x lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_30 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4306 TE 1000 AR 52 2016 3 15 07 405-419 |
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10.1007/s00126-016-0672-x doi (DE-627)OLC2058259076 (DE-He213)s00126-016-0672-x-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ 13 ssgn TE 1000 VZ rvk Gadd, Michael G. verfasserin aut The world-class Howard’s Pass SEDEX Zn-Pb district, Selwyn Basin, Yukon. Part II: the roles of thermochemical and bacterial sulfate reduction in metal fixation 2016 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2016 Abstract The Howard’s Pass district of sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) Zn-Pb deposits is located in Yukon Territory and comprises 14 Zn-Pb deposits that contain an estimated 400.7 Mt of sulfide mineralization grading 4.5 % Zn and 1.5 % Pb. Mineralization is hosted in carbonaceous and calcareous and, to a lesser extent, siliceous mudstones. Pyrite is a minor but ubiquitous mineral in the host rocks stratigraphically above, within, and below mineralization. Petrographic analyses reveal that pyrite has a complex and protracted growth history, preserving multiple generations of pyrite within single grains. Sulfur isotope analysis of paragenetically complex pyrite by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) reveals that sulfur isotope compositions vary with textural zonation. Within the Zn-Pb deposits, framboidal pyrite is the earliest pyrite generation recognized, and this exclusively has negative $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = −16.6 ± 4.1 ‰; n = 55), whereas paragenetically later pyrite and galena possess positive $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = 29.1 ± 7.5 and 22.4 ± 3.0 ‰, n = 13 and 13, respectively). Previous studies found that sphalerite and galena mineral separates have exclusively positive $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = 16.8 ± 3.3 and 12.7 ± 2.8 ‰, respectively; Goodfellow and Jonasson 1986). These distinct sulfur isotope values are interpreted to reflect varying contributions of bacterially reduced seawater sulfate (negative; framboidal pyrite) and thermochemically reduced seawater sulfate and/or hydrothermal sulfate (positive; galena, sphalerite, later forms of pyrite). Textural evidence indicates that framboidal pyrite predates galena and sphalerite deposition. Collectively, the in situ and bulk sulfur isotope data are much more complex than $ δ^{34} $S values permitted by prevailing genetic models that invoke only biogenically reduced sulfur and coeval deposition of galena, sphalerite, and framboidal pyrite within a euxinic water column, and we present several lines of evidence that argue against this model. Indeed, the new data indicate that much of the base metal sulfide mineralization was emplaced below the sediment-water interface within sulfidic muds under reducing conditions during early diagenesis. Furthermore, thermochemical sulfate reduction provided most of the reduced sulfur within the Zn-Pb deposits. Pyrite Galena Sulfur Isotope Sulfur Isotope Composition Bacterial Sulfate Reduction Layton-Matthews, Daniel aut Peter, Jan M. aut Paradis, Suzanne aut Jonasson, Ian R. aut Enthalten in Mineralium deposita Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1966 52(2016), 3 vom: 15. Juli, Seite 405-419 (DE-627)12906906X (DE-600)1679-2 (DE-576)01440074X 0026-4598 nnns volume:52 year:2016 number:3 day:15 month:07 pages:405-419 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-016-0672-x lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_30 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4306 TE 1000 AR 52 2016 3 15 07 405-419 |
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10.1007/s00126-016-0672-x doi (DE-627)OLC2058259076 (DE-He213)s00126-016-0672-x-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ 13 ssgn TE 1000 VZ rvk Gadd, Michael G. verfasserin aut The world-class Howard’s Pass SEDEX Zn-Pb district, Selwyn Basin, Yukon. Part II: the roles of thermochemical and bacterial sulfate reduction in metal fixation 2016 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2016 Abstract The Howard’s Pass district of sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) Zn-Pb deposits is located in Yukon Territory and comprises 14 Zn-Pb deposits that contain an estimated 400.7 Mt of sulfide mineralization grading 4.5 % Zn and 1.5 % Pb. Mineralization is hosted in carbonaceous and calcareous and, to a lesser extent, siliceous mudstones. Pyrite is a minor but ubiquitous mineral