Development of a chemistry module for GCMs: first results of a multiannual integration

Abstract The comprehensive chemistry module CHEM has been developed for application in general circulation models (GCMs) describing tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, including photochemical reactions and heterogeneous reactions on sulphate aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds. It has been coupled to the spectral atmospheric GCM ECHAM3. The model configuration used in the current study has been run in an –off-line” mode, i.e. the calculated chemical species do not affect the radiative forcing of the dynamic fields. First results of a 15-year model integration indicate that the model ECHAM3/CHEM runs are numerically efficient and stable, i.e. that no model drift can be detected in dynamic and chemical parameters. The model reproduces the main features regarding ozone, in particular intra- and interannual variability. The ozone columns are somewhat higher than observed (approximately 10%), while the amplitude of the annual cycle is in agreement with observations. A comparison with HALOE data reveals, however, a serious model deficiency regarding lower-stratosphere dynamics at high latitudes. Contrary to what is concluded by observations, the lower stratosphere is characterized by slight upward motions in the polar regions, so that some of the mentioned good agreements must be considered as fortuitous. Nevertheless, ECHAM3/CHEM well describes the chemical processes leading to ozone reduction. It has been shown that the mean fraction of the northern hemisphere, which is covered by polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) as well as the temporal appearance of PSCs in the model, is in fair agreement with observations. The model results show an activation of chlorine inside the polar vortex which is stronger in the southern than in the northern winter hemisphere, yielding an ozone hole over the Antarctic; this hole, however, is also caused to a substantial degree by the dynamics. Interhemispheric differences concerning reformation of chlorine reservoir species HCl and $ ClONO_{2} $ in spring have also been well reproduced by the model. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Steil, B. [verfasserIn] Dameris, M. Brühl, C. Crutzen, P. J. Grewe, V. Ponater, M. Sausen, R.

Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	1998

Anmerkung:	© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: Annales geophysicae - Springer-Verlag, 1983, 16(1998), 2 vom: Feb., Seite 205-228
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:16 ; year:1998 ; number:2 ; month:02 ; pages:205-228

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1007/s00585-998-0205-8

Katalog-ID:	OLC2071782496

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520			\|a Abstract The comprehensive chemistry module CHEM has been developed for application in general circulation models (GCMs) describing tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, including photochemical reactions and heterogeneous reactions on sulphate aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds. It has been coupled to the spectral atmospheric GCM ECHAM3. The model configuration used in the current study has been run in an –off-line” mode, i.e. the calculated chemical species do not affect the radiative forcing of the dynamic fields. First results of a 15-year model integration indicate that the model ECHAM3/CHEM runs are numerically efficient and stable, i.e. that no model drift can be detected in dynamic and chemical parameters. The model reproduces the main features regarding ozone, in particular intra- and interannual variability. The ozone columns are somewhat higher than observed (approximately 10%), while the amplitude of the annual cycle is in agreement with observations. A comparison with HALOE data reveals, however, a serious model deficiency regarding lower-stratosphere dynamics at high latitudes. Contrary to what is concluded by observations, the lower stratosphere is characterized by slight upward motions in the polar regions, so that some of the mentioned good agreements must be considered as fortuitous. Nevertheless, ECHAM3/CHEM well describes the chemical processes leading to ozone reduction. It has been shown that the mean fraction of the northern hemisphere, which is covered by polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) as well as the temporal appearance of PSCs in the model, is in fair agreement with observations. The model results show an activation of chlorine inside the polar vortex which is stronger in the southern than in the northern winter hemisphere, yielding an ozone hole over the Antarctic; this hole, however, is also caused to a substantial degree by the dynamics. Interhemispheric differences concerning reformation of chlorine reservoir species HCl and $ ClONO_{2} $ in spring have also been well reproduced by the model.
