Effects of Acute Handling Stress on Whitefish Coregonus lavaretus After Prolonged Exposure to Biologically Treated and Untreated Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent
Abstract Exposure of fish to water of impaired quality has been shown to disrupt the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis and alter the interpretation of data from field studies due to the varying effects of handling and delayed sampling on exposed and reference animals. In th...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Lappivaara, J. [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2001 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Anmerkung: |
© Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 2001 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology - Springer-Verlag, 1973, 41(2001), 1 vom: Mai, Seite 55-64 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:41 ; year:2001 ; number:1 ; month:05 ; pages:55-64 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s002440010220 |
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| 520 | |a Abstract Exposure of fish to water of impaired quality has been shown to disrupt the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis and alter the interpretation of data from field studies due to the varying effects of handling and delayed sampling on exposed and reference animals. In the present study, juvenile whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, were exposed for 6 weeks to diluted (4–8%) untreated and biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) and their response to acute handling was investigated. Liver microsomal EROD activity and glycogen phosphorylase (GPase) activity, in addition to gill $ Na^{+} $-$ K^{+} $-ATPase activity, and blood hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were increased in whitefish exposed for 6 weeks to untreated BKME, whereas those exposed to treated BKME exhibited increased blood hemoglobin and red blood cell $ K^{+} $ concentrations. Both handling procedures, exposure to a shallow water (10 cm, 5 min) and to an air challenge (10 s air/10 s water/30 s air/10 s water/10 s air), resulted in acute physiological stress, as recorded after 5-, 60-, and 120-min recovery periods. Following air exposure, the levels of plasma cortisol, blood glucose, hemoglobin, and hematocrit as well as the liver GPase activity were increased, and liver glycogen concentration decreased in control fish. These responses were attenuated in fish exposed to untreated or treated BKME. Plasma estradiol and testosterone levels were not affected by the BKME exposures or by the air challenge. Handling also resulted in attenuated EROD induction in fish exposed to untreated BKME. According to the present findings, the sensitivity of some widely used cellular and physiological variables may be improved by time-dependent standardization when interpreting data obtained following delayed sampling. | ||
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10.1007/s002440010220 doi (DE-627)OLC2070701271 (DE-He213)s002440010220-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 610 VZ Lappivaara, J. verfasserin aut Effects of Acute Handling Stress on Whitefish Coregonus lavaretus After Prolonged Exposure to Biologically Treated and Untreated Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent 2001 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 2001 Abstract Exposure of fish to water of impaired quality has been shown to disrupt the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis and alter the interpretation of data from field studies due to the varying effects of handling and delayed sampling on exposed and reference animals. In the present study, juvenile whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, were exposed for 6 weeks to diluted (4–8%) untreated and biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) and their response to acute handling was investigated. Liver microsomal EROD activity and glycogen phosphorylase (GPase) activity, in addition to gill $ Na^{+} $-$ K^{+} $-ATPase activity, and blood hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were increased in whitefish exposed for 6 weeks to untreated BKME, whereas those exposed to treated BKME exhibited increased blood hemoglobin and red blood cell $ K^{+} $ concentrations. Both handling procedures, exposure to a shallow water (10 cm, 5 min) and to an air challenge (10 s air/10 s water/30 s air/10 s water/10 s air), resulted in acute physiological stress, as recorded after 5-, 60-, and 120-min recovery periods. Following air exposure, the levels of plasma cortisol, blood glucose, hemoglobin, and hematocrit as well as the liver GPase activity were increased, and liver glycogen concentration decreased in control fish. These responses were attenuated in fish exposed to untreated or treated BKME. Plasma estradiol and testosterone levels were not affected by the BKME exposures or by the air challenge. Handling also resulted in attenuated EROD induction in fish exposed to untreated BKME. According to the present findings, the sensitivity of some widely used cellular and physiological