Indirect defense in a highly specific ant–plant mutualism

Abstract Although associations between myrmecophytes and their plant ants are recognized as a particularly effective form of protective mutualism, their functioning remains incompletely understood. This field study examined the ant-plant Hirtella physophora and its obligate ant associate Allomerus d...
Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Grangier, Julien [verfasserIn] Dejean, Alain Malé, Pierre-Jean G. Orivel, Jérôme

Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2008

Schlagwörter:	Indirect defense Myrmecophytes Optimal defense theory

Anmerkung:	© Springer-Verlag 2008

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: The science of nature - Springer-Verlag, 1913, 95(2008), 10 vom: 22. Mai, Seite 909-916
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:95 ; year:2008 ; number:10 ; day:22 ; month:05 ; pages:909-916

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1007/s00114-008-0398-4

Katalog-ID:	OLC2065171014

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allfields	10.1007/s00114-008-0398-4 doi (DE-627)OLC2065171014 (DE-He213)s00114-008-0398-4-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 500 VZ 500 VZ 11 ssgn Grangier, Julien verfasserin aut Indirect defense in a highly specific ant–plant mutualism 2008 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract Although associations between myrmecophytes and their plant ants are recognized as a particularly effective form of protective mutualism, their functioning remains incompletely understood. This field study examined the ant-plant Hirtella physophora and its obligate ant associate Allomerus decemarticulatus. We formulated two hypotheses on the highly specific nature of this association: (1) Ant presence should be correlated with a marked reduction in the amount of herbivory on the plant foliage; (2) ant activity should be consistent with the "optimal defense" theory predicting that the most vulnerable and valuable parts of the plant are the best defended. We validated the first hypothesis by demonstrating that for ant-excluded plants, expanding leaves, but also newly matured ones in the long term, suffered significantly more herbivore damage than ant-inhabited plants. We showed that A. decemarticulatus workers represent both constitutive and inducible defenses for their host, by patrolling its foliage and rapidly recruiting nestmates to foliar wounds. On examining how these activities change according to the leaves’ developmental stage, we found that the number of patrolling ants dramatically decreased as the leaves matured, while leaf wounds induced ant recruitment regardless of the leaf’s age. The resulting level of these indirect defenses was roughly proportional to leaf vulnerability and value during its development, thus validating our second hypothesis predicting optimal protection. This led us to discuss the factors influencing ant activity on the plant’s surface. Our study emphasizes the importance of studying both the constitutive and inducible components of indirect defense when evaluating its efficacy and optimality. Indirect defense Myrmecophytes Optimal defense theory Dejean, Alain aut Malé, Pierre-Jean G. aut Orivel, Jérôme aut Enthalten in The science of nature Springer-Verlag, 1913 95(2008), 10 vom: 22. Mai, Seite 909-916 (DE-627)129301744 (DE-600)123257-5 (DE-576)014494930 0028-1042 nnns volume:95 year:2008 number:10 day:22 month:05 pages:909-916 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-008-0398-4 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-PHY SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-MAT SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-FOR GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_30 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_34 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_55 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_130 GBV_ILN_160 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_188 GBV_ILN_209 GBV_ILN_259 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2012 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2173 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2279 GBV_ILN_2360 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4028 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4082 GBV_ILN_4103 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4116 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4193 GBV_ILN_4219 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4266 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4318 GBV_ILN_4319 GBV_ILN_4320 GBV_ILN_4346 GBV_ILN_4385 AR 95 2008 10 22 05 909-916
