Gravimetric and Chemical Features of Airborne $ PM_{10} $ AND $ PM_{2.5} $ in Mainland Portugal
Abstract This paper describes concentration amounts of arsenic (As), particulate mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) in $ PM_{10} $ and $ PM_{2.5} $, collected since 1993 by the Technological and Nuclear Institute (ITN) at different locations in mainland Portugal, featuring urban, industrial and...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Freitas, M. C. [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2005 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Anmerkung: |
© Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2005 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Environmental monitoring and assessment - Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1981, 109(2005), 1-3 vom: Okt., Seite 81-95 |
|---|---|
| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:109 ; year:2005 ; number:1-3 ; month:10 ; pages:81-95 |
| Links: |
|---|
| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s10661-005-5841-9 |
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OLC2073718728 |
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| 520 | |a Abstract This paper describes concentration amounts of arsenic (As), particulate mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) in $ PM_{10} $ and $ PM_{2.5} $, collected since 1993 by the Technological and Nuclear Institute (ITN) at different locations in mainland Portugal, featuring urban, industrial and rural environments, and a control as well. Most results were obtained in the vicinity of coal- and oil-fired power plants. Airborne mass concentrations were determined by gravimetry. As and Hg concentrations were obtained through instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and Ni and Pb concentrations through proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Comparison with the EU (European Union) and the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) directives for Ambient Air has been carried out, even though the sampling protocols herein – set within the framework of ITN's R&D projects and/or monitoring contracts – were not consistent with the former regulations. Taking this into account, 1) the EU daily limit for $ PM_{10} $ was exceeded a few times in all sites except the control, even if the number of times was still inferior to the allowed one; 2) the EU annual mean for $ PM_{10} $ was exceeded at one site; 3) the EPA daily limit for $ PM_{2.5} $ was exceeded one time at three sites; 4) the EPA annual mean for $ PM_{2.5} $ was exceeded at most sites; 5) the inner-Lisboa site approached or exceeded the legislated PMs; 6) Pb levels stayed far below the EU limit value; and 7) concentrations of As, Ni and Hg were also far less than the reference values adopted by EU. In every location, Ni appeared more concentrated in $ PM_{2.5} $ than in coarser particles, and its levels were not that different from site to site, excluding the control. The highest As and Hg concentrations were found in the neighbourhood of the coal-fired, utility power plants. The results may be viewed as a “worst-case scenario” of atmospheric pollution, since they have been obtained in busy urban-industrial areas and/or near major power-generation and waste-incineration facilities. | ||
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10.1007/s10661-005-5841-9 doi (DE-627)OLC2073718728 (DE-He213)s10661-005-5841-9-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 VZ Freitas, M. C. verfasserin aut Gravimetric and Chemical Features of Airborne $ PM_{10} $ AND $ PM_{2.5} $ in Mainland Portugal 2005 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2005 Abstract This paper describes concentration amounts of arsenic (As), particulate mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) in $ PM_{10} $ and $ PM_{2.5} $, collected since 1993 by the Technological and Nuclear Institute (ITN) at different locations in mainland Portugal, featuring urban, industrial and rural environments, and a control as well. Most results were obtained in the vicinity of coal- and oil-fired power plants. Airborne mass concentrations were determined by gravimetry. As and Hg concentrations were obtained through instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and Ni and Pb concentrations through proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Comparison with the EU (European Union) and the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) directives for Ambient Air has been carried out, even though the sampling protocols herein – set within the framework of ITN's R&D projects and/or monitoring contracts – were not consistent with the former regulations. Taking this into account, 1) the EU daily limit for $ PM_{10} $ was exceeded a few times in all sites except the control, even if the number of times was still inferior to the allowed one; 2) the EU annual mean for $ PM_{10} $ was exceeded at one site; 3) the EPA daily limit for $ PM_{2.5} $ was exceeded one time at three sites; 4) the EPA annual mean for $ PM_{2.5} $ was exceeded at most sites; 5) the inner-Lisboa site approached or exceeded the legislated PMs; 6) Pb levels stayed far below the EU limit value; and 7) concentrations of As, Ni and Hg were also far less than the reference values adopted by EU. In every location, Ni appeared more concentrated in $ PM_{2.5} $ than in coarser particles, and its levels were not that different from site to site, excluding the control. The highest As and Hg concentrations were found in the neighbourhood of the coal-fired, utility