in the host rocks stratigraphically above, within, and below mineralization. Petrographic analyses reveal that pyrite has a complex and protracted growth history, preserving multiple generations of pyrite within single grains. Sulfur isotope analysis of paragenetically complex pyrite by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) reveals that sulfur isotope compositions vary with textural zonation. Within the Zn-Pb deposits, framboidal pyrite is the earliest pyrite generation recognized, and this exclusively has negative $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = −16.6 ± 4.1 ‰; n = 55), whereas paragenetically later pyrite and galena possess positive $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = 29.1 ± 7.5 and 22.4 ± 3.0 ‰, n = 13 and 13, respectively). Previous studies found that sphalerite and galena mineral separates have exclusively positive $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = 16.8 ± 3.3 and 12.7 ± 2.8 ‰, respectively; Goodfellow and Jonasson 1986). These distinct sulfur isotope values are interpreted to reflect varying contributions of bacterially reduced seawater sulfate (negative; framboidal pyrite) and thermochemically reduced seawater sulfate and/or hydrothermal sulfate (positive; galena, sphalerite, later forms of pyrite). Textural evidence indicates that framboidal pyrite predates galena and sphalerite deposition. Collectively, the in situ and bulk sulfur isotope data are much more complex than $ δ^{34} $S values permitted by prevailing genetic models that invoke only biogenically reduced sulfur and coeval deposition of galena, sphalerite, and framboidal pyrite within a euxinic water column, and we present several lines of evidence that argue against this model. Indeed, the new data indicate that much of the base metal sulfide mineralization was emplaced below the sediment-water interface within sulfidic muds under reducing conditions during early diagenesis. Furthermore, thermochemical sulfate reduction provided most of the reduced sulfur within the Zn-Pb deposits. Pyrite Galena Sulfur Isotope Sulfur Isotope Composition Bacterial Sulfate Reduction Layton-Matthews, Daniel aut Peter, Jan M. aut Paradis, Suzanne aut Jonasson, Ian R. aut Enthalten in Mineralium deposita Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1966 52(2016), 3 vom: 15. Juli, Seite 405-419 (DE-627)12906906X (DE-600)1679-2 (DE-576)01440074X 0026-4598 nnns volume:52 year:2016 number:3 day:15 month:07 pages:405-419 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-016-0672-x lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_30 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4306 TE 1000 AR 52 2016 3 15 07 405-419 |
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10.1007/s00126-016-0672-x doi (DE-627)OLC2058259076 (DE-He213)s00126-016-0672-x-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ 13 ssgn TE 1000 VZ rvk Gadd, Michael G. verfasserin aut The world-class Howard’s Pass SEDEX Zn-Pb district, Selwyn Basin, Yukon. Part II: the roles of thermochemical and bacterial sulfate reduction in metal fixation 2016 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2016 Abstract The Howard’s Pass district of sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) Zn-Pb deposits is located in Yukon Territory and comprises 14 Zn-Pb deposits that contain an estimated 400.7 Mt of sulfide mineralization grading 4.5 % Zn and 1.5 % Pb. Mineralization is hosted in carbonaceous and calcareous and, to a lesser extent, siliceous mudstones. Pyrite is a minor but ubiquitous mineral in the host rocks stratigraphically above, within, and below mineralization. Petrographic analyses reveal that pyrite has a complex and protracted growth history, preserving multiple generations of pyrite within single grains. Sulfur isotope analysis of paragenetically complex pyrite by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) reveals that sulfur isotope compositions vary with textural zonation. Within the Zn-Pb deposits, framboidal pyrite is the earliest pyrite generation recognized, and this exclusively has negative $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = −16.6 ± 4.1 ‰; n = 55), whereas paragenetically later pyrite and galena possess positive $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = 29.1 ± 7.5 and 22.4 ± 3.0 ‰, n = 13 and 13, respectively). Previous studies found that sphalerite and galena mineral separates have exclusively positive $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = 16.8 ± 3.3 and 12.7 ± 2.8 ‰, respectively; Goodfellow and Jonasson 1986). These