spelling	10.1007/s00114-008-0398-4 doi (DE-627)OLC2065171014 (DE-He213)s00114-008-0398-4-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 500 VZ 500 VZ 11 ssgn Grangier, Julien verfasserin aut Indirect defense in a highly specific ant–plant mutualism 2008 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract Although associations between myrmecophytes and their plant ants are recognized as a particularly effective form of protective mutualism, their functioning remains incompletely understood. This field study examined the ant-plant Hirtella physophora and its obligate ant associate Allomerus decemarticulatus. We formulated two hypotheses on the highly specific nature of this association: (1) Ant presence should be correlated with a marked reduction in the amount of herbivory on the plant foliage; (2) ant activity should be consistent with the "optimal defense" theory predicting that the most vulnerable and valuable parts of the plant are the best defended. We validated the first hypothesis by demonstrating that for ant-excluded plants, expanding leaves, but also newly matured ones in the long term, suffered significantly more herbivore damage than ant-inhabited plants. We showed that A. decemarticulatus workers represent both constitutive and inducible defenses for their host, by patrolling its foliage and rapidly recruiting nestmates to foliar wounds. On examining how these activities change according to the leaves’ developmental stage, we found that the number of patrolling ants dramatically decreased as the leaves matured, while leaf wounds induced ant recruitment regardless of the leaf’s age. The resulting level of these indirect defenses was roughly proportional to leaf vulnerability and value during its development, thus validating our second hypothesis predicting optimal protection. This led us to discuss the factors influencing ant activity on the plant’s surface. Our study emphasizes the importance of studying both the constitutive and inducible components of indirect defense when evaluating its efficacy and optimality. Indirect defense Myrmecophytes Optimal defense theory Dejean, Alain aut Malé, Pierre-Jean G. aut Orivel, Jérôme aut Enthalten in The science of nature Springer-Verlag, 1913 95(2008), 10 vom: 22. Mai, Seite 909-916 (DE-627)129301744 (DE-600)123257-5 (DE-576)014494930 0028-1042 nnns volume:95 year:2008 number:10 day:22 month:05 pages:909-916 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-008-0398-4 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-PHY SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-MAT SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-FOR GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_30 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_34 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_55 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_130 GBV_ILN_160 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_188 GBV_ILN_209 GBV_ILN_259 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2012 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2173 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2279 GBV_ILN_2360 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4028 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4082 GBV_ILN_4103 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4116 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4193 GBV_ILN_4219 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4266 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4318 GBV_ILN_4319 GBV_ILN_4320 GBV_ILN_4346 GBV_ILN_4385 AR 95 2008 10 22 05 909-916
allfields_unstemmed	10.1007/s00114-008-0398-4 doi (DE-627)OLC2065171014 (DE-He213)s00114-008-0398-4-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 500 VZ 500 VZ 11 ssgn Grangier, Julien verfasserin aut Indirect defense in a highly specific ant–plant mutualism 2008 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract Although associations between myrmecophytes and their plant ants are recognized as a particularly effective form of protective mutualism, their functioning remains incompletely understood. This field study examined the ant-plant Hirtella physophora and its obligate ant associate Allomerus decemarticulatus. We formulated two hypotheses on the highly specific nature of this association: (1) Ant presence should be correlated with a marked reduction in the amount of herbivory on the plant foliage; (2) ant activity should be consistent with the "optimal defense" theory predicting that the most vulnerable and valuable parts of the plant are the best defended. We validated the first hypothesis by demonstrating that for ant-excluded plants, expanding leaves, but also newly matured ones in the long term, suffered significantly more herbivore damage than ant-inhabited plants. We showed that A. decemarticulatus workers represent both constitutive and inducible defenses for their host, by patrolling its foliage and rapidly recruiting nestmates to foliar wounds. On examining how these activities change according to the leaves’ developmental stage, we found that the number of patrolling ants dramatically decreased as the leaves matured, while leaf wounds induced ant recruitment regardless of the leaf’s age. The resulting level of these indirect defenses was roughly proportional to leaf vulnerability and value during its development, thus validating our second hypothesis predicting optimal protection. This led us to discuss the factors influencing ant activity on the plant’s surface. Our study emphasizes the importance of studying both the constitutive and inducible components of indirect defense when evaluating its efficacy and optimality. Indirect defense Myrmecophytes Optimal defense theory Dejean, Alain aut Malé, Pierre-Jean G. aut Orivel, Jérôme aut Enthalten in The science of nature Springer-Verlag, 1913 95(2008), 10 vom: 22. Mai, Seite 909-916 (DE-627)129301744 (DE-600)123257-5 (DE-576)014494930 0028-1042 nnns volume:95 year:2008 number:10 day:22 month:05 pages:909-916 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-008-0398-4 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-PHY SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-MAT SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-FOR GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_30 