power plants. The results may be viewed as a “worst-case scenario” of atmospheric pollution, since they have been obtained in busy urban-industrial areas and/or near major power-generation and waste-incineration facilities. airborne particulates INAA PIXE PM PM toxic elements utility power plants Farinha, M. M. aut Ventura, M. G. aut Almeida, S. M. aut Reis, M. A. aut Pacheco, A. M. G. aut Enthalten in Environmental monitoring and assessment Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1981 109(2005), 1-3 vom: Okt., Seite 81-95 (DE-627)130549649 (DE-600)782621-7 (DE-576)476125413 0167-6369 nnns volume:109 year:2005 number:1-3 month:10 pages:81-95 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-5841-9 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-IBL GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_154 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4219 AR 109 2005 1-3 10 81-95 |
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10.1007/s10661-005-5841-9 doi (DE-627)OLC2073718728 (DE-He213)s10661-005-5841-9-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 VZ Freitas, M. C. verfasserin aut Gravimetric and Chemical Features of Airborne $ PM_{10} $ AND $ PM_{2.5} $ in Mainland Portugal 2005 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2005 Abstract This paper describes concentration amounts of arsenic (As), particulate mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) in $ PM_{10} $ and $ PM_{2.5} $, collected since 1993 by the Technological and Nuclear Institute (ITN) at different locations in mainland Portugal, featuring urban, industrial and rural environments, and a control as well. Most results were obtained in the vicinity of coal- and oil-fired power plants. Airborne mass concentrations were determined by gravimetry. As and Hg concentrations were obtained through instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and Ni and Pb concentrations through proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Comparison with the EU (European Union) and the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) directives for Ambient Air has been carried out, even though the sampling protocols herein – set within the framework of ITN's R&D projects and/or monitoring contracts – were not consistent with the former regulations. Taking this into account, 1) the EU daily limit for $ PM_{10} $ was exceeded a few times in all sites except the control, even if the number of times was still inferior to the allowed one; 2) the EU annual mean for $ PM_{10} $ was exceeded at one site; 3) the EPA daily limit for $ PM_{2.5} $ was exceeded one time at three sites; 4) the EPA annual mean for $ PM_{2.5} $ was exceeded at most sites; 5) the inner-Lisboa site approached or exceeded the legislated PMs; 6) Pb levels stayed far below the EU limit value; and 7) concentrations of As, Ni and Hg were also far less than the reference values adopted by EU. In every location, Ni appeared more concentrated in $ PM_{2.5} $ than in coarser particles, and its levels were not that different from site to site, excluding the control. The highest As and Hg concentrations were found in the neighbourhood of the coal-fired, utility power plants. The results may be viewed as a “worst-case scenario” of atmospheric pollution, since they have been obtained in busy urban-industrial areas and/or near major power-generation and waste-incineration facilities. airborne particulates INAA PIXE PM PM toxic elements utility power plants Farinha, M. M. aut Ventura, M. G. aut Almeida, S. M. aut Reis, M. A. aut Pacheco, A. M. G. aut Enthalten in Environmental monitoring and assessment Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1981 109(2005), 1-3 vom: Okt., Seite 81-95 (DE-627)130549649 (DE-600)782621-7 (DE-576)476125413 0167-6369 nnns volume:109 year:2005 number:1-3 month:10 pages:81-95 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-5841-9 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-IBL GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_154 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4219 AR 109 2005 1-3 10 81-95 |
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10.1007/s10661-005-5841-9 doi (DE-627)OLC2073718728 (DE-He213)s10661-005-5841-9-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 VZ Freitas, M. C. verfasserin aut Gravimetric and Chemical Features of Airborne $ PM_{10} $ AND $ PM_{2.5} $ in Mainland Portugal 2005 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2005 Abstract This paper describes concentration amounts of arsenic (As), particulate mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) in $ PM_{10} $ and $ PM_{2.5} $, collected since 1993 by the Technological and Nuclear Institute (ITN) at different locations in mainland Portugal, featuring urban, industrial and rural environments, and a control as well. Most results were obtained in the vicinity of coal- and oil-fired power plants. Airborne mass concentrations were determined by gravimetry. As and Hg concentrations were obtained through instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and Ni and Pb concentrations through proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Comparison with the EU (European Union) and the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) directives for Ambient Air has been carried out, even though the sampling protocols herein – set within the framework of ITN's R&D projects and/or monitoring contracts – were not consistent with the former regulations. Taking this into account, 1) the EU daily limit for $ PM_{10} $ was