700	1		\|a Dameris, M. \|4 aut
700	1		\|a Brühl, C. \|4 aut
700	1		\|a Crutzen, P. J. \|4 aut
700	1		\|a Grewe, V. \|4 aut
700	1		\|a Ponater, M. \|4 aut
700	1		\|a Sausen, R. \|4 aut
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allfields	10.1007/s00585-998-0205-8 doi (DE-627)OLC2071782496 (DE-He213)s00585-998-0205-8-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ 16,13 ssgn Steil, B. verfasserin aut Development of a chemistry module for GCMs: first results of a multiannual integration 1998 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998 Abstract The comprehensive chemistry module CHEM has been developed for application in general circulation models (GCMs) describing tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, including photochemical reactions and heterogeneous reactions on sulphate aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds. It has been coupled to the spectral atmospheric GCM ECHAM3. The model configuration used in the current study has been run in an –off-line” mode, i.e. the calculated chemical species do not affect the radiative forcing of the dynamic fields. First results of a 15-year model integration indicate that the model ECHAM3/CHEM runs are numerically efficient and stable, i.e. that no model drift can be detected in dynamic and chemical parameters. The model reproduces the main features regarding ozone, in particular intra- and interannual variability. The ozone columns are somewhat higher than observed (approximately 10%), while the amplitude of the annual cycle is in agreement with observations. A comparison with HALOE data reveals, however, a serious model deficiency regarding lower-stratosphere dynamics at high latitudes. Contrary to what is concluded by observations, the lower stratosphere is characterized by slight upward motions in the polar regions, so that some of the mentioned good agreements must be considered as fortuitous. Nevertheless, ECHAM3/CHEM well describes the chemical processes leading to ozone reduction. It has been shown that the mean fraction of the northern hemisphere, which is covered by polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) as well as the temporal appearance of PSCs in the model, is in fair agreement with observations. The model results show an activation of chlorine inside the polar vortex which is stronger in the southern than in the northern winter hemisphere, yielding an ozone hole over the Antarctic; this hole, however, is also caused to a substantial degree by the dynamics. Interhemispheric differences concerning reformation of chlorine reservoir species HCl and $ ClONO_{2} $ in spring have also been well reproduced by the model. Dameris, M. aut Brühl, C. aut Crutzen, P. J. aut Grewe, V. aut Ponater, M. aut Sausen, R. aut Enthalten in Annales geophysicae Springer-Verlag, 1983 16(1998), 2 vom: Feb., Seite 205-228 (DE-627)129620742 (DE-600)246086-5 (DE-576)01512696X 0992-7689 nnns volume:16 year:1998 number:2 month:02 pages:205-228 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0205-8 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-PHY SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-GEO GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_47 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_154 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_601 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4309 GBV_ILN_4317 AR 16 1998 2 02 205-228
spelling	10.1007/s00585-998-0205-8 doi (DE-627)OLC2071782496 (DE-He213)s00585-998-0205-8-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ 16,13 ssgn Steil, B. verfasserin aut Development of a chemistry module for GCMs: first results of a multiannual integration 1998 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998 Abstract The comprehensive chemistry module CHEM has been developed for application in general circulation models (GCMs) describing tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, including photochemical reactions and heterogeneous reactions on sulphate aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds. It has been coupled to the spectral atmospheric GCM ECHAM3. The model configuration used in the current study has been run in an –off-line” mode, i.e. the calculated chemical species do not affect the radiative forcing of the dynamic fields. First results of a 15-year model integration indicate that the model ECHAM3/CHEM runs are numerically efficient and stable, i.e. that no model drift can be detected in dynamic and chemical parameters. The model reproduces the main features regarding ozone, in particular intra- and interannual variability. The ozone columns are somewhat higher than observed (approximately 10%), while the amplitude of the annual cycle is in agreement with observations. A comparison with HALOE data reveals, however, a serious model deficiency regarding lower-stratosphere dynamics at high latitudes. Contrary to what is concluded by observations, the lower stratosphere is characterized by slight upward motions in the polar regions, so that some of the mentioned good agreements must be considered as fortuitous. Nevertheless, ECHAM3/CHEM well describes the chemical processes leading to ozone reduction. It has been shown that the mean fraction of the northern hemisphere, which is covered by polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) as well as the temporal appearance of PSCs in the model, is in fair agreement with observations. The model results show an activation of chlorine inside the polar vortex which is stronger in the southern than in the northern winter hemisphere, yielding an ozone hole over the Antarctic; this hole, however, is also caused to a substantial degree by the dynamics. Interhemispheric differences concerning reformation of chlorine reservoir species HCl and $ ClONO_{2} $ in spring have also been well reproduced by the model. Dameris, M. aut Brühl, C. aut Crutzen, P. J. aut Grewe, V. aut Ponater, M. aut Sausen, R. aut Enthalten in Annales geophysicae Springer-Verlag, 1983 16(1998), 2 vom: Feb., Seite 205-228 (DE-627)129620742 (DE-600)246086-5 (DE-576)01512696X 0992-7689 nnns volume:16 year:1998 number:2 month:02 pages:205-228 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0205-8 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-PHY SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-GEO GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_47 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_154 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_601 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4309 GBV_ILN_4317 AR 16 1998 2 02 205-228