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_34 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_55 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_130 GBV_ILN_160 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_188 GBV_ILN_209 GBV_ILN_259 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2012 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2173 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2279 GBV_ILN_2360 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4028 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4082 GBV_ILN_4103 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4116 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4193 GBV_ILN_4219 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4266 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4318 GBV_ILN_4319 GBV_ILN_4320 GBV_ILN_4346 GBV_ILN_4385 AR 95 2008 10 22 05 909-916
allfieldsGer	10.1007/s00114-008-0398-4 doi (DE-627)OLC2065171014 (DE-He213)s00114-008-0398-4-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 500 VZ 500 VZ 11 ssgn Grangier, Julien verfasserin aut Indirect defense in a highly specific ant–plant mutualism 2008 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract Although associations between myrmecophytes and their plant ants are recognized as a particularly effective form of protective mutualism, their functioning remains incompletely understood. This field study examined the ant-plant Hirtella physophora and its obligate ant associate Allomerus decemarticulatus. We formulated two hypotheses on the highly specific nature of this association: (1) Ant presence should be correlated with a marked reduction in the amount of herbivory on the plant foliage; (2) ant activity should be consistent with the "optimal defense" theory predicting that the most vulnerable and valuable parts of the plant are the best defended. We validated the first hypothesis by demonstrating that for ant-excluded plants, expanding leaves, but also newly matured ones in the long term, suffered significantly more herbivore damage than ant-inhabited plants. We showed that A. decemarticulatus workers represent both constitutive and inducible defenses for their host, by patrolling its foliage and rapidly recruiting nestmates to foliar wounds. On examining how these activities change according to the leaves’ developmental stage, we found that the number of patrolling ants dramatically decreased as the leaves matured, while leaf wounds induced ant recruitment regardless of the leaf’s age. The resulting level of these indirect defenses was roughly proportional to leaf vulnerability and value during its development, thus validating our second hypothesis predicting optimal protection. This led us to discuss the factors influencing ant activity on the plant’s surface. Our study emphasizes the importance of studying both the constitutive and inducible components of indirect defense when evaluating its efficacy and optimality. Indirect defense Myrmecophytes Optimal defense theory Dejean, Alain aut Malé, Pierre-Jean G. aut Orivel, Jérôme aut Enthalten in The science of nature Springer-Verlag, 1913 95(2008), 10 vom: 22. Mai, Seite 909-916 (DE-627)129301744 (DE-600)123257-5 (DE-576)014494930 0028-1042 nnns volume:95 year:2008 number:10 day:22 month:05 pages:909-916 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-008-0398-4 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-PHY SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-MAT SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-FOR GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_30 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_34 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_55 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_130 GBV_ILN_160 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_188 GBV_ILN_209 GBV_ILN_259 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2012 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2173 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2279 GBV_ILN_2360 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4028 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4082 GBV_ILN_4103 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4116 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4193 GBV_ILN_4219 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4266 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4318 GBV_ILN_4319 GBV_ILN_4320 GBV_ILN_4346 GBV_ILN_4385 AR 95 2008 10 22 05 909-916
allfieldsSound	10.1007/s00114-008-0398-4 doi (DE-627)OLC2065171014 (DE-He213)s00114-008-0398-4-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 500 VZ 500 VZ 11 ssgn Grangier, Julien verfasserin aut Indirect defense in a highly specific ant–plant mutualism 2008 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag 2008 Abstract Although associations between myrmecophytes and their plant ants are recognized as a particularly effective form of protective mutualism, their functioning remains incompletely understood. This field study examined the ant-plant Hirtella physophora and its obligate ant associate Allomerus decemarticulatus. We formulated two hypotheses on the highly specific nature of this association: (1) Ant presence should be correlated with a marked reduction in the amount of herbivory on the plant foliage; (2) ant activity should be consistent with the "optimal defense" theory predicting that the most vulnerable and valuable