distinct sulfur isotope values are interpreted to reflect varying contributions of bacterially reduced seawater sulfate (negative; framboidal pyrite) and thermochemically reduced seawater sulfate and/or hydrothermal sulfate (positive; galena, sphalerite, later forms of pyrite). Textural evidence indicates that framboidal pyrite predates galena and sphalerite deposition. Collectively, the in situ and bulk sulfur isotope data are much more complex than $ δ^{34} $S values permitted by prevailing genetic models that invoke only biogenically reduced sulfur and coeval deposition of galena, sphalerite, and framboidal pyrite within a euxinic water column, and we present several lines of evidence that argue against this model. Indeed, the new data indicate that much of the base metal sulfide mineralization was emplaced below the sediment-water interface within sulfidic muds under reducing conditions during early diagenesis. Furthermore, thermochemical sulfate reduction provided most of the reduced sulfur within the Zn-Pb deposits. Pyrite Galena Sulfur Isotope Sulfur Isotope Composition Bacterial Sulfate Reduction Layton-Matthews, Daniel aut Peter, Jan M. aut Paradis, Suzanne aut Jonasson, Ian R. aut Enthalten in Mineralium deposita Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1966 52(2016), 3 vom: 15. Juli, Seite 405-419 (DE-627)12906906X (DE-600)1679-2 (DE-576)01440074X 0026-4598 nnns volume:52 year:2016 number:3 day:15 month:07 pages:405-419 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-016-0672-x lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_30 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4306 TE 1000 AR 52 2016 3 15 07 405-419 |
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10.1007/s00126-016-0672-x doi (DE-627)OLC2058259076 (DE-He213)s00126-016-0672-x-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ 13 ssgn TE 1000 VZ rvk Gadd, Michael G. verfasserin aut The world-class Howard’s Pass SEDEX Zn-Pb district, Selwyn Basin, Yukon. Part II: the roles of thermochemical and bacterial sulfate reduction in metal fixation 2016 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2016 Abstract The Howard’s Pass district of sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) Zn-Pb deposits is located in Yukon Territory and comprises 14 Zn-Pb deposits that contain an estimated 400.7 Mt of sulfide mineralization grading 4.5 % Zn and 1.5 % Pb. Mineralization is hosted in carbonaceous and calcareous and, to a lesser extent, siliceous mudstones. Pyrite is a minor but ubiquitous mineral in the host rocks stratigraphically above, within, and below mineralization. Petrographic analyses reveal that pyrite has a complex and protracted growth history, preserving multiple generations of pyrite within single grains. Sulfur isotope analysis of paragenetically complex pyrite by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) reveals that sulfur isotope compositions vary with textural zonation. Within the Zn-Pb deposits, framboidal pyrite is the earliest pyrite generation recognized, and this exclusively has negative $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = −16.6 ± 4.1 ‰; n = 55), whereas paragenetically later pyrite and galena possess positive $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = 29.1 ± 7.5 and 22.4 ± 3.0 ‰, n = 13 and 13, respectively). Previous studies found that sphalerite and galena mineral separates have exclusively positive $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = 16.8 ± 3.3 and 12.7 ± 2.8 ‰, respectively; Goodfellow and Jonasson 1986). These distinct sulfur isotope values are interpreted to reflect varying contributions of bacterially reduced seawater sulfate (negative; framboidal pyrite) and thermochemically reduced seawater sulfate and/or hydrothermal sulfate (positive; galena, sphalerite, later forms of pyrite). Textural evidence indicates that framboidal pyrite predates galena and sphalerite deposition. Collectively, the in situ and bulk sulfur isotope data are much more complex than $ δ^{34} $S values permitted by prevailing genetic models that invoke only biogenically reduced sulfur and coeval deposition of galena, sphalerite, and framboidal pyrite within a euxinic water column, and we present several lines of evidence that argue against this model. Indeed, the new data indicate that much of the base metal sulfide mineralization was emplaced below the sediment-water interface within sulfidic muds under reducing conditions during early diagenesis. Furthermore, thermochemical sulfate reduction provided most of the reduced sulfur within the Zn-Pb deposits. Pyrite Galena Sulfur Isotope Sulfur Isotope Composition Bacterial Sulfate Reduction Layton-Matthews, Daniel aut Peter, Jan M. aut Paradis, Suzanne aut Jonasson, Ian R. aut Enthalten in Mineralium deposita Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1966 52(2016), 3 vom: 15. Juli, Seite 405-419 (DE-627)12906906X (DE-600)1679-2 (DE-576)01440074X 0026-4598 nnns volume:52 year:2016 number:3 day:15 month:07 pages:405-419 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-016-0672-x lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_30 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4306 TE 1000 AR 52 2016 3 15 07 405-419 |
