Structure and organization of submarine basaltic flows: sheet flow transformation into pillow lavas in shallow submarine environments

Abstract Distal pillows occur associated with a sheet flow and megapillows in the meñakoz outcrops of the Basque–Cantabrian Basin (N Spain). Basaltic volcanic rocks are interbedded with Turonian sediments and depict typical features of shallow submarine emissions. An exceptional basaltic flow displa...
Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Carracedo Sánchez, M. [verfasserIn] Sarrionandia, F. Juteau, T. Gil Ibarguchi, J. I.

Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2012

Schlagwörter:	Pillow lava Sheet flow Welded breccia Subaqueous volcanism

Anmerkung:	© Springer-Verlag 2012

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: International journal of earth sciences - Springer-Verlag, 1999, 101(2012), 8 vom: 25. Mai, Seite 2201-2214
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:101 ; year:2012 ; number:8 ; day:25 ; month:05 ; pages:2201-2214

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1007/s00531-012-0783-2

Katalog-ID:	OLC2070424979

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520			\|a Abstract Distal pillows occur associated with a sheet flow and megapillows in the meñakoz outcrops of the Basque–Cantabrian Basin (N Spain). Basaltic volcanic rocks are interbedded with Turonian sediments and depict typical features of shallow submarine emissions. An exceptional basaltic flow displays four types of morphology: (1) sheet lava with columnar jointing, (2) welded columnar breccia, (3) megapillows, and (4) pillow lavas with sparse megapillows. The field data from meñakoz combined with experimental and field data from the literature for similar volcanic facies can be integrated into a new propagation model for the transition from sheet flows to pillow lavas in underwater environments. At near vent high emission rates, lava flows develop a thin crust immediately after its emplacement and break at the front under the magma pressure allowing for the massive propagation of lava as a sheet flow. Increased cooling promotes thickening of the lava outer crust far from the vent while continuous supply of fresh magma increases the pressure onto the thick crust until its rupture. The lava emitted in small volumes from the flow front promotes the formation of megapillows and pillow lavas that are later on covered by the advancing sheet flow. The lava flow freezes progressively toward more distal parts, gradually increasing its viscosity until it stops. The crust temporarily holds the residual melt pressure increasing the volume of the flow distal section by inflation. Finally, the internal magma pressure breaks the crust and liberates lava at moderate-to-low flow rates producing pillows, while lava drainage inside the inflated sheet flow produces lava tunnels and gravitational collapse of the roofs by hydrostatic pressure to form breccias nurtured by columnar lava fragments.
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allfields	10.1007/s00531-012-0783-2 doi (DE-627)OLC2070424979 (DE-He213)s00531-012-0783-2-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ 13 ssgn Carracedo Sánchez, M. verfasserin aut Structure and organization of submarine basaltic flows: sheet flow transformation into pillow lavas in shallow submarine environments 2012 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag 2012 Abstract Distal pillows occur associated with a sheet flow and megapillows in the meñakoz outcrops of the Basque–Cantabrian Basin (N Spain). Basaltic volcanic rocks are interbedded with Turonian sediments and depict typical features of shallow submarine emissions. An exceptional basaltic flow displays four types of morphology: (1) sheet lava with columnar jointing, (2) welded columnar breccia, (3) megapillows, and (4) pillow lavas with sparse megapillows. The field data from meñakoz combined with experimental and field data from the literature for similar volcanic facies can be integrated into a new propagation model for the transition from sheet flows to pillow lavas in underwater environments. At near vent high emission rates, lava flows develop a thin crust immediately after its emplacement and break at the front under the magma pressure allowing for the massive propagation of lava as a sheet flow. Increased cooling promotes thickening of the lava outer crust far from the vent while continuous supply of fresh magma increases the pressure onto the thick crust until its rupture. The lava emitted in small volumes from the flow front promotes the formation of megapillows and pillow lavas that are later on covered by the advancing sheet flow. The lava flow freezes progressively toward more distal parts, gradually increasing its viscosity until it stops. The crust temporarily holds the residual melt pressure increasing the volume of the flow distal section by inflation. Finally, the internal magma pressure breaks the crust and liberates lava at moderate-to-low flow rates producing pillows, while lava drainage inside the inflated sheet flow produces lava tunnels and gravitational collapse of the roofs by hydrostatic pressure to form breccias nurtured by columnar lava fragments. Pillow lava Sheet flow Welded breccia Subaqueous