Comparison of Phosphate Materials for Immobilizing Cadmium in Soil

Abstract A study was conducted to compare the effects of phosphate (P) materials in reducing cadmium extractability. Seven P materials (commercial P fertilizers—fused phosphate (FP), ‘fused and superphosphate’ [FSP], and rock phosphate [RP]; P chemicals—Ca[$ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $]2·$ H_{2} $O, [$ NH_{4}...
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Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Hong, Chang Oh [verfasserIn] Chung, Doug Young Lee, Do Kyoung Kim, Pil Joo

Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2009

Schlagwörter:	Phosphate Fertilizer Phosphate Material Phosphate Adsorption CdCO3 Visual MINTEQ

Anmerkung:	© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology - Springer-Verlag, 1973, 58(2009), 2 vom: 26. Juli, Seite 268-274
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:58 ; year:2009 ; number:2 ; day:26 ; month:07 ; pages:268-274

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1007/s00244-009-9363-2

Katalog-ID:	OLC2070713504

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520			\|a Abstract A study was conducted to compare the effects of phosphate (P) materials in reducing cadmium extractability. Seven P materials (commercial P fertilizers—fused phosphate (FP), ‘fused and superphosphate’ [FSP], and rock phosphate [RP]; P chemicals—Ca[$ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $]2·$ H_{2} $O, [$ NH_{4} $]2$ HPO_{4} $, $ KH_{2} $$ PO_{4} $, and $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $) were selected for the test. The selected P source was mixed with Cd-contaminated soil at the rate of 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 mg P $ kg^{−1} $ under controlled moisture conditions at 70% of water holding capacity, then incubated for 8 weeks. FP, Ca($ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $)2 ∙ $ H_{2} $O, $ KH_{2} $$ PO_{4} $, and $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ significantly decreased $ NH_{4} $OAc-extractable Cd (plant-available form) concentrations with increasing application rates. Compared to other phosphate materials used, $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ was found to be the most effective in reducing the plant-available Cd concentration in soil, mainly due to the negative charge increase caused by soil pH and phosphate adsorption. Contrary to the general information, FSP and ($ NH_{4} $)2$ HPO_{4} $ increased Cd extractability at low levels of P application (<400 mg $ kg^{−1} $), and thereafter Cd extractability decreased significantly with increasing application rate. RP scarcely had an effect on reducing Cd extractability. Ion activity products of $ CdHPO_{4} $, Cd(OH)2, and $ CdCO_{3} $ analyzed by the MINTEQ program were significantly increased by $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ addition, but the effect of Cd-P compound formation on reducing Cd extractability was negligible. Conclusively, the P-induced alleviation of Cd extractability can be attributed primarily to Cd immobilization due to the increase in soil pH and negative charge rather than Cd-P precipitation, and therefore, alkaline P materials such as $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ are effective for immobilizing soil Cd.
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700	1		\|a Kim, Pil Joo \|4 aut
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allfields	10.1007/s00244-009-9363-2 doi (DE-627)OLC2070713504 (DE-He213)s00244-009-9363-2-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 610 VZ Hong, Chang Oh verfasserin aut Comparison of Phosphate Materials for Immobilizing Cadmium in Soil 2009 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009 Abstract A study was conducted to compare the effects of phosphate (P) materials in reducing cadmium extractability. Seven P materials (commercial P fertilizers—fused phosphate (FP), ‘fused and superphosphate’ [FSP], and rock phosphate [RP]; P chemicals—Ca[$ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $]2·$ H_{2} $O, [$ NH_{4} $]2$ HPO_{4} $, $ KH_{2} $$ PO_{4} $, and $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $) were selected for the test. The selected P source was mixed with Cd-contaminated soil at the rate of 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 mg P $ kg^{−1} $ under controlled moisture conditions at 70% of water holding capacity, then incubated for 8 weeks. FP, Ca($ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $)2 ∙ $ H_{2} $O, $ KH_{2} $$ PO_{4} $, and $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ significantly decreased $ NH_{4} $OAc-extractable Cd (plant-available form) concentrations with increasing application rates. Compared to other phosphate materials used, $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ was found to be the most effective in reducing the