parts of the plant are the best defended. We validated the first hypothesis by demonstrating that for ant-excluded plants, expanding leaves, but also newly matured ones in the long term, suffered significantly more herbivore damage than ant-inhabited plants. We showed that A. decemarticulatus workers represent both constitutive and inducible defenses for their host, by patrolling its foliage and rapidly recruiting nestmates to foliar wounds. On examining how these activities change according to the leaves’ developmental stage, we found that the number of patrolling ants dramatically decreased as the leaves matured, while leaf wounds induced ant recruitment regardless of the leaf’s age. The resulting level of these indirect defenses was roughly proportional to leaf vulnerability and value during its development, thus validating our second hypothesis predicting optimal protection. This led us to discuss the factors influencing ant activity on the plant’s surface. Our study emphasizes the importance of studying both the constitutive and inducible components of indirect defense when evaluating its efficacy and optimality. Indirect defense Myrmecophytes Optimal defense theory Dejean, Alain aut Malé, Pierre-Jean G. aut Orivel, Jérôme aut Enthalten in The science of nature Springer-Verlag, 1913 95(2008), 10 vom: 22. Mai, Seite 909-916 (DE-627)129301744 (DE-600)123257-5 (DE-576)014494930 0028-1042 nnns volume:95 year:2008 number:10 day:22 month:05 pages:909-916 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00114-008-0398-4 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-PHY SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-MAT SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-FOR GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_30 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_34 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_55 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_130 GBV_ILN_160 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_188 GBV_ILN_209 GBV_ILN_259 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2012 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2173 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2279 GBV_ILN_2360 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4028 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4082 GBV_ILN_4103 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4116 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4193 GBV_ILN_4219 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4266 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4318 GBV_ILN_4319 GBV_ILN_4320 GBV_ILN_4346 GBV_ILN_4385 AR 95 2008 10 22 05 909-916
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author	Grangier, Julien
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title	Indirect defense in a highly specific ant–plant mutualism
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title_sort	indirect defense in a highly specific ant–plant mutualism
title_auth	Indirect defense in a highly specific ant–plant mutualism
abstract	Abstract Although associations between myrmecophytes and their plant ants are recognized as a particularly effective form of protective mutualism, their functioning remains incompletely understood. This field study examined the ant-plant Hirtella physophora and its obligate ant associate Allomerus decemarticulatus. We formulated two hypotheses on the highly specific nature of this association: (1) Ant presence should be correlated with a marked reduction in the amount of herbivory on the plant foliage; (2) ant activity should be consistent with the "optimal defense" theory predicting that the most vulnerable and valuable parts of the plant are the best defended. We validated the first hypothesis by demonstrating that for ant-excluded plants, expanding leaves, but also newly matured ones in the long term, suffered significantly more herbivore damage than ant-inhabited plants. We showed that A. decemarticulatus workers represent both constitutive and inducible defenses for their host, by patrolling its foliage and rapidly recruiting nestmates to foliar wounds. On examining how these activities change according to the leaves’ developmental stage, we found that the number of patrolling ants dramatically decreased as the leaves matured, while leaf wounds induced ant recruitment regardless of the leaf’s age. The resulting level of these indirect defenses was roughly proportional to leaf vulnerability and value during its development, thus validating our second hypothesis predicting optimal protection. This led us to discuss the factors influencing ant activity on the plant’s surface. Our study emphasizes the importance of studying both the constitutive and inducible components of indirect defense when evaluating its efficacy and optimality. © Springer-Verlag 2008