exceeded a few times in all sites except the control, even if the number of times was still inferior to the allowed one; 2) the EU annual mean for $ PM_{10} $ was exceeded at one site; 3) the EPA daily limit for $ PM_{2.5} $ was exceeded one time at three sites; 4) the EPA annual mean for $ PM_{2.5} $ was exceeded at most sites; 5) the inner-Lisboa site approached or exceeded the legislated PMs; 6) Pb levels stayed far below the EU limit value; and 7) concentrations of As, Ni and Hg were also far less than the reference values adopted by EU. In every location, Ni appeared more concentrated in $ PM_{2.5} $ than in coarser particles, and its levels were not that different from site to site, excluding the control. The highest As and Hg concentrations were found in the neighbourhood of the coal-fired, utility power plants. The results may be viewed as a “worst-case scenario” of atmospheric pollution, since they have been obtained in busy urban-industrial areas and/or near major power-generation and waste-incineration facilities. airborne particulates INAA PIXE PM PM toxic elements utility power plants Farinha, M. M. aut Ventura, M. G. aut Almeida, S. M. aut Reis, M. A. aut Pacheco, A. M. G. aut Enthalten in Environmental monitoring and assessment Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1981 109(2005), 1-3 vom: Okt., Seite 81-95 (DE-627)130549649 (DE-600)782621-7 (DE-576)476125413 0167-6369 nnns volume:109 year:2005 number:1-3 month:10 pages:81-95 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-5841-9 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-IBL GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_154 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4219 AR 109 2005 1-3 10 81-95 |
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10.1007/s10661-005-5841-9 doi (DE-627)OLC2073718728 (DE-He213)s10661-005-5841-9-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 VZ Freitas, M. C. verfasserin aut Gravimetric and Chemical Features of Airborne $ PM_{10} $ AND $ PM_{2.5} $ in Mainland Portugal 2005 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2005 Abstract This paper describes concentration amounts of arsenic (As), particulate mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) in $ PM_{10} $ and $ PM_{2.5} $, collected since 1993 by the Technological and Nuclear Institute (ITN) at different locations in mainland Portugal, featuring urban, industrial and rural environments, and a control as well. Most results were obtained in the vicinity of coal- and oil-fired power plants. Airborne mass concentrations were determined by gravimetry. As and Hg concentrations were obtained through instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and Ni and Pb concentrations through proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Comparison with the EU (European Union) and the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) directives for Ambient Air has been carried out, even though the sampling protocols herein – set within the framework of ITN's R&D projects and/or monitoring contracts – were not consistent with the former regulations. Taking this into account, 1) the EU daily limit for $ PM_{10} $ was exceeded a few times in all sites except the control, even if the number of times was still inferior to the allowed one; 2) the EU annual mean for $ PM_{10} $ was exceeded at one site; 3) the EPA daily limit for $ PM_{2.5} $ was exceeded one time at three sites; 4) the EPA annual mean for $ PM_{2.5} $ was exceeded at most sites; 5) the inner-Lisboa site approached or exceeded the legislated PMs; 6) Pb levels stayed far below the EU limit value; and 7) concentrations of As, Ni and Hg were also far less than the reference values adopted by EU. In every location, Ni appeared more concentrated in $ PM_{2.5} $ than in coarser particles, and its levels were not that different from site to site, excluding the control. The highest As and Hg concentrations were found in the neighbourhood of the coal-fired, utility power plants. The results may be viewed as a “worst-case scenario” of atmospheric pollution, since they have been obtained in busy urban-industrial areas and/or near major power-generation and waste-incineration facilities. airborne particulates INAA PIXE PM PM toxic elements utility power plants Farinha, M. M. aut Ventura, M. G. aut Almeida, S. M. aut Reis, M. A. aut Pacheco, A. M. G. aut Enthalten in Environmental monitoring and assessment Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1981 109(2005), 1-3 vom: Okt., Seite 81-95 (DE-627)130549649 (DE-600)782621-7 (DE-576)476125413 0167-6369 nnns volume:109 year:2005 number:1-3 month:10 pages:81-95 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-5841-9 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-IBL GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_154 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4219 AR 109 2005 1-3 10 81-95 |