plant-available Cd concentration in soil, mainly due to the negative charge increase caused by soil pH and phosphate adsorption. Contrary to the general information, FSP and ($ NH_{4} $)2$ HPO_{4} $ increased Cd extractability at low levels of P application (<400 mg $ kg^{−1} $), and thereafter Cd extractability decreased significantly with increasing application rate. RP scarcely had an effect on reducing Cd extractability. Ion activity products of $ CdHPO_{4} $, Cd(OH)2, and $ CdCO_{3} $ analyzed by the MINTEQ program were significantly increased by $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ addition, but the effect of Cd-P compound formation on reducing Cd extractability was negligible. Conclusively, the P-induced alleviation of Cd extractability can be attributed primarily to Cd immobilization due to the increase in soil pH and negative charge rather than Cd-P precipitation, and therefore, alkaline P materials such as $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ are effective for immobilizing soil Cd. Phosphate Fertilizer Phosphate Material Phosphate Adsorption CdCO3 Visual MINTEQ Chung, Doug Young aut Lee, Do Kyoung aut Kim, Pil Joo aut Enthalten in Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology Springer-Verlag, 1973 58(2009), 2 vom: 26. Juli, Seite 268-274 (DE-627)129397725 (DE-600)185986-9 (DE-576)01478100X 0090-4341 nnns volume:58 year:2009 number:2 day:26 month:07 pages:268-274 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-009-9363-2 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_130 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4219 GBV_ILN_4277 AR 58 2009 2 26 07 268-274
spelling	10.1007/s00244-009-9363-2 doi (DE-627)OLC2070713504 (DE-He213)s00244-009-9363-2-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 610 VZ Hong, Chang Oh verfasserin aut Comparison of Phosphate Materials for Immobilizing Cadmium in Soil 2009 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009 Abstract A study was conducted to compare the effects of phosphate (P) materials in reducing cadmium extractability. Seven P materials (commercial P fertilizers—fused phosphate (FP), ‘fused and superphosphate’ [FSP], and rock phosphate [RP]; P chemicals—Ca[$ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $]2·$ H_{2} $O, [$ NH_{4} $]2$ HPO_{4} $, $ KH_{2} $$ PO_{4} $, and $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $) were selected for the test. The selected P source was mixed with Cd-contaminated soil at the rate of 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 mg P $ kg^{−1} $ under controlled moisture conditions at 70% of water holding capacity, then incubated for 8 weeks. FP, Ca($ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $)2 ∙ $ H_{2} $O, $ KH_{2} $$ PO_{4} $, and $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ significantly decreased $ NH_{4} $OAc-extractable Cd (plant-available form) concentrations with increasing application rates. Compared to other phosphate materials used, $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ was found to be the most effective in reducing the plant-available Cd concentration in soil, mainly due to the negative charge increase caused by soil pH and phosphate adsorption. Contrary to the general information, FSP and ($ NH_{4} $)2$ HPO_{4} $ increased Cd extractability at low levels of P application (<400 mg $ kg^{−1} $), and thereafter Cd extractability decreased significantly with increasing application rate. RP scarcely had an effect on reducing Cd extractability. Ion activity products of $ CdHPO_{4} $, Cd(OH)2, and $ CdCO_{3} $ analyzed by the MINTEQ program were significantly increased by $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ addition, but the effect of Cd-P compound formation on reducing Cd extractability was negligible. Conclusively, the P-induced alleviation of Cd extractability can be attributed primarily to Cd immobilization due to the increase in soil pH and negative charge rather than Cd-P precipitation, and therefore, alkaline P materials such as $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ are effective for immobilizing soil Cd. Phosphate Fertilizer Phosphate Material Phosphate Adsorption CdCO3 Visual MINTEQ Chung, Doug Young aut Lee, Do Kyoung aut Kim, Pil Joo aut Enthalten in Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology Springer-Verlag, 1973 58(2009), 2 vom: 26. Juli, Seite 268-274 (DE-627)129397725 (DE-600)185986-9 (DE-576)01478100X 0090-4341 nnns volume:58 year:2009 number:2 day:26 month:07 pages:268-274 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-009-9363-2 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_130 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4219 GBV_ILN_4277 AR 58 2009 2 26 07 268-274
