An Extreme Hailstorm on 27 July 2017 in Istanbul, Turkey: Synoptic Scale Circulation and Thermodynamic Evaluation

Abstract During the afternoon hours of July 27, 2017, an extreme hailstorm struck the most populated city of Turkey, Istanbul. This rapidly growing supercell which produces large hail led to numerous injuries and damaged automobiles, houses, aircrafts, crops, and infrastructure of the city. As a res...
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Autor*in:	Baltaci, Hakki [verfasserIn] Akkoyunlu, Bulent Oktay Tayanc, Mete

Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2018

Schlagwörter:	Severe thunderstorms instability hailstorm wind shear Istanbul

Anmerkung:	© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: Pure and applied geophysics - Springer International Publishing, 1964, 175(2018), 11 vom: 20. März, Seite 3727-3740
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:175 ; year:2018 ; number:11 ; day:20 ; month:03 ; pages:3727-3740

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1007/s00024-018-1841-x

Katalog-ID:	OLC206951031X

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520			\|a Abstract During the afternoon hours of July 27, 2017, an extreme hailstorm struck the most populated city of Turkey, Istanbul. This rapidly growing supercell which produces large hail led to numerous injuries and damaged automobiles, houses, aircrafts, crops, and infrastructure of the city. As a result of the movement of the cut-off cyclone from Middle East to western Turkey, warm air advection penetrated over Marmara, and the land surface temperature of Istanbul reached 34 °C (5 °C above the mean). The transport of significant amount of moisture, which was caused by excessive heating of Marmara Sea surface temperatures (24.9 °C), to the low levels of the atmosphere by strong southwesterly winds enabled the increase of low-level moisture convergence. Both abnormal temperature differences between land and 500-hPa level (41.5 °C) and excessive wind shear values (20.3 m/s) between surface and 6 km above ground level (AGL) increased the thermal instability and updraft conditions of the baroclinic atmosphere. This condition resulted in thunderstorms, stormy and gale wind gusts (31.9 m/s 15:20 UTC), extreme lightning activity (totally 2696 cloud-to-ground and 5791 intracloud), large hailstones between 3–6 cm diameter and high hourly precipitation amounts (38.7, 36.2, 29.8, and 27.2 mm in Sisli, Kadikoy, Uskudar, and Fatih regions, respectively, between 14:00 and 15:00 UTC) in the urban settlements of the city. The stability indices, Showalter, K, Total of totals, SWEAT, and CAPE also showed the high probability of severe thunderstorm occurrence over Istanbul. Based on a comparison among these five indices, the SWEAT index is most appropriate to represent the atmospheric conditions over the city owing to low-level moisture, warm air advection, and low and mid-level wind speed terms in its equation.
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allfields	10.1007/s00024-018-1841-x doi (DE-627)OLC206951031X (DE-He213)s00024-018-1841-x-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ 16,13 ssgn Baltaci, Hakki verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-6705-9264 aut An Extreme Hailstorm on 27 July 2017 in Istanbul, Turkey: Synoptic Scale Circulation and Thermodynamic Evaluation 2018 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract During the afternoon hours of July 27, 2017, an extreme hailstorm struck the most populated city of Turkey, Istanbul. This rapidly growing supercell which produces large hail led to numerous injuries and damaged automobiles, houses, aircrafts, crops, and infrastructure of the city. As a result of the movement of the cut-off cyclone from Middle East to western Turkey, warm air advection penetrated over Marmara, and the land surface temperature of Istanbul reached 34 °C (5 °C above the mean). The transport of significant amount of moisture, which was caused by excessive heating of Marmara Sea surface temperatures (24.9 °C), to the low levels of the atmosphere by strong southwesterly winds enabled the increase of low-level moisture convergence. Both abnormal temperature differences between land and 500-hPa level (41.5 °C) and excessive wind shear values (20.3 m/s) between surface and 6 km above ground level (AGL) increased the thermal instability and updraft conditions of the baroclinic atmosphere. This condition resulted in thunderstorms, stormy and gale wind gusts (31.9 m/s 15:20 UTC), extreme lightning activity (totally 2696 cloud-to-ground and 5791 intracloud), large hailstones between 3–6 cm diameter and high hourly precipitation amounts (38.7, 36.2, 29.8, and 27.2 mm in Sisli, Kadikoy, Uskudar, and Fatih regions, respectively, between 14:00 and 15:00 UTC) in the urban settlements of the city. The stability indices, Showalter, K, Total of totals, SWEAT, and CAPE also showed the high probability of severe thunderstorm occurrence over Istanbul. Based on a comparison among these five indices, the SWEAT index is most appropriate to represent the atmospheric conditions over the city owing to low-level moisture, warm air advection, and low and mid-level wind speed terms in its equation. Severe thunderstorms instability hailstorm wind shear Istanbul Akkoyunlu, Bulent Oktay aut Tayanc, Mete aut Enthalten in Pure and applied geophysics Springer International Publishing, 1964 175(2018), 11 vom: 20. März, Seite 3727-3740 (DE-627)129538353 (DE-600)216719-0 (DE-576)014971038 0033-4553 nnns volume:175 year:2018 number:11 day:20 month:03 pages:3727-3740 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-1841-x lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-PHY SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-GEO GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_601 AR 175 2018 11 20 03 3727-3740
spelling	10.1007/s00024-018-1841-x doi (DE-627)OLC206951031X (DE-He213)s00024-018-1841-x-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ 16,13 ssgn Baltaci, Hakki verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-6705-9264 aut An Extreme Hailstorm on 27 July 2017 in Istanbul, Turkey: Synoptic Scale Circulation and Thermodynamic Evaluation 2018 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract During the afternoon hours of July 27, 2017, an extreme hailstorm struck the most populated city of Turkey, Istanbul. This rapidly growing supercell which produces large hail led to numerous injuries and damaged automobiles, houses, aircrafts, crops, and infrastructure of the city. As a result of the movement of the cut-off cyclone from Middle East to western Turkey, warm air advection penetrated over Marmara, and the land surface temperature of Istanbul reached 34 °C (5 °C above the mean). The transport of significant amount of moisture, which was caused by excessive heating of Marmara Sea surface temperatures (24.9 °C), to the low levels of the atmosphere by strong southwesterly winds enabled the increase of low-level moisture convergence. Both abnormal temperature differences between land and 500-hPa level (41.5 °C) and excessive wind shear values (20.3 m/s) between surface and 6 km above ground level (AGL) increased the thermal instability and updraft conditions of the baroclinic atmosphere. This condition resulted in thunderstorms, stormy and gale wind gusts (31.9 m/s 15:20 UTC), extreme lightning activity (totally 2696 cloud-to-ground and 5791 intracloud), large hailstones between 3–6 cm diameter and high hourly precipitation amounts (38.7, 36.2, 29.8, and 27.2 mm in Sisli, Kadikoy, Uskudar, and Fatih regions, respectively, between 14:00 and 15:00 UTC) in the urban settlements of the city. The stability indices, Showalter, K, Total of totals, SWEAT, and CAPE also showed the high probability of severe thunderstorm occurrence over Istanbul. Based on a comparison among these five indices, the SWEAT index is most appropriate to represent the atmospheric conditions over the city owing to low-level moisture, warm air advection, and low and mid-level wind speed terms in its equation. Severe thunderstorms instability hailstorm wind shear Istanbul Akkoyunlu, Bulent Oktay aut Tayanc, Mete aut Enthalten in Pure and applied geophysics Springer International Publishing, 1964 175(2018), 11 vom: 20. März, Seite 3727-3740 (DE-627)129538353 (DE-600)216719-0 (DE-576)014971038 0033-4553 nnns volume:175 year:2018 number:11 day:20 month:03 pages:3727-3740 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-1841-x lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-PHY SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-GEO GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_601 AR 175 2018 11 20 03 3727-3740
allfields_unstemmed	10.1007/s00024-018-1841-x doi (DE-627)OLC206951031X (DE-He213)s00024-018-1841-x-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ 16,13 ssgn Baltaci, Hakki verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-6705-9264 aut An Extreme Hailstorm on 27 July 2017 in Istanbul, Turkey: Synoptic Scale Circulation and Thermodynamic Evaluation 2018 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract During the afternoon hours of July 27, 2017, an extreme hailstorm struck the most populated city of Turkey, Istanbul. This rapidly growing supercell which produces large hail led to numerous injuries and damaged automobiles, houses, aircrafts, crops, and infrastructure of the city. As a result of the movement of the cut-off cyclone from Middle East to western Turkey, warm air advection penetrated over Marmara, and the land surface temperature of