variables may be improved by time-dependent standardization when interpreting data obtained following delayed sampling. Glycogen Phosphorylase Blood Hemoglobin Glycogen Concentration Coregonus Lavaretus EROD Induction Enthalten in Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology Springer-Verlag, 1973 41(2001), 1 vom: Mai, Seite 55-64 (DE-627)129397725 (DE-600)185986-9 (DE-576)01478100X 0090-4341 nnns volume:41 year:2001 number:1 month:05 pages:55-64 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010220 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_130 GBV_ILN_154 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_601 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2360 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4219 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4313 AR 41 2001 1 05 55-64 |
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10.1007/s002440010220 doi (DE-627)OLC2070701271 (DE-He213)s002440010220-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 610 VZ Lappivaara, J. verfasserin aut Effects of Acute Handling Stress on Whitefish Coregonus lavaretus After Prolonged Exposure to Biologically Treated and Untreated Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent 2001 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 2001 Abstract Exposure of fish to water of impaired quality has been shown to disrupt the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis and alter the interpretation of data from field studies due to the varying effects of handling and delayed sampling on exposed and reference animals. In the present study, juvenile whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, were exposed for 6 weeks to diluted (4–8%) untreated and biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) and their response to acute handling was investigated. Liver microsomal EROD activity and glycogen phosphorylase (GPase) activity, in addition to gill $ Na^{+} $-$ K^{+} $-ATPase activity, and blood hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were increased in whitefish exposed for 6 weeks to untreated BKME, whereas those exposed to treated BKME exhibited increased blood hemoglobin and red blood cell $ K^{+} $ concentrations. Both handling procedures, exposure to a shallow water (10 cm, 5 min) and to an air challenge (10 s air/10 s water/30 s air/10 s water/10 s air), resulted in acute physiological stress, as recorded after 5-, 60-, and 120-min recovery periods. Following air exposure, the levels of plasma cortisol, blood glucose, hemoglobin, and hematocrit as well as the liver GPase activity were increased, and liver glycogen concentration decreased in control fish. These responses were attenuated in fish exposed to untreated or treated BKME. Plasma estradiol and testosterone levels were not affected by the BKME exposures or by the air challenge. Handling also resulted in attenuated EROD induction in fish exposed to untreated BKME. According to the present findings, the sensitivity of some widely used cellular and physiological variables may be improved by time-dependent standardization when interpreting data obtained following delayed sampling. Glycogen Phosphorylase Blood Hemoglobin Glycogen Concentration Coregonus Lavaretus EROD Induction Enthalten in Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology Springer-Verlag, 1973 41(2001), 1 vom: Mai, Seite 55-64 (DE-627)129397725 (DE-600)185986-9 (DE-576)01478100X 0090-4341 nnns volume:41 year:2001 number:1 month:05 pages:55-64 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010220 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_130 GBV_ILN_154 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_601 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2360 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4219 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4313 AR 41 2001 1 05 55-64 |
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10.1007/s002440010220 doi (DE-627)OLC2070701271 (DE-He213)s002440010220-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 610 VZ Lappivaara, J. verfasserin aut Effects of Acute Handling Stress on Whitefish Coregonus lavaretus After Prolonged Exposure to Biologically Treated and Untreated Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent 2001 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 2001 Abstract Exposure of fish to water of impaired quality has been shown to disrupt the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis and alter the interpretation of data from field studies due to the varying effects of handling and delayed sampling on exposed and reference animals. In the present study, juvenile whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, were exposed for 6 weeks to diluted (4–8%) untreated and biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) and their response to acute handling was investigated. Liver microsomal EROD activity and glycogen phosphorylase (GPase) activity, in addition to gill $ Na^{+} $-$ K^{+} $-ATPase activity, and blood hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were increased in whitefish exposed for 6 weeks to untreated BKME, whereas