allfields_unstemmed	10.1007/s00244-009-9363-2 doi (DE-627)OLC2070713504 (DE-He213)s00244-009-9363-2-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 610 VZ Hong, Chang Oh verfasserin aut Comparison of Phosphate Materials for Immobilizing Cadmium in Soil 2009 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009 Abstract A study was conducted to compare the effects of phosphate (P) materials in reducing cadmium extractability. Seven P materials (commercial P fertilizers—fused phosphate (FP), ‘fused and superphosphate’ [FSP], and rock phosphate [RP]; P chemicals—Ca[$ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $]2·$ H_{2} $O, [$ NH_{4} $]2$ HPO_{4} $, $ KH_{2} $$ PO_{4} $, and $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $) were selected for the test. The selected P source was mixed with Cd-contaminated soil at the rate of 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 mg P $ kg^{−1} $ under controlled moisture conditions at 70% of water holding capacity, then incubated for 8 weeks. FP, Ca($ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $)2 ∙ $ H_{2} $O, $ KH_{2} $$ PO_{4} $, and $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ significantly decreased $ NH_{4} $OAc-extractable Cd (plant-available form) concentrations with increasing application rates. Compared to other phosphate materials used, $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ was found to be the most effective in reducing the plant-available Cd concentration in soil, mainly due to the negative charge increase caused by soil pH and phosphate adsorption. Contrary to the general information, FSP and ($ NH_{4} $)2$ HPO_{4} $ increased Cd extractability at low levels of P application (<400 mg $ kg^{−1} $), and thereafter Cd extractability decreased significantly with increasing application rate. RP scarcely had an effect on reducing Cd extractability. Ion activity products of $ CdHPO_{4} $, Cd(OH)2, and $ CdCO_{3} $ analyzed by the MINTEQ program were significantly increased by $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ addition, but the effect of Cd-P compound formation on reducing Cd extractability was negligible. Conclusively, the P-induced alleviation of Cd extractability can be attributed primarily to Cd immobilization due to the increase in soil pH and negative charge rather than Cd-P precipitation, and therefore, alkaline P materials such as $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ are effective for immobilizing soil Cd. Phosphate Fertilizer Phosphate Material Phosphate Adsorption CdCO3 Visual MINTEQ Chung, Doug Young aut Lee, Do Kyoung aut Kim, Pil Joo aut Enthalten in Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology Springer-Verlag, 1973 58(2009), 2 vom: 26. Juli, Seite 268-274 (DE-627)129397725 (DE-600)185986-9 (DE-576)01478100X 0090-4341 nnns volume:58 year:2009 number:2 day:26 month:07 pages:268-274 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-009-9363-2 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_130 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4219 GBV_ILN_4277 AR 58 2009 2 26 07 268-274
allfieldsGer	10.1007/s00244-009-9363-2 doi (DE-627)OLC2070713504 (DE-He213)s00244-009-9363-2-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 610 VZ Hong, Chang Oh verfasserin aut Comparison of Phosphate Materials for Immobilizing Cadmium in Soil 2009 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009 Abstract A study was conducted to compare the effects of phosphate (P) materials in reducing cadmium extractability. Seven P materials (commercial P fertilizers—fused phosphate (FP), ‘fused and superphosphate’ [FSP], and rock phosphate [RP]; P chemicals—Ca[$ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $]2·$ H_{2} $O, [$ NH_{4} $]2$ HPO_{4} $, $ KH_{2} $$ PO_{4} $, and $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $) were selected for the test. The selected P source was mixed with Cd-contaminated soil at the rate of 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 mg P $ kg^{−1} $ under controlled moisture conditions at 70% of water holding capacity, then incubated for 8 weeks. FP, Ca($ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $)2 ∙ $ H_{2} $O, $ KH_{2} $$ PO_{4} $, and $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ significantly decreased $ NH_{4} $OAc-extractable Cd (plant-available form) concentrations with increasing application rates. Compared to other phosphate materials used, $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ was found to be the most effective in reducing the plant-available Cd concentration in soil, mainly due to the negative charge increase caused by soil pH and phosphate adsorption. Contrary to the general information, FSP and ($ NH_{4} $)2$ HPO_{4} $ increased Cd extractability at low levels of P application (<400 mg $ kg^{−1} $), and thereafter Cd extractability decreased significantly with increasing application rate. RP scarcely had an effect on reducing Cd extractability. Ion activity products of $ CdHPO_{4} $, Cd(OH)2, and $ CdCO_{3} $ analyzed by the MINTEQ program were significantly increased by $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ addition, but the effect of Cd-P compound formation on reducing Cd extractability was negligible. Conclusively, the P-induced alleviation of Cd extractability can be attributed primarily to Cd immobilization due to the increase in soil pH and negative charge rather than Cd-P precipitation, and therefore, alkaline P materials such as $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ are effective for immobilizing soil Cd. Phosphate Fertilizer Phosphate Material Phosphate Adsorption CdCO3 Visual MINTEQ Chung, Doug Young aut Lee, Do Kyoung aut Kim, Pil Joo aut Enthalten in Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology Springer-Verlag, 1973 58(2009), 2 vom: 26. Juli, Seite 268-274 (DE-627)129397725 (DE-600)185986-9 (DE-576)01478100X 0090-4341 nnns volume:58 year:2009 number:2 day:26 month:07 pages:268-274 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-009-9363-2 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_130 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4219 GBV_ILN_4277 AR 58 2009 2 26 07 268-274
allfieldsSound	10.1007/s00244-009-9363-2 doi (DE-627)OLC2070713504 (DE-He213)s00244-009-9363-2-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 610 VZ Hong, Chang Oh verfasserin aut Comparison of Phosphate Materials for Immobilizing Cadmium in Soil 2009 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009 Abstract A study was conducted to compare the effects of phosphate (P) materials in reducing cadmium extractability. Seven P materials (commercial P fertilizers—fused phosphate (FP), ‘fused and superphosphate’ [FSP], and rock phosphate [RP]; P chemicals—Ca[$ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $]2·$ H_{2} $O, [$ NH_{4} $]2$ HPO_{4} $, $ KH_{2} $$ PO_{4} $, and $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $) were selected for the test. The selected P source was mixed with Cd-contaminated soil at the rate of 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 mg P $ kg^{−1} $ under controlled moisture conditions at 70% of water holding capacity, then incubated for 8 weeks. FP, Ca($ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $)2 ∙ $ H_{2} $O, $ KH_{2} $$ PO_{4} $, and $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ significantly decreased $ NH_{4} $OAc-extractable Cd (plant-available form) concentrations with increasing application rates. Compared to other phosphate materials used, $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ was found to be the most effective in reducing the plant-available Cd concentration in soil, mainly due to the negative charge increase caused by soil pH and phosphate adsorption. Contrary to the general information, FSP and ($ NH_{4} $)2$ HPO_{4} $ increased Cd extractability at low levels of P application (<400 mg $ kg^{−1} $), and thereafter Cd extractability decreased significantly with increasing application rate. RP scarcely had an effect on reducing Cd extractability. Ion activity products of $ CdHPO_{4} $, Cd(OH)2, and $ CdCO_{3} $ analyzed by the MINTEQ program were significantly increased by $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ addition, but the effect of Cd-P compound formation on reducing Cd extractability was negligible. Conclusively, the P-induced alleviation of Cd extractability can be attributed primarily to Cd immobilization due to the increase in soil pH and negative charge rather than Cd-P precipitation, and therefore, alkaline P materials such as $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ are effective for immobilizing soil Cd. Phosphate Fertilizer Phosphate Material Phosphate Adsorption CdCO3 Visual MINTEQ Chung, Doug Young aut Lee, Do Kyoung aut Kim, Pil Joo aut Enthalten in Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology Springer-Verlag, 1973 58(2009), 2 vom: 26. Juli, Seite 268-274 (DE-627)129397725 (DE-600)185986-9 (DE-576)01478100X 0090-4341 nnns volume:58 year:2009 number:2 day:26 month:07 pages:268-274 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-009-9363-2 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_130 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4219 GBV_ILN_4277 AR 58 2009 2 26 07 268-274
language	English
source	Enthalten in Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 58(2009), 2 vom: 26. Juli, Seite 268-274 volume:58 year:2009 number:2 day:26 month:07 pages:268-274
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topic_facet	Phosphate Fertilizer Phosphate Material Phosphate Adsorption CdCO3 Visual MINTEQ
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authorswithroles_txt_mv	Hong, Chang Oh @@aut@@ Chung, Doug Young @@aut@@ Lee, Do Kyoung @@aut@@ Kim, Pil Joo @@aut@@