allfields_unstemmed	10.1007/s00585-998-0205-8 doi (DE-627)OLC2071782496 (DE-He213)s00585-998-0205-8-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ 16,13 ssgn Steil, B. verfasserin aut Development of a chemistry module for GCMs: first results of a multiannual integration 1998 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998 Abstract The comprehensive chemistry module CHEM has been developed for application in general circulation models (GCMs) describing tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, including photochemical reactions and heterogeneous reactions on sulphate aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds. It has been coupled to the spectral atmospheric GCM ECHAM3. The model configuration used in the current study has been run in an –off-line” mode, i.e. the calculated chemical species do not affect the radiative forcing of the dynamic fields. First results of a 15-year model integration indicate that the model ECHAM3/CHEM runs are numerically efficient and stable, i.e. that no model drift can be detected in dynamic and chemical parameters. The model reproduces the main features regarding ozone, in particular intra- and interannual variability. The ozone columns are somewhat higher than observed (approximately 10%), while the amplitude of the annual cycle is in agreement with observations. A comparison with HALOE data reveals, however, a serious model deficiency regarding lower-stratosphere dynamics at high latitudes. Contrary to what is concluded by observations, the lower stratosphere is characterized by slight upward motions in the polar regions, so that some of the mentioned good agreements must be considered as fortuitous. Nevertheless, ECHAM3/CHEM well describes the chemical processes leading to ozone reduction. It has been shown that the mean fraction of the northern hemisphere, which is covered by polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) as well as the temporal appearance of PSCs in the model, is in fair agreement with observations. The model results show an activation of chlorine inside the polar vortex which is stronger in the southern than in the northern winter hemisphere, yielding an ozone hole over the Antarctic; this hole, however, is also caused to a substantial degree by the dynamics. Interhemispheric differences concerning reformation of chlorine reservoir species HCl and $ ClONO_{2} $ in spring have also been well reproduced by the model. Dameris, M. aut Brühl, C. aut Crutzen, P. J. aut Grewe, V. aut Ponater, M. aut Sausen, R. aut Enthalten in Annales geophysicae Springer-Verlag, 1983 16(1998), 2 vom: Feb., Seite 205-228 (DE-627)129620742 (DE-600)246086-5 (DE-576)01512696X 0992-7689 nnns volume:16 year:1998 number:2 month:02 pages:205-228 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0205-8 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-PHY SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-GEO GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_47 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_154 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_601 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4309 GBV_ILN_4317 AR 16 1998 2 02 205-228
allfieldsGer	10.1007/s00585-998-0205-8 doi (DE-627)OLC2071782496 (DE-He213)s00585-998-0205-8-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ 16,13 ssgn Steil, B. verfasserin aut Development of a chemistry module for GCMs: first results of a multiannual integration 1998 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998 Abstract The comprehensive chemistry module CHEM has been developed for application in general circulation models (GCMs) describing tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, including photochemical reactions and heterogeneous reactions on sulphate aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds. It has been coupled to the spectral atmospheric GCM ECHAM3. The model configuration used in the current study has been run in an –off-line” mode, i.e. the calculated chemical species do not affect the radiative forcing of the dynamic fields. First results of a 15-year model integration indicate that the model ECHAM3/CHEM runs are numerically efficient and stable, i.e. that no model drift can be detected in dynamic and chemical parameters. The model reproduces the main features regarding ozone, in particular intra- and interannual variability. The ozone columns are somewhat higher than observed (approximately 10%), while the amplitude of the annual cycle is in agreement with observations. A comparison with HALOE data reveals, however, a serious model deficiency regarding lower-stratosphere dynamics at high latitudes. Contrary to what is concluded by observations, the lower stratosphere is characterized by slight upward motions in the polar regions, so that some of the mentioned good agreements must be considered as fortuitous. Nevertheless, ECHAM3/CHEM well describes the chemical processes leading to ozone reduction. It has been shown that the mean fraction of the northern hemisphere, which is covered by polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) as well as the temporal appearance of PSCs in the model, is in fair agreement with observations. The model results