those exposed to treated BKME exhibited increased blood hemoglobin and red blood cell $ K^{+} $ concentrations. Both handling procedures, exposure to a shallow water (10 cm, 5 min) and to an air challenge (10 s air/10 s water/30 s air/10 s water/10 s air), resulted in acute physiological stress, as recorded after 5-, 60-, and 120-min recovery periods. Following air exposure, the levels of plasma cortisol, blood glucose, hemoglobin, and hematocrit as well as the liver GPase activity were increased, and liver glycogen concentration decreased in control fish. These responses were attenuated in fish exposed to untreated or treated BKME. Plasma estradiol and testosterone levels were not affected by the BKME exposures or by the air challenge. Handling also resulted in attenuated EROD induction in fish exposed to untreated BKME. According to the present findings, the sensitivity of some widely used cellular and physiological variables may be improved by time-dependent standardization when interpreting data obtained following delayed sampling. Glycogen Phosphorylase Blood Hemoglobin Glycogen Concentration Coregonus Lavaretus EROD Induction Enthalten in Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology Springer-Verlag, 1973 41(2001), 1 vom: Mai, Seite 55-64 (DE-627)129397725 (DE-600)185986-9 (DE-576)01478100X 0090-4341 nnns volume:41 year:2001 number:1 month:05 pages:55-64 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010220 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_130 GBV_ILN_154 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_601 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2360 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4219 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4313 AR 41 2001 1 05 55-64 |
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10.1007/s002440010220 doi (DE-627)OLC2070701271 (DE-He213)s002440010220-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 610 VZ Lappivaara, J. verfasserin aut Effects of Acute Handling Stress on Whitefish Coregonus lavaretus After Prolonged Exposure to Biologically Treated and Untreated Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent 2001 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 2001 Abstract Exposure of fish to water of impaired quality has been shown to disrupt the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis and alter the interpretation of data from field studies due to the varying effects of handling and delayed sampling on exposed and reference animals. In the present study, juvenile whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, were exposed for 6 weeks to diluted (4–8%) untreated and biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) and their response to acute handling was investigated. Liver microsomal EROD activity and glycogen phosphorylase (GPase) activity, in addition to gill $ Na^{+} $-$ K^{+} $-ATPase activity, and blood hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were increased in whitefish exposed for 6 weeks to untreated BKME, whereas those exposed to treated BKME exhibited increased blood hemoglobin and red blood cell $ K^{+} $ concentrations. Both handling procedures, exposure to a shallow water (10 cm, 5 min) and to an air challenge (10 s air/10 s water/30 s air/10 s water/10 s air), resulted in acute physiological stress, as recorded after 5-, 60-, and 120-min recovery periods. Following air exposure, the levels of plasma cortisol, blood glucose, hemoglobin, and hematocrit as well as the liver GPase activity were increased, and liver glycogen concentration decreased in control fish. These responses were attenuated in fish exposed to untreated or treated BKME. Plasma estradiol and testosterone levels were not affected by the BKME exposures or by the air challenge. Handling also resulted in attenuated EROD induction in fish exposed to untreated BKME. According to the present findings, the sensitivity of some widely used cellular and physiological variables may be improved by time-dependent standardization when interpreting data obtained following delayed sampling. Glycogen Phosphorylase Blood Hemoglobin Glycogen Concentration Coregonus Lavaretus EROD Induction Enthalten in Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology Springer-Verlag, 1973 41(2001), 1 vom: Mai, Seite 55-64 (DE-627)129397725 (DE-600)185986-9 (DE-576)01478100X 0090-4341 nnns volume:41 year:2001 number:1 month:05 pages:55-64 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010220 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_130 GBV_ILN_154 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_601 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2360 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4219 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4313 AR 41 2001 1 05 55-64 |