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Seven P materials (commercial P fertilizers—fused phosphate (FP), ‘fused and superphosphate’ [FSP], and rock phosphate [RP]; P chemicals—Ca[$ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $]2·$ H_{2} $O, [$ NH_{4} $]2$ HPO_{4} $, $ KH_{2} $$ PO_{4} $, and $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $) were selected for the test. The selected P source was mixed with Cd-contaminated soil at the rate of 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 mg P $ kg^{−1} $ under controlled moisture conditions at 70% of water holding capacity, then incubated for 8 weeks. FP, Ca($ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $)2 ∙ $ H_{2} $O, $ KH_{2} $$ PO_{4} $, and $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ significantly decreased $ NH_{4} $OAc-extractable Cd (plant-available form) concentrations with increasing application rates. Compared to other phosphate materials used, $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ was found to be the most effective in reducing the plant-available Cd concentration in soil, mainly due to the negative charge increase caused by soil pH and phosphate adsorption. Contrary to the general information, FSP and ($ NH_{4} $)2$ HPO_{4} $ increased Cd extractability at low levels of P application (<400 mg $ kg^{−1} $), and thereafter Cd extractability decreased significantly with increasing application rate. RP scarcely had an effect on reducing Cd extractability. Ion activity products of $ CdHPO_{4} $, Cd(OH)2, and $ CdCO_{3} $ analyzed by the MINTEQ program were significantly increased by $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ addition, but the effect of Cd-P compound formation on reducing Cd extractability was negligible. 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author	Hong, Chang Oh
spellingShingle	Hong, Chang Oh ddc 333.7 misc Phosphate Fertilizer misc Phosphate Material misc Phosphate Adsorption misc CdCO3 misc Visual MINTEQ Comparison of Phosphate Materials for Immobilizing Cadmium in Soil
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topic_title	333.7 610 VZ Comparison of Phosphate Materials for Immobilizing Cadmium in Soil Phosphate Fertilizer Phosphate Material Phosphate Adsorption CdCO3 Visual MINTEQ
topic	ddc 333.7 misc Phosphate Fertilizer misc Phosphate Material misc Phosphate Adsorption misc CdCO3 misc Visual MINTEQ
topic_unstemmed	ddc 333.7 misc Phosphate Fertilizer misc Phosphate Material misc Phosphate Adsorption misc CdCO3 misc Visual MINTEQ
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title	Comparison of Phosphate Materials for Immobilizing Cadmium in Soil
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title_full	Comparison of Phosphate Materials for Immobilizing Cadmium in Soil
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author_browse	Hong, Chang Oh Chung, Doug Young Lee, Do Kyoung Kim, Pil Joo
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dewey-full	333.7 610
title_sort	comparison of phosphate materials for immobilizing cadmium in soil
title_auth	Comparison of Phosphate Materials for Immobilizing Cadmium in Soil
abstract	Abstract A study was conducted to compare the effects of phosphate (P) materials in reducing cadmium extractability. Seven P materials (commercial P fertilizers—fused phosphate (FP), ‘fused and superphosphate’ [FSP], and rock phosphate [RP]; P chemicals—Ca[$ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $]2·$ H_{2} $O, [$ NH_{4} $]2$ HPO_{4} $, $ KH_{2} $$ PO_{4} $, and $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $) were selected for the test. The selected P source was mixed with Cd-contaminated soil at the rate of 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 mg P $ kg^{−1} $ under controlled moisture conditions at 70% of water holding capacity, then incubated for 8 weeks. FP, Ca($ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $)2 ∙ $ H_{2} $O, $ KH_{2} $$ PO_{4} $, and $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ significantly decreased $ NH_{4} $OAc-extractable Cd (plant-available form) concentrations with increasing application rates. Compared to other phosphate materials used, $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ was found to be the most effective in reducing the plant-available Cd concentration in soil, mainly due to the negative charge increase caused by soil pH and phosphate adsorption. Contrary to the general information, FSP and ($ NH_{4} $)2$ HPO_{4} $ increased Cd extractability at low levels of P application (<400 mg $ kg^{−1} $), and thereafter Cd extractability decreased significantly with increasing application rate. RP scarcely had an effect on reducing Cd extractability. Ion activity products of $ CdHPO_{4} $, Cd(OH)2, and $ CdCO_{3} $ analyzed by the MINTEQ program were significantly increased by $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ addition, but the effect of Cd-P compound formation on reducing Cd extractability was negligible. Conclusively, the P-induced alleviation of Cd extractability can be attributed primarily to Cd immobilization due to the increase in soil pH and negative charge rather than Cd-P precipitation, and therefore, alkaline P materials such as $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ are effective for immobilizing soil Cd. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009