Istanbul reached 34 °C (5 °C above the mean). The transport of significant amount of moisture, which was caused by excessive heating of Marmara Sea surface temperatures (24.9 °C), to the low levels of the atmosphere by strong southwesterly winds enabled the increase of low-level moisture convergence. Both abnormal temperature differences between land and 500-hPa level (41.5 °C) and excessive wind shear values (20.3 m/s) between surface and 6 km above ground level (AGL) increased the thermal instability and updraft conditions of the baroclinic atmosphere. This condition resulted in thunderstorms, stormy and gale wind gusts (31.9 m/s 15:20 UTC), extreme lightning activity (totally 2696 cloud-to-ground and 5791 intracloud), large hailstones between 3–6 cm diameter and high hourly precipitation amounts (38.7, 36.2, 29.8, and 27.2 mm in Sisli, Kadikoy, Uskudar, and Fatih regions, respectively, between 14:00 and 15:00 UTC) in the urban settlements of the city. The stability indices, Showalter, K, Total of totals, SWEAT, and CAPE also showed the high probability of severe thunderstorm occurrence over Istanbul. Based on a comparison among these five indices, the SWEAT index is most appropriate to represent the atmospheric conditions over the city owing to low-level moisture, warm air advection, and low and mid-level wind speed terms in its equation. Severe thunderstorms instability hailstorm wind shear Istanbul Akkoyunlu, Bulent Oktay aut Tayanc, Mete aut Enthalten in Pure and applied geophysics Springer International Publishing, 1964 175(2018), 11 vom: 20. März, Seite 3727-3740 (DE-627)129538353 (DE-600)216719-0 (DE-576)014971038 0033-4553 nnns volume:175 year:2018 number:11 day:20 month:03 pages:3727-3740 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-1841-x lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-PHY SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-GEO GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_601 AR 175 2018 11 20 03 3727-3740
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source	Enthalten in Pure and applied geophysics 175(2018), 11 vom: 20. März, Seite 3727-3740 volume:175 year:2018 number:11 day:20 month:03 pages:3727-3740
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topic_facet	Severe thunderstorms instability hailstorm wind shear Istanbul
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authorswithroles_txt_mv	Baltaci, Hakki @@aut@@ Akkoyunlu, Bulent Oktay @@aut@@ Tayanc, Mete @@aut@@
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author	Baltaci, Hakki
spellingShingle	Baltaci, Hakki ddc 550 ssgn 16,13 misc Severe thunderstorms misc instability misc hailstorm misc wind shear misc Istanbul An Extreme Hailstorm on 27 July 2017 in Istanbul, Turkey: Synoptic Scale Circulation and Thermodynamic Evaluation
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topic_title	550 VZ 16,13 ssgn An Extreme Hailstorm on 27 July 2017 in Istanbul, Turkey: Synoptic Scale Circulation and Thermodynamic Evaluation Severe thunderstorms instability hailstorm wind shear Istanbul
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title	An Extreme Hailstorm on 27 July 2017 in Istanbul, Turkey: Synoptic Scale Circulation and Thermodynamic Evaluation
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title_full	An Extreme Hailstorm on 27 July 2017 in Istanbul, Turkey: Synoptic Scale Circulation and Thermodynamic Evaluation
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title_sort	an extreme hailstorm on 27 july 2017 in istanbul, turkey: synoptic scale circulation and thermodynamic evaluation
title_auth	An Extreme Hailstorm on 27 July 2017 in Istanbul, Turkey: Synoptic Scale Circulation and Thermodynamic Evaluation
abstract	Abstract During the afternoon hours of July 27, 2017, an extreme hailstorm struck the most populated city of Turkey, Istanbul. This rapidly growing supercell which produces large hail led to numerous injuries and damaged automobiles, houses, aircrafts, crops, and infrastructure of the city. As a result of the movement of the cut-off cyclone from Middle East to western Turkey, warm air advection penetrated over Marmara, and the land surface temperature of Istanbul reached 34 °C (5 °C above the mean). The transport of significant amount of moisture, which was caused by excessive heating of Marmara Sea surface temperatures (24.9 °C), to the low levels of the atmosphere by strong southwesterly winds enabled the increase of low-level moisture convergence. Both abnormal temperature differences between land and 500-hPa level (41.5 °C) and excessive wind shear values (20.3 m/s) between surface and 6 km above ground level (AGL) increased the thermal instability and updraft conditions of the baroclinic atmosphere. This condition resulted in thunderstorms, stormy and gale wind