show an activation of chlorine inside the polar vortex which is stronger in the southern than in the northern winter hemisphere, yielding an ozone hole over the Antarctic; this hole, however, is also caused to a substantial degree by the dynamics. Interhemispheric differences concerning reformation of chlorine reservoir species HCl and $ ClONO_{2} $ in spring have also been well reproduced by the model. Dameris, M. aut Brühl, C. aut Crutzen, P. J. aut Grewe, V. aut Ponater, M. aut Sausen, R. aut Enthalten in Annales geophysicae Springer-Verlag, 1983 16(1998), 2 vom: Feb., Seite 205-228 (DE-627)129620742 (DE-600)246086-5 (DE-576)01512696X 0992-7689 nnns volume:16 year:1998 number:2 month:02 pages:205-228 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0205-8 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-PHY SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-GEO GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_47 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_154 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_601 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4309 GBV_ILN_4317 AR 16 1998 2 02 205-228
allfieldsSound	10.1007/s00585-998-0205-8 doi (DE-627)OLC2071782496 (DE-He213)s00585-998-0205-8-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 550 VZ 550 VZ 16,13 ssgn Steil, B. verfasserin aut Development of a chemistry module for GCMs: first results of a multiannual integration 1998 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998 Abstract The comprehensive chemistry module CHEM has been developed for application in general circulation models (GCMs) describing tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, including photochemical reactions and heterogeneous reactions on sulphate aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds. It has been coupled to the spectral atmospheric GCM ECHAM3. The model configuration used in the current study has been run in an –off-line” mode, i.e. the calculated chemical species do not affect the radiative forcing of the dynamic fields. First results of a 15-year model integration indicate that the model ECHAM3/CHEM runs are numerically efficient and stable, i.e. that no model drift can be detected in dynamic and chemical parameters. The model reproduces the main features regarding ozone, in particular intra- and interannual variability. The ozone columns are somewhat higher than observed (approximately 10%), while the amplitude of the annual cycle is in agreement with observations. A comparison with HALOE data reveals, however, a serious model deficiency regarding lower-stratosphere dynamics at high latitudes. Contrary to what is concluded by observations, the lower stratosphere is characterized by slight upward motions in the polar regions, so that some of the mentioned good agreements must be considered as fortuitous. Nevertheless, ECHAM3/CHEM well describes the chemical processes leading to ozone reduction. It has been shown that the mean fraction of the northern hemisphere, which is covered by polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) as well as the temporal appearance of PSCs in the model, is in fair agreement with observations. The model results show an activation of chlorine inside the polar vortex which is stronger in the southern than in the northern winter hemisphere, yielding an ozone hole over the Antarctic; this hole, however, is also caused to a substantial degree by the dynamics. Interhemispheric differences concerning reformation of chlorine reservoir species HCl and $ ClONO_{2} $ in spring have also been well reproduced by the model. Dameris, M. aut Brühl, C. aut Crutzen, P. J. aut Grewe, V. aut Ponater, M. aut Sausen, R. aut Enthalten in Annales geophysicae Springer-Verlag, 1983 16(1998), 2 vom: Feb., Seite 205-228 (DE-627)129620742 (DE-600)246086-5 (DE-576)01512696X 0992-7689 nnns volume:16 year:1998 number:2 month:02 pages:205-228 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00585-998-0205-8 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-PHY SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-GEO GBV_ILN_21 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_47 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_154 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_601 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4277 GBV_ILN_4309 GBV_ILN_4317 AR 16 1998 2 02 205-228
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source	Enthalten in Annales geophysicae 16(1998), 2 vom: Feb., Seite 205-228 volume:16 year:1998 number:2 month:02 pages:205-228
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title	Development of a chemistry module for GCMs: first results of a multiannual integration
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title_full	Development of a chemistry module for GCMs: first results of a multiannual integration
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title_sort	development of a chemistry module for gcms: first results of a multiannual integration
title_auth	Development of a chemistry module for GCMs: first results of a multiannual integration