volcanism Sarrionandia, F. aut Juteau, T. aut Gil Ibarguchi, J. I. aut Enthalten in International journal of earth sciences Springer-Verlag, 1999 101(2012), 8 vom: 25. Mai, Seite 2201-2214 (DE-627)270428879 (DE-600)1477582-7 (DE-576)078189780 1437-3254 nnns volume:101 year:2012 number:8 day:25 month:05 pages:2201-2214 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0783-2 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-GEO GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_30 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_130 GBV_ILN_154 GBV_ILN_183 GBV_ILN_188 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_600 GBV_ILN_608 GBV_ILN_788 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2173 GBV_ILN_2346 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4028 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4309 GBV_ILN_4320 AR 101 2012 8 25 05 2201-2214
spelling	10.1007/s00531-012-0783-2 doi (DE-627)OLC2070424979 (DE-He213)s00531-012-0783-2-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ 13 ssgn Carracedo Sánchez, M. verfasserin aut Structure and organization of submarine basaltic flows: sheet flow transformation into pillow lavas in shallow submarine environments 2012 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag 2012 Abstract Distal pillows occur associated with a sheet flow and megapillows in the meñakoz outcrops of the Basque–Cantabrian Basin (N Spain). Basaltic volcanic rocks are interbedded with Turonian sediments and depict typical features of shallow submarine emissions. An exceptional basaltic flow displays four types of morphology: (1) sheet lava with columnar jointing, (2) welded columnar breccia, (3) megapillows, and (4) pillow lavas with sparse megapillows. The field data from meñakoz combined with experimental and field data from the literature for similar volcanic facies can be integrated into a new propagation model for the transition from sheet flows to pillow lavas in underwater environments. At near vent high emission rates, lava flows develop a thin crust immediately after its emplacement and break at the front under the magma pressure allowing for the massive propagation of lava as a sheet flow. Increased cooling promotes thickening of the lava outer crust far from the vent while continuous supply of fresh magma increases the pressure onto the thick crust until its rupture. The lava emitted in small volumes from the flow front promotes the formation of megapillows and pillow lavas that are later on covered by the advancing sheet flow. The lava flow freezes progressively toward more distal parts, gradually increasing its viscosity until it stops. The crust temporarily holds the residual melt pressure increasing the volume of the flow distal section by inflation. Finally, the internal magma pressure breaks the crust and liberates lava at moderate-to-low flow rates producing pillows, while lava drainage inside the inflated sheet flow produces lava tunnels and gravitational collapse of the roofs by hydrostatic pressure to form breccias nurtured by columnar lava fragments. Pillow lava Sheet flow Welded breccia Subaqueous volcanism Sarrionandia, F. aut Juteau, T. aut Gil Ibarguchi, J. I. aut Enthalten in International journal of earth sciences Springer-Verlag, 1999 101(2012), 8 vom: 25. Mai, Seite 2201-2214 (DE-627)270428879 (DE-600)1477582-7 (DE-576)078189780 1437-3254 nnns volume:101 year:2012 number:8 day:25 month:05 pages:2201-2214 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0783-2 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-GEO GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_30 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_130 GBV_ILN_154 GBV_ILN_183 GBV_ILN_188 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_600 GBV_ILN_608 GBV_ILN_788 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2173 GBV_ILN_2346 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4028 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4309 GBV_ILN_4320 AR 101 2012 8 25 05 2201-2214
allfields_unstemmed	10.1007/s00531-012-0783-2 doi (DE-627)OLC2070424979 (DE-He213)s00531-012-0783-2-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ 13 ssgn Carracedo Sánchez, M. verfasserin aut Structure and organization of submarine basaltic flows: sheet flow transformation into pillow lavas in shallow submarine environments 2012 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag 2012 Abstract Distal pillows occur associated with a sheet flow and megapillows in the meñakoz outcrops of the Basque–Cantabrian Basin (N Spain). Basaltic volcanic rocks are interbedded with Turonian sediments and depict typical features of shallow submarine emissions. An exceptional basaltic flow displays four types of morphology: (1) sheet lava with columnar jointing, (2) welded columnar breccia, (3) megapillows, and (4) pillow lavas with sparse megapillows. The field data from meñakoz combined with experimental and field data from the literature for similar volcanic facies can be integrated into a new propagation model for the transition from sheet flows to pillow lavas in underwater environments. At near vent high emission rates, lava flows develop a thin crust immediately after its emplacement and break at the front under the magma