abstractGer	Abstract A study was conducted to compare the effects of phosphate (P) materials in reducing cadmium extractability. Seven P materials (commercial P fertilizers—fused phosphate (FP), ‘fused and superphosphate’ [FSP], and rock phosphate [RP]; P chemicals—Ca[$ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $]2·$ H_{2} $O, [$ NH_{4} $]2$ HPO_{4} $, $ KH_{2} $$ PO_{4} $, and $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $) were selected for the test. The selected P source was mixed with Cd-contaminated soil at the rate of 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 mg P $ kg^{−1} $ under controlled moisture conditions at 70% of water holding capacity, then incubated for 8 weeks. FP, Ca($ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $)2 ∙ $ H_{2} $O, $ KH_{2} $$ PO_{4} $, and $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ significantly decreased $ NH_{4} $OAc-extractable Cd (plant-available form) concentrations with increasing application rates. Compared to other phosphate materials used, $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ was found to be the most effective in reducing the plant-available Cd concentration in soil, mainly due to the negative charge increase caused by soil pH and phosphate adsorption. Contrary to the general information, FSP and ($ NH_{4} $)2$ HPO_{4} $ increased Cd extractability at low levels of P application (<400 mg $ kg^{−1} $), and thereafter Cd extractability decreased significantly with increasing application rate. RP scarcely had an effect on reducing Cd extractability. Ion activity products of $ CdHPO_{4} $, Cd(OH)2, and $ CdCO_{3} $ analyzed by the MINTEQ program were significantly increased by $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ addition, but the effect of Cd-P compound formation on reducing Cd extractability was negligible. Conclusively, the P-induced alleviation of Cd extractability can be attributed primarily to Cd immobilization due to the increase in soil pH and negative charge rather than Cd-P precipitation, and therefore, alkaline P materials such as $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ are effective for immobilizing soil Cd. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009
abstract_unstemmed	Abstract A study was conducted to compare the effects of phosphate (P) materials in reducing cadmium extractability. Seven P materials (commercial P fertilizers—fused phosphate (FP), ‘fused and superphosphate’ [FSP], and rock phosphate [RP]; P chemicals—Ca[$ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $]2·$ H_{2} $O, [$ NH_{4} $]2$ HPO_{4} $, $ KH_{2} $$ PO_{4} $, and $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $) were selected for the test. The selected P source was mixed with Cd-contaminated soil at the rate of 0, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 mg P $ kg^{−1} $ under controlled moisture conditions at 70% of water holding capacity, then incubated for 8 weeks. FP, Ca($ H_{2} $$ PO_{4} $)2 ∙ $ H_{2} $O, $ KH_{2} $$ PO_{4} $, and $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ significantly decreased $ NH_{4} $OAc-extractable Cd (plant-available form) concentrations with increasing application rates. Compared to other phosphate materials used, $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ was found to be the most effective in reducing the plant-available Cd concentration in soil, mainly due to the negative charge increase caused by soil pH and phosphate adsorption. Contrary to the general information, FSP and ($ NH_{4} $)2$ HPO_{4} $ increased Cd extractability at low levels of P application (<400 mg $ kg^{−1} $), and thereafter Cd extractability decreased significantly with increasing application rate. RP scarcely had an effect on reducing Cd extractability. Ion activity products of $ CdHPO_{4} $, Cd(OH)2, and $ CdCO_{3} $ analyzed by the MINTEQ program were significantly increased by $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ addition, but the effect of Cd-P compound formation on reducing Cd extractability was negligible. Conclusively, the P-induced alleviation of Cd extractability can be attributed primarily to Cd immobilization due to the increase in soil pH and negative charge rather than Cd-P precipitation, and therefore, alkaline P materials such as $ K_{2} $$ HPO_{4} $ are effective for immobilizing soil Cd. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2009
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title_short	Comparison of Phosphate Materials for Immobilizing Cadmium in Soil
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