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10.1007/s002440010220 doi (DE-627)OLC2070701271 (DE-He213)s002440010220-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 610 VZ Lappivaara, J. verfasserin aut Effects of Acute Handling Stress on Whitefish Coregonus lavaretus After Prolonged Exposure to Biologically Treated and Untreated Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent 2001 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 2001 Abstract Exposure of fish to water of impaired quality has been shown to disrupt the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis and alter the interpretation of data from field studies due to the varying effects of handling and delayed sampling on exposed and reference animals. In the present study, juvenile whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, were exposed for 6 weeks to diluted (4–8%) untreated and biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) and their response to acute handling was investigated. Liver microsomal EROD activity and glycogen phosphorylase (GPase) activity, in addition to gill $ Na^{+} $-$ K^{+} $-ATPase activity, and blood hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were increased in whitefish exposed for 6 weeks to untreated BKME, whereas those exposed to treated BKME exhibited increased blood hemoglobin and red blood cell $ K^{+} $ concentrations. Both handling procedures, exposure to a shallow water (10 cm, 5 min) and to an air challenge (10 s air/10 s water/30 s air/10 s water/10 s air), resulted in acute physiological stress, as recorded after 5-, 60-, and 120-min recovery periods. Following air exposure, the levels of plasma cortisol, blood glucose, hemoglobin, and hematocrit as well as the liver GPase activity were increased, and liver glycogen concentration decreased in control fish. These responses were attenuated in fish exposed to untreated or treated BKME. Plasma estradiol and testosterone levels were not affected by the BKME exposures or by the air challenge. Handling also resulted in attenuated EROD induction in fish exposed to untreated BKME. According to the present findings, the sensitivity of some widely used cellular and physiological variables may be improved by time-dependent standardization when interpreting data obtained following delayed sampling. Glycogen Phosphorylase Blood Hemoglobin Glycogen Concentration Coregonus Lavaretus EROD Induction Enthalten in Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology Springer-Verlag, 1973 41(2001), 1 vom: Mai, Seite 55-64 (DE-627)129397725 (DE-600)185986-9 (DE-576)01478100X 0090-4341 nnns volume:41 year:2001 number:1 month:05 pages:55-64 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002440010220 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_130 GBV_ILN_154 GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_601 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2360 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4219 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4313 AR 41 2001 1 05 55-64 |
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Lappivaara, J. ddc 333.7 misc Glycogen Phosphorylase misc Blood Hemoglobin misc Glycogen Concentration misc Coregonus Lavaretus misc EROD Induction Effects of Acute Handling Stress on Whitefish Coregonus lavaretus After Prolonged Exposure to Biologically Treated and Untreated Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent |
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333.7 610 VZ Effects of Acute Handling Stress on Whitefish Coregonus lavaretus After Prolonged Exposure to Biologically Treated and Untreated Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent Glycogen Phosphorylase Blood Hemoglobin Glycogen Concentration Coregonus Lavaretus EROD Induction |
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Effects of Acute Handling Stress on Whitefish Coregonus lavaretus After Prolonged Exposure to Biologically Treated and Untreated Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent |
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Effects of Acute Handling Stress on Whitefish Coregonus lavaretus After Prolonged Exposure to Biologically Treated and Untreated Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent |
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effects of acute handling stress on whitefish coregonus lavaretus after prolonged exposure to biologically treated and untreated bleached kraft mill effluent |
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Effects of Acute Handling Stress on Whitefish Coregonus lavaretus After Prolonged Exposure to Biologically Treated and Untreated Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent |
| abstract |