pressure allowing for the massive propagation of lava as a sheet flow. Increased cooling promotes thickening of the lava outer crust far from the vent while continuous supply of fresh magma increases the pressure onto the thick crust until its rupture. The lava emitted in small volumes from the flow front promotes the formation of megapillows and pillow lavas that are later on covered by the advancing sheet flow. The lava flow freezes progressively toward more distal parts, gradually increasing its viscosity until it stops. The crust temporarily holds the residual melt pressure increasing the volume of the flow distal section by inflation. Finally, the internal magma pressure breaks the crust and liberates lava at moderate-to-low flow rates producing pillows, while lava drainage inside the inflated sheet flow produces lava tunnels and gravitational collapse of the roofs by hydrostatic pressure to form breccias nurtured by columnar lava fragments. Pillow lava Sheet flow Welded breccia Subaqueous volcanism Sarrionandia, F. aut Juteau, T. aut Gil Ibarguchi, J. I. aut Enthalten in International journal of earth sciences Springer-Verlag, 1999 101(2012), 8 vom: 25. Mai, Seite 2201-2214 (DE-627)270428879 (DE-600)1477582-7 (DE-576)078189780 1437-3254 nnns volume:101 year:2012 number:8 day:25 month:05 pages:2201-2214 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0783-2 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-GEO GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_30 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_130 GBV_ILN_154 GBV_ILN_183 GBV_ILN_188 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_600 GBV_ILN_608 GBV_ILN_788 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2173 GBV_ILN_2346 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4028 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4309 GBV_ILN_4320 AR 101 2012 8 25 05 2201-2214
allfieldsGer	10.1007/s00531-012-0783-2 doi (DE-627)OLC2070424979 (DE-He213)s00531-012-0783-2-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ 13 ssgn Carracedo Sánchez, M. verfasserin aut Structure and organization of submarine basaltic flows: sheet flow transformation into pillow lavas in shallow submarine environments 2012 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag 2012 Abstract Distal pillows occur associated with a sheet flow and megapillows in the meñakoz outcrops of the Basque–Cantabrian Basin (N Spain). Basaltic volcanic rocks are interbedded with Turonian sediments and depict typical features of shallow submarine emissions. An exceptional basaltic flow displays four types of morphology: (1) sheet lava with columnar jointing, (2) welded columnar breccia, (3) megapillows, and (4) pillow lavas with sparse megapillows. The field data from meñakoz combined with experimental and field data from the literature for similar volcanic facies can be integrated into a new propagation model for the transition from sheet flows to pillow lavas in underwater environments. At near vent high emission rates, lava flows develop a thin crust immediately after its emplacement and break at the front under the magma pressure allowing for the massive propagation of lava as a sheet flow. Increased cooling promotes thickening of the lava outer crust far from the vent while continuous supply of fresh magma increases the pressure onto the thick crust until its rupture. The lava emitted in small volumes from the flow front promotes the formation of megapillows and pillow lavas that are later on covered by the advancing sheet flow. The lava flow freezes progressively toward more distal parts, gradually increasing its viscosity until it stops. The crust temporarily holds the residual melt pressure increasing the volume of the flow distal section by inflation. Finally, the internal magma pressure breaks the crust and liberates lava at moderate-to-low flow rates producing pillows, while lava drainage inside the inflated sheet flow produces lava tunnels and gravitational collapse of the roofs by hydrostatic pressure to form breccias nurtured by columnar lava fragments. Pillow lava Sheet flow Welded breccia Subaqueous volcanism Sarrionandia, F. aut Juteau, T. aut Gil Ibarguchi, J. I. aut Enthalten in International journal of earth sciences Springer-Verlag, 1999 101(2012), 8 vom: 25. Mai, Seite 2201-2214 (DE-627)270428879 (DE-600)1477582-7 (DE-576)078189780 1437-3254 nnns volume:101 year:2012 number:8 day:25 month:05 pages:2201-2214 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0783-2 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-GEO GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_30 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_130 GBV_ILN_154 GBV_ILN_183 GBV_ILN_188 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_600 GBV_ILN_608 GBV_ILN_788 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2173 GBV_ILN_2346 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4028 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4309 GBV_ILN_4320 AR 101 2012 8 25 05 2201-2214