abstract	Abstract The comprehensive chemistry module CHEM has been developed for application in general circulation models (GCMs) describing tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, including photochemical reactions and heterogeneous reactions on sulphate aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds. It has been coupled to the spectral atmospheric GCM ECHAM3. The model configuration used in the current study has been run in an –off-line” mode, i.e. the calculated chemical species do not affect the radiative forcing of the dynamic fields. First results of a 15-year model integration indicate that the model ECHAM3/CHEM runs are numerically efficient and stable, i.e. that no model drift can be detected in dynamic and chemical parameters. The model reproduces the main features regarding ozone, in particular intra- and interannual variability. The ozone columns are somewhat higher than observed (approximately 10%), while the amplitude of the annual cycle is in agreement with observations. A comparison with HALOE data reveals, however, a serious model deficiency regarding lower-stratosphere dynamics at high latitudes. Contrary to what is concluded by observations, the lower stratosphere is characterized by slight upward motions in the polar regions, so that some of the mentioned good agreements must be considered as fortuitous. Nevertheless, ECHAM3/CHEM well describes the chemical processes leading to ozone reduction. It has been shown that the mean fraction of the northern hemisphere, which is covered by polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) as well as the temporal appearance of PSCs in the model, is in fair agreement with observations. The model results show an activation of chlorine inside the polar vortex which is stronger in the southern than in the northern winter hemisphere, yielding an ozone hole over the Antarctic; this hole, however, is also caused to a substantial degree by the dynamics. Interhemispheric differences concerning reformation of chlorine reservoir species HCl and $ ClONO_{2} $ in spring have also been well reproduced by the model. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998
abstractGer	Abstract The comprehensive chemistry module CHEM has been developed for application in general circulation models (GCMs) describing tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, including photochemical reactions and heterogeneous reactions on sulphate aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds. It has been coupled to the spectral atmospheric GCM ECHAM3. The model configuration used in the current study has been run in an –off-line” mode, i.e. the calculated chemical species do not affect the radiative forcing of the dynamic fields. First results of a 15-year model integration indicate that the model ECHAM3/CHEM runs are numerically efficient and stable, i.e. that no model drift can be detected in dynamic and chemical parameters. The model reproduces the main features regarding ozone, in particular intra- and interannual variability. The ozone columns are somewhat higher than observed (approximately 10%), while the amplitude of the annual cycle is in agreement with observations. A comparison with HALOE data reveals, however, a serious model deficiency regarding lower-stratosphere dynamics at high latitudes. Contrary to what is concluded by observations, the lower stratosphere is characterized by slight upward motions in the polar regions, so that some of the mentioned good agreements must be considered as fortuitous. Nevertheless, ECHAM3/CHEM well describes the chemical processes leading to ozone reduction. It has been shown that the mean fraction of the northern hemisphere, which is covered by polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) as well as the temporal appearance of PSCs in the model, is in fair agreement with observations. The model results show an activation of chlorine inside the polar vortex which is stronger in the southern than in the northern winter hemisphere, yielding an ozone hole over the Antarctic; this hole, however, is also caused to a substantial degree by the dynamics. Interhemispheric differences concerning reformation of chlorine reservoir species HCl and $ ClONO_{2} $ in spring have also been well reproduced by the model. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998
abstract_unstemmed	Abstract The comprehensive chemistry module CHEM has been developed for application in general circulation models (GCMs) describing tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry, including photochemical reactions and heterogeneous reactions on sulphate aerosols and polar stratospheric clouds. It has been coupled to the spectral atmospheric GCM ECHAM3. The model configuration used in the current study has been run in an –off-line” mode, i.e. the calculated chemical species do not affect the radiative forcing of the dynamic fields. First results of a 15-year model integration indicate that the model ECHAM3/CHEM runs are numerically efficient and stable, i.e. that no model drift can be detected in dynamic and chemical parameters. The model reproduces the main features regarding ozone, in particular intra- and interannual variability. The ozone columns are somewhat higher than observed (approximately 10%), while the amplitude of the annual cycle is in agreement with observations. A comparison with HALOE data reveals, however, a serious model deficiency regarding lower-stratosphere dynamics at high latitudes. Contrary to what is concluded by observations, the lower stratosphere is characterized by slight upward motions in the polar regions, so that some of the mentioned good agreements must be considered as fortuitous. Nevertheless, ECHAM3/CHEM well describes the chemical processes leading to ozone reduction. It has been shown that the mean fraction of the northern hemisphere, which is covered by polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) as well as the temporal appearance of PSCs in the model, is in fair agreement with observations. The model results show an activation of chlorine inside the polar vortex which is stronger in the southern than in the northern winter hemisphere, yielding an ozone hole over the Antarctic; this hole, however, is also caused to a substantial degree by the dynamics. Interhemispheric differences concerning reformation of chlorine reservoir species HCl and $ ClONO_{2} $ in spring have also been well reproduced by the model. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1998
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title_short	Development of a chemistry module for GCMs: first results of a multiannual integration
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