Abstract Exposure of fish to water of impaired quality has been shown to disrupt the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis and alter the interpretation of data from field studies due to the varying effects of handling and delayed sampling on exposed and reference animals. In the present study, juvenile whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, were exposed for 6 weeks to diluted (4–8%) untreated and biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) and their response to acute handling was investigated. Liver microsomal EROD activity and glycogen phosphorylase (GPase) activity, in addition to gill $ Na^{+} $-$ K^{+} $-ATPase activity, and blood hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were increased in whitefish exposed for 6 weeks to untreated BKME, whereas those exposed to treated BKME exhibited increased blood hemoglobin and red blood cell $ K^{+} $ concentrations. Both handling procedures, exposure to a shallow water (10 cm, 5 min) and to an air challenge (10 s air/10 s water/30 s air/10 s water/10 s air), resulted in acute physiological stress, as recorded after 5-, 60-, and 120-min recovery periods. Following air exposure, the levels of plasma cortisol, blood glucose, hemoglobin, and hematocrit as well as the liver GPase activity were increased, and liver glycogen concentration decreased in control fish. These responses were attenuated in fish exposed to untreated or treated BKME. Plasma estradiol and testosterone levels were not affected by the BKME exposures or by the air challenge. Handling also resulted in attenuated EROD induction in fish exposed to untreated BKME. According to the present findings, the sensitivity of some widely used cellular and physiological variables may be improved by time-dependent standardization when interpreting data obtained following delayed sampling. © Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 2001 |
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Abstract Exposure of fish to water of impaired quality has been shown to disrupt the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis and alter the interpretation of data from field studies due to the varying effects of handling and delayed sampling on exposed and reference animals. In the present study, juvenile whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, were exposed for 6 weeks to diluted (4–8%) untreated and biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) and their response to acute handling was investigated. Liver microsomal EROD activity and glycogen phosphorylase (GPase) activity, in addition to gill $ Na^{+} $-$ K^{+} $-ATPase activity, and blood hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were increased in whitefish exposed for 6 weeks to untreated BKME, whereas those exposed to treated BKME exhibited increased blood hemoglobin and red blood cell $ K^{+} $ concentrations. Both handling procedures, exposure to a shallow water (10 cm, 5 min) and to an air challenge (10 s air/10 s water/30 s air/10 s water/10 s air), resulted in acute physiological stress, as recorded after 5-, 60-, and 120-min recovery periods. Following air exposure, the levels of plasma cortisol, blood glucose, hemoglobin, and hematocrit as well as the liver GPase activity were increased, and liver glycogen concentration decreased in control fish. These responses were attenuated in fish exposed to untreated or treated BKME. Plasma estradiol and testosterone levels were not affected by the BKME exposures or by the air challenge. Handling also resulted in attenuated EROD induction in fish exposed to untreated BKME. According to the present findings, the sensitivity of some widely used cellular and physiological variables may be improved by time-dependent standardization when interpreting data obtained following delayed sampling. © Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 2001 |
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Abstract Exposure of fish to water of impaired quality has been shown to disrupt the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis and alter the interpretation of data from field studies due to the varying effects of handling and delayed sampling on exposed and reference animals. In the present study, juvenile whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, were exposed for 6 weeks to diluted (4–8%) untreated and biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) and their response to acute handling was investigated. Liver microsomal EROD activity and glycogen phosphorylase (GPase) activity, in addition to gill $ Na^{+} $-$ K^{+} $-ATPase activity, and blood hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were increased in whitefish exposed for 6 weeks to untreated BKME, whereas those exposed to treated BKME exhibited increased blood hemoglobin and red blood cell $ K^{+} $ concentrations. Both handling procedures, exposure to a shallow water (10 cm, 5 min) and to an air challenge (10 s air/10 s water/30 s air/10 s water/10 s air), resulted in acute physiological stress, as recorded after 5-, 60-, and 120-min recovery periods. Following air exposure, the levels of plasma cortisol, blood glucose, hemoglobin, and hematocrit as well as the liver GPase activity were increased, and liver glycogen concentration decreased in control fish. These responses were attenuated in fish exposed to untreated or treated BKME. Plasma estradiol and testosterone levels were not affected by the BKME exposures or by the air challenge. Handling also resulted in attenuated EROD induction in fish exposed to untreated BKME. According to the present findings, the sensitivity of some widely used cellular and physiological variables may be improved by time-dependent standardization when interpreting data obtained following delayed sampling. © Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 2001 |
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