allfieldsSound	10.1007/s00531-012-0783-2 doi (DE-627)OLC2070424979 (DE-He213)s00531-012-0783-2-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ 13 ssgn Carracedo Sánchez, M. verfasserin aut Structure and organization of submarine basaltic flows: sheet flow transformation into pillow lavas in shallow submarine environments 2012 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag 2012 Abstract Distal pillows occur associated with a sheet flow and megapillows in the meñakoz outcrops of the Basque–Cantabrian Basin (N Spain). Basaltic volcanic rocks are interbedded with Turonian sediments and depict typical features of shallow submarine emissions. An exceptional basaltic flow displays four types of morphology: (1) sheet lava with columnar jointing, (2) welded columnar breccia, (3) megapillows, and (4) pillow lavas with sparse megapillows. The field data from meñakoz combined with experimental and field data from the literature for similar volcanic facies can be integrated into a new propagation model for the transition from sheet flows to pillow lavas in underwater environments. At near vent high emission rates, lava flows develop a thin crust immediately after its emplacement and break at the front under the magma pressure allowing for the massive propagation of lava as a sheet flow. Increased cooling promotes thickening of the lava outer crust far from the vent while continuous supply of fresh magma increases the pressure onto the thick crust until its rupture. The lava emitted in small volumes from the flow front promotes the formation of megapillows and pillow lavas that are later on covered by the advancing sheet flow. The lava flow freezes progressively toward more distal parts, gradually increasing its viscosity until it stops. The crust temporarily holds the residual melt pressure increasing the volume of the flow distal section by inflation. Finally, the internal magma pressure breaks the crust and liberates lava at moderate-to-low flow rates producing pillows, while lava drainage inside the inflated sheet flow produces lava tunnels and gravitational collapse of the roofs by hydrostatic pressure to form breccias nurtured by columnar lava fragments. Pillow lava Sheet flow Welded breccia Subaqueous volcanism Sarrionandia, F. aut Juteau, T. aut Gil Ibarguchi, J. I. aut Enthalten in International journal of earth sciences Springer-Verlag, 1999 101(2012), 8 vom: 25. Mai, Seite 2201-2214 (DE-627)270428879 (DE-600)1477582-7 (DE-576)078189780 1437-3254 nnns volume:101 year:2012 number:8 day:25 month:05 pages:2201-2214 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0783-2 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-GEO GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_30 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_130 GBV_ILN_154 GBV_ILN_183 GBV_ILN_188 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_600 GBV_ILN_608 GBV_ILN_788 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2173 GBV_ILN_2346 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4028 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4309 GBV_ILN_4320 AR 101 2012 8 25 05 2201-2214
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author	Carracedo Sánchez, M.
spellingShingle	Carracedo Sánchez, M. ddc 550 ssgn 13 misc Pillow lava misc Sheet flow misc Welded breccia misc Subaqueous volcanism Structure and organization of submarine basaltic flows: sheet flow transformation into pillow lavas in shallow submarine environments
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topic_title	550 VZ 13 ssgn Structure and organization of submarine basaltic flows: sheet flow transformation into pillow lavas in shallow submarine environments Pillow lava Sheet flow Welded breccia Subaqueous volcanism
topic	ddc 550 ssgn 13 misc Pillow lava misc Sheet flow misc Welded breccia misc Subaqueous volcanism
topic_unstemmed	ddc 550 ssgn 13 misc Pillow lava misc Sheet flow misc Welded breccia misc Subaqueous volcanism
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title	Structure and organization of submarine basaltic flows: sheet flow transformation into pillow lavas in shallow submarine environments
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title_full	Structure and organization of submarine basaltic flows: sheet flow transformation into pillow lavas in shallow submarine environments
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author_browse	Carracedo Sánchez, M. Sarrionandia, F. Juteau, T. Gil Ibarguchi, J. I.
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title_sort	structure and organization of submarine basaltic flows: sheet flow transformation into pillow lavas in shallow submarine environments
title_auth	Structure and organization of submarine basaltic flows: sheet flow transformation into pillow lavas in shallow submarine environments