gusts (31.9 m/s 15:20 UTC), extreme lightning activity (totally 2696 cloud-to-ground and 5791 intracloud), large hailstones between 3–6 cm diameter and high hourly precipitation amounts (38.7, 36.2, 29.8, and 27.2 mm in Sisli, Kadikoy, Uskudar, and Fatih regions, respectively, between 14:00 and 15:00 UTC) in the urban settlements of the city. The stability indices, Showalter, K, Total of totals, SWEAT, and CAPE also showed the high probability of severe thunderstorm occurrence over Istanbul. Based on a comparison among these five indices, the SWEAT index is most appropriate to represent the atmospheric conditions over the city owing to low-level moisture, warm air advection, and low and mid-level wind speed terms in its equation. © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018
abstractGer	Abstract During the afternoon hours of July 27, 2017, an extreme hailstorm struck the most populated city of Turkey, Istanbul. This rapidly growing supercell which produces large hail led to numerous injuries and damaged automobiles, houses, aircrafts, crops, and infrastructure of the city. As a result of the movement of the cut-off cyclone from Middle East to western Turkey, warm air advection penetrated over Marmara, and the land surface temperature of Istanbul reached 34 °C (5 °C above the mean). The transport of significant amount of moisture, which was caused by excessive heating of Marmara Sea surface temperatures (24.9 °C), to the low levels of the atmosphere by strong southwesterly winds enabled the increase of low-level moisture convergence. Both abnormal temperature differences between land and 500-hPa level (41.5 °C) and excessive wind shear values (20.3 m/s) between surface and 6 km above ground level (AGL) increased the thermal instability and updraft conditions of the baroclinic atmosphere. This condition resulted in thunderstorms, stormy and gale wind gusts (31.9 m/s 15:20 UTC), extreme lightning activity (totally 2696 cloud-to-ground and 5791 intracloud), large hailstones between 3–6 cm diameter and high hourly precipitation amounts (38.7, 36.2, 29.8, and 27.2 mm in Sisli, Kadikoy, Uskudar, and Fatih regions, respectively, between 14:00 and 15:00 UTC) in the urban settlements of the city. The stability indices, Showalter, K, Total of totals, SWEAT, and CAPE also showed the high probability of severe thunderstorm occurrence over Istanbul. Based on a comparison among these five indices, the SWEAT index is most appropriate to represent the atmospheric conditions over the city owing to low-level moisture, warm air advection, and low and mid-level wind speed terms in its equation. © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018
abstract_unstemmed	Abstract During the afternoon hours of July 27, 2017, an extreme hailstorm struck the most populated city of Turkey, Istanbul. This rapidly growing supercell which produces large hail led to numerous injuries and damaged automobiles, houses, aircrafts, crops, and infrastructure of the city. As a result of the movement of the cut-off cyclone from Middle East to western Turkey, warm air advection penetrated over Marmara, and the land surface temperature of Istanbul reached 34 °C (5 °C above the mean). The transport of significant amount of moisture, which was caused by excessive heating of Marmara Sea surface temperatures (24.9 °C), to the low levels of the atmosphere by strong southwesterly winds enabled the increase of low-level moisture convergence. Both abnormal temperature differences between land and 500-hPa level (41.5 °C) and excessive wind shear values (20.3 m/s) between surface and 6 km above ground level (AGL) increased the thermal instability and updraft conditions of the baroclinic atmosphere. This condition resulted in thunderstorms, stormy and gale wind gusts (31.9 m/s 15:20 UTC), extreme lightning activity (totally 2696 cloud-to-ground and 5791 intracloud), large hailstones between 3–6 cm diameter and high hourly precipitation amounts (38.7, 36.2, 29.8, and 27.2 mm in Sisli, Kadikoy, Uskudar, and Fatih regions, respectively, between 14:00 and 15:00 UTC) in the urban settlements of the city. The stability indices, Showalter, K, Total of totals, SWEAT, and CAPE also showed the high probability of severe thunderstorm occurrence over Istanbul. Based on a comparison among these five indices, the SWEAT index is most appropriate to represent the atmospheric conditions over the city owing to low-level moisture, warm air advection, and low and mid-level wind speed terms in its equation. © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018
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title_short	An Extreme Hailstorm on 27 July 2017 in Istanbul, Turkey: Synoptic Scale Circulation and Thermodynamic Evaluation
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