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Gadd, Michael G. |
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the world-class howard’s pass sedex zn-pb district, selwyn basin, yukon. part ii: the roles of thermochemical and bacterial sulfate reduction in metal fixation |
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The world-class Howard’s Pass SEDEX Zn-Pb district, Selwyn Basin, Yukon. Part II: the roles of thermochemical and bacterial sulfate reduction in metal fixation |
| abstract |
Abstract The Howard’s Pass district of sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) Zn-Pb deposits is located in Yukon Territory and comprises 14 Zn-Pb deposits that contain an estimated 400.7 Mt of sulfide mineralization grading 4.5 % Zn and 1.5 % Pb. Mineralization is hosted in carbonaceous and calcareous and, to a lesser extent, siliceous mudstones. Pyrite is a minor but ubiquitous mineral in the host rocks stratigraphically above, within, and below mineralization. Petrographic analyses reveal that pyrite has a complex and protracted growth history, preserving multiple generations of pyrite within single grains. Sulfur isotope analysis of paragenetically complex pyrite by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) reveals that sulfur isotope compositions vary with textural zonation. Within the Zn-Pb deposits, framboidal pyrite is the earliest pyrite generation recognized, and this exclusively has negative $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = −16.6 ± 4.1 ‰; n = 55), whereas paragenetically later pyrite and galena possess positive $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = 29.1 ± 7.5 and 22.4 ± 3.0 ‰, n = 13 and 13, respectively). Previous studies found that sphalerite and galena mineral separates have exclusively positive $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = 16.8 ± 3.3 and 12.7 ± 2.8 ‰, respectively; Goodfellow and Jonasson 1986). These distinct sulfur isotope values are interpreted to reflect varying contributions of bacterially reduced seawater sulfate (negative; framboidal pyrite) and thermochemically reduced seawater sulfate and/or hydrothermal sulfate (positive; galena, sphalerite, later forms of pyrite). Textural evidence indicates that framboidal pyrite predates galena and sphalerite deposition. Collectively, the in situ and bulk sulfur isotope data are much more complex than $ δ^{34} $S values permitted by prevailing genetic models that invoke only biogenically reduced sulfur and coeval deposition of galena, sphalerite, and framboidal pyrite within a euxinic water column, and we present several lines of evidence that argue against this model. Indeed, the new data indicate that much of the base metal sulfide mineralization was emplaced below the sediment-water interface within sulfidic muds under reducing conditions during early diagenesis. Furthermore, thermochemical sulfate reduction provided most of the reduced sulfur within the Zn-Pb deposits. © The Author(s) 2016 |
| abstractGer |
Abstract The Howard’s Pass district of sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) Zn-Pb deposits is located in Yukon Territory and comprises 14 Zn-Pb deposits that contain an estimated 400.7 Mt of sulfide mineralization grading 4.5 % Zn and 1.5 % Pb. Mineralization is hosted in carbonaceous and calcareous and, to a lesser extent, siliceous mudstones. Pyrite is a minor but ubiquitous mineral in the host rocks stratigraphically above, within, and below mineralization. Petrographic analyses reveal that pyrite has a complex and protracted growth history, preserving multiple generations of pyrite within single grains. Sulfur isotope analysis of paragenetically complex pyrite by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) reveals that sulfur isotope compositions vary with textural zonation. Within the Zn-Pb deposits, framboidal pyrite is the earliest pyrite generation recognized, and this