abstract	Abstract Distal pillows occur associated with a sheet flow and megapillows in the meñakoz outcrops of the Basque–Cantabrian Basin (N Spain). Basaltic volcanic rocks are interbedded with Turonian sediments and depict typical features of shallow submarine emissions. An exceptional basaltic flow displays four types of morphology: (1) sheet lava with columnar jointing, (2) welded columnar breccia, (3) megapillows, and (4) pillow lavas with sparse megapillows. The field data from meñakoz combined with experimental and field data from the literature for similar volcanic facies can be integrated into a new propagation model for the transition from sheet flows to pillow lavas in underwater environments. At near vent high emission rates, lava flows develop a thin crust immediately after its emplacement and break at the front under the magma pressure allowing for the massive propagation of lava as a sheet flow. Increased cooling promotes thickening of the lava outer crust far from the vent while continuous supply of fresh magma increases the pressure onto the thick crust until its rupture. The lava emitted in small volumes from the flow front promotes the formation of megapillows and pillow lavas that are later on covered by the advancing sheet flow. The lava flow freezes progressively toward more distal parts, gradually increasing its viscosity until it stops. The crust temporarily holds the residual melt pressure increasing the volume of the flow distal section by inflation. Finally, the internal magma pressure breaks the crust and liberates lava at moderate-to-low flow rates producing pillows, while lava drainage inside the inflated sheet flow produces lava tunnels and gravitational collapse of the roofs by hydrostatic pressure to form breccias nurtured by columnar lava fragments. © Springer-Verlag 2012
abstractGer	Abstract Distal pillows occur associated with a sheet flow and megapillows in the meñakoz outcrops of the Basque–Cantabrian Basin (N Spain). Basaltic volcanic rocks are interbedded with Turonian sediments and depict typical features of shallow submarine emissions. An exceptional basaltic flow displays four types of morphology: (1) sheet lava with columnar jointing, (2) welded columnar breccia, (3) megapillows, and (4) pillow lavas with sparse megapillows. The field data from meñakoz combined with experimental and field data from the literature for similar volcanic facies can be integrated into a new propagation model for the transition from sheet flows to pillow lavas in underwater environments. At near vent high emission rates, lava flows develop a thin crust immediately after its emplacement and break at the front under the magma pressure allowing for the massive propagation of lava as a sheet flow. Increased cooling promotes thickening of the lava outer crust far from the vent while continuous supply of fresh magma increases the pressure onto the thick crust until its rupture. The lava emitted in small volumes from the flow front promotes the formation of megapillows and pillow lavas that are later on covered by the advancing sheet flow. The lava flow freezes progressively toward more distal parts, gradually increasing its viscosity until it stops. The crust temporarily holds the residual melt pressure increasing the volume of the flow distal section by inflation. Finally, the internal magma pressure breaks the crust and liberates lava at moderate-to-low flow rates producing pillows, while lava drainage inside the inflated sheet flow produces lava tunnels and gravitational collapse of the roofs by hydrostatic pressure to form breccias nurtured by columnar lava fragments. © Springer-Verlag 2012
abstract_unstemmed	Abstract Distal pillows occur associated with a sheet flow and megapillows in the meñakoz outcrops of the Basque–Cantabrian Basin (N Spain). Basaltic volcanic rocks are interbedded with Turonian sediments and depict typical features of shallow submarine emissions. An exceptional basaltic flow displays four types of morphology: (1) sheet lava with columnar jointing, (2) welded columnar breccia, (3) megapillows, and (4) pillow lavas with sparse megapillows. The field data from meñakoz combined with experimental and field data from the literature for similar volcanic facies can be integrated into a new propagation model for the transition from sheet flows to pillow lavas in underwater environments. At near vent high emission rates, lava flows develop a thin crust immediately after its emplacement and break at the front under the magma pressure allowing for the massive propagation of lava as a sheet flow. Increased cooling promotes thickening of the lava outer crust far from the vent while continuous supply of fresh magma increases the pressure onto the thick crust until its rupture. The lava emitted in small volumes from the flow front promotes the formation of megapillows and pillow lavas that are later on covered by the advancing sheet flow. The lava flow freezes progressively toward more distal parts, gradually increasing its viscosity until it stops. The crust temporarily holds the residual melt pressure increasing the volume of the flow distal section by inflation. Finally, the internal magma pressure breaks the crust and liberates lava at moderate-to-low flow rates producing pillows, while lava drainage inside the inflated sheet flow produces lava tunnels and gravitational collapse of the roofs by hydrostatic pressure to form breccias nurtured by columnar lava fragments. © Springer-Verlag 2012
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title_short	Structure and organization of submarine basaltic flows: sheet flow transformation into pillow lavas in shallow submarine environments
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Structure and organization of submarine basaltic flows: sheet flow transformation into pillow lavas in shallow submarine environments

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