abstractGer	Abstract Although associations between myrmecophytes and their plant ants are recognized as a particularly effective form of protective mutualism, their functioning remains incompletely understood. This field study examined the ant-plant Hirtella physophora and its obligate ant associate Allomerus decemarticulatus. We formulated two hypotheses on the highly specific nature of this association: (1) Ant presence should be correlated with a marked reduction in the amount of herbivory on the plant foliage; (2) ant activity should be consistent with the "optimal defense" theory predicting that the most vulnerable and valuable parts of the plant are the best defended. We validated the first hypothesis by demonstrating that for ant-excluded plants, expanding leaves, but also newly matured ones in the long term, suffered significantly more herbivore damage than ant-inhabited plants. We showed that A. decemarticulatus workers represent both constitutive and inducible defenses for their host, by patrolling its foliage and rapidly recruiting nestmates to foliar wounds. On examining how these activities change according to the leaves’ developmental stage, we found that the number of patrolling ants dramatically decreased as the leaves matured, while leaf wounds induced ant recruitment regardless of the leaf’s age. The resulting level of these indirect defenses was roughly proportional to leaf vulnerability and value during its development, thus validating our second hypothesis predicting optimal protection. This led us to discuss the factors influencing ant activity on the plant’s surface. Our study emphasizes the importance of studying both the constitutive and inducible components of indirect defense when evaluating its efficacy and optimality. © Springer-Verlag 2008
abstract_unstemmed	Abstract Although associations between myrmecophytes and their plant ants are recognized as a particularly effective form of protective mutualism, their functioning remains incompletely understood. This field study examined the ant-plant Hirtella physophora and its obligate ant associate Allomerus decemarticulatus. We formulated two hypotheses on the highly specific nature of this association: (1) Ant presence should be correlated with a marked reduction in the amount of herbivory on the plant foliage; (2) ant activity should be consistent with the "optimal defense" theory predicting that the most vulnerable and valuable parts of the plant are the best defended. We validated the first hypothesis by demonstrating that for ant-excluded plants, expanding leaves, but also newly matured ones in the long term, suffered significantly more herbivore damage than ant-inhabited plants. We showed that A. decemarticulatus workers represent both constitutive and inducible defenses for their host, by patrolling its foliage and rapidly recruiting nestmates to foliar wounds. On examining how these activities change according to the leaves’ developmental stage, we found that the number of patrolling ants dramatically decreased as the leaves matured, while leaf wounds induced ant recruitment regardless of the leaf’s age. The resulting level of these indirect defenses was roughly proportional to leaf vulnerability and value during its development, thus validating our second hypothesis predicting optimal protection. This led us to discuss the factors influencing ant activity on the plant’s surface. Our study emphasizes the importance of studying both the constitutive and inducible components of indirect defense when evaluating its efficacy and optimality. © Springer-Verlag 2008
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title_short	Indirect defense in a highly specific ant–plant mutualism
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This field study examined the ant-plant Hirtella physophora and its obligate ant associate Allomerus decemarticulatus. We formulated two hypotheses on the highly specific nature of this association: (1) Ant presence should be correlated with a marked reduction in the amount of herbivory on the plant foliage; (2) ant activity should be consistent with the "optimal defense" theory predicting that the most vulnerable and valuable parts of the plant are the best defended. We validated the first hypothesis by demonstrating that for ant-excluded plants, expanding leaves, but also newly matured ones in the long term, suffered significantly more herbivore damage than ant-inhabited plants. We showed that A. decemarticulatus workers represent both constitutive and inducible defenses for their host, by patrolling its foliage and rapidly recruiting nestmates to foliar wounds. On examining how these activities change according to the leaves’ developmental stage, we found that the number of patrolling ants dramatically decreased as the leaves matured, while leaf wounds induced ant recruitment regardless of the leaf’s age. The resulting level of these indirect defenses was roughly proportional to leaf vulnerability and value during its development, thus validating our second hypothesis predicting optimal protection. This led us to discuss the factors influencing ant activity on the plant’s surface. Our study emphasizes the importance of studying both the constitutive and inducible components of indirect defense when evaluating its efficacy and optimality.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Indirect defense</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Myrmecophytes</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Optimal defense theory</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Dejean, Alain</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Malé, Pierre-Jean G.</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Orivel, Jérôme</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Enthalten in</subfield><subfield code="t">The science of nature</subfield><subfield code="d">Springer-Verlag, 1913</subfield><subfield code="g">95(2008), 10 vom: 22. 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Indirect defense in a highly specific ant–plant mutualism

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