exclusively has negative $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = −16.6 ± 4.1 ‰; n = 55), whereas paragenetically later pyrite and galena possess positive $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = 29.1 ± 7.5 and 22.4 ± 3.0 ‰, n = 13 and 13, respectively). Previous studies found that sphalerite and galena mineral separates have exclusively positive $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = 16.8 ± 3.3 and 12.7 ± 2.8 ‰, respectively; Goodfellow and Jonasson 1986). These distinct sulfur isotope values are interpreted to reflect varying contributions of bacterially reduced seawater sulfate (negative; framboidal pyrite) and thermochemically reduced seawater sulfate and/or hydrothermal sulfate (positive; galena, sphalerite, later forms of pyrite). Textural evidence indicates that framboidal pyrite predates galena and sphalerite deposition. Collectively, the in situ and bulk sulfur isotope data are much more complex than $ δ^{34} $S values permitted by prevailing genetic models that invoke only biogenically reduced sulfur and coeval deposition of galena, sphalerite, and framboidal pyrite within a euxinic water column, and we present several lines of evidence that argue against this model. Indeed, the new data indicate that much of the base metal sulfide mineralization was emplaced below the sediment-water interface within sulfidic muds under reducing conditions during early diagenesis. Furthermore, thermochemical sulfate reduction provided most of the reduced sulfur within the Zn-Pb deposits. © The Author(s) 2016 |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Abstract The Howard’s Pass district of sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) Zn-Pb deposits is located in Yukon Territory and comprises 14 Zn-Pb deposits that contain an estimated 400.7 Mt of sulfide mineralization grading 4.5 % Zn and 1.5 % Pb. Mineralization is hosted in carbonaceous and calcareous and, to a lesser extent, siliceous mudstones. Pyrite is a minor but ubiquitous mineral in the host rocks stratigraphically above, within, and below mineralization. Petrographic analyses reveal that pyrite has a complex and protracted growth history, preserving multiple generations of pyrite within single grains. Sulfur isotope analysis of paragenetically complex pyrite by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) reveals that sulfur isotope compositions vary with textural zonation. Within the Zn-Pb deposits, framboidal pyrite is the earliest pyrite generation recognized, and this exclusively has negative $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = −16.6 ± 4.1 ‰; n = 55), whereas paragenetically later pyrite and galena possess positive $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = 29.1 ± 7.5 and 22.4 ± 3.0 ‰, n = 13 and 13, respectively). Previous studies found that sphalerite and galena mineral separates have exclusively positive $ δ^{34} $S values (mean = 16.8 ± 3.3 and 12.7 ± 2.8 ‰, respectively; Goodfellow and Jonasson 1986). These distinct sulfur isotope values are interpreted to reflect varying contributions of bacterially reduced seawater sulfate (negative; framboidal pyrite) and thermochemically reduced seawater sulfate and/or hydrothermal sulfate (positive; galena, sphalerite, later forms of pyrite). Textural evidence indicates that framboidal pyrite predates galena and sphalerite deposition. Collectively, the in situ and bulk sulfur isotope data are much more complex than $ δ^{34} $S values permitted by prevailing genetic models that invoke only biogenically reduced sulfur and coeval deposition of galena, sphalerite, and framboidal pyrite within a euxinic water column, and we present several lines of evidence that argue against this model. Indeed, the new data indicate that much of the base metal sulfide mineralization was emplaced below the sediment-water interface within sulfidic muds under reducing conditions during early diagenesis. Furthermore, thermochemical sulfate reduction provided most of the reduced sulfur within the Zn-Pb deposits. © The Author(s) 2016 |
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The world-class Howard’s Pass SEDEX Zn-Pb district, Selwyn Basin, Yukon. Part II: the roles of thermochemical and bacterial sulfate reduction in metal fixation |
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Indeed, the new data indicate that much of the base metal sulfide mineralization was emplaced below the sediment-water interface within sulfidic muds under reducing conditions during early diagenesis. 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