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10.1007/s10661-005-5841-9 doi (DE-627)OLC2073718728 (DE-He213)s10661-005-5841-9-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 VZ Freitas, M. C. verfasserin aut Gravimetric and Chemical Features of Airborne $ PM_{10} $ AND $ PM_{2.5} $ in Mainland Portugal 2005 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2005 Abstract This paper describes concentration amounts of arsenic (As), particulate mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) in $ PM_{10} $ and $ PM_{2.5} $, collected since 1993 by the Technological and Nuclear Institute (ITN) at different locations in mainland Portugal, featuring urban, industrial and rural environments, and a control as well. Most results were obtained in the vicinity of coal- and oil-fired power plants. Airborne mass concentrations were determined by gravimetry. As and Hg concentrations were obtained through instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and Ni and Pb concentrations through proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Comparison with the EU (European Union) and the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) directives for Ambient Air has been carried out, even though the sampling protocols herein – set within the framework of ITN's R&D projects and/or monitoring contracts – were not consistent with the former regulations. Taking this into account, 1) the EU daily limit for $ PM_{10} $ was exceeded a few times in all sites except the control, even if the number of times was still inferior to the allowed one; 2) the EU annual mean for $ PM_{10} $ was exceeded at one site; 3) the EPA daily limit for $ PM_{2.5} $ was exceeded one time at three sites; 4) the EPA annual mean for $ PM_{2.5} $ was exceeded at most sites; 5) the inner-Lisboa site approached or exceeded the legislated PMs; 6) Pb levels stayed far below the EU limit value; and 7) concentrations of As, Ni and Hg were also far less than the reference values adopted by EU. In every location, Ni appeared more concentrated in $ PM_{2.5} $ than in coarser particles, and its levels were not that different from site to site, excluding the control. The highest As and Hg concentrations were found in the neighbourhood of the coal-fired, utility power plants. The results may be viewed as a “worst-case scenario” of atmospheric pollution, since they have been obtained in busy urban-industrial areas and/or near major power-generation and waste-incineration facilities. airborne particulates INAA PIXE PM PM toxic elements utility power plants Farinha, M. M. aut Ventura, M. G. aut Almeida, S. M. aut Reis, M. A. aut Pacheco, A. M. G. aut Enthalten in Environmental monitoring and assessment Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1981 109(2005), 1-3 vom: Okt., Seite 81-95 (DE-627)130549649 (DE-600)782621-7 (DE-576)476125413 0167-6369 nnns volume:109 year:2005 number:1-3 month:10 pages:81-95 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-5841-9 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-IBL GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_154 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4219 AR 109 2005 1-3 10 81-95 |
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C.</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Gravimetric and Chemical Features of Airborne $ PM_{10} $ AND $ PM_{2.5} $ in Mainland Portugal</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="c">2005</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Text</subfield><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen</subfield><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Band</subfield><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">© Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2005</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Abstract This paper describes concentration amounts of arsenic (As), particulate mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) in $ PM_{10} $ and $ PM_{2.5} $, collected since 1993 by the Technological and Nuclear Institute (ITN) at different locations in mainland Portugal, featuring urban, industrial and rural environments, and a control as well. 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Freitas, M. C. ddc 333.7 misc airborne particulates misc INAA misc PIXE misc PM misc toxic elements misc utility power plants Gravimetric and Chemical Features of Airborne $ PM_{10} $ AND $ PM_{2.5} $ in Mainland Portugal |
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333.7 VZ Gravimetric and Chemical Features of Airborne $ PM_{10} $ AND $ PM_{2.5} $ in Mainland Portugal airborne particulates INAA PIXE PM toxic elements utility power plants |
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gravimetric and chemical features of airborne $ pm_{10} $ and $ pm_{2.5} $ in mainland portugal |
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Gravimetric and Chemical Features of Airborne $ PM_{10} $ AND $ PM_{2.5} $ in Mainland Portugal |
| abstract |
Abstract This paper describes concentration amounts of arsenic (As), particulate mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) in $ PM_{10} $ and $ PM_{2.5} $, collected since 1993 by the Technological and Nuclear Institute (ITN) at different locations in mainland Portugal, featuring urban, industrial and rural environments, and a control as well. Most results were obtained in the vicinity of coal- and oil-fired power plants. Airborne mass concentrations were determined by gravimetry. As and Hg concentrations were obtained through instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and Ni and Pb concentrations through proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Comparison with the EU (European Union) and the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) directives for Ambient Air has been carried out, even though the sampling protocols herein – set within the framework of ITN's R&D projects and/or monitoring contracts – were not consistent with the former regulations. Taking this into account, 1) the EU daily limit for $ PM_{10} $ was exceeded a few times in all sites except the control, even if the number of times was still inferior to the allowed one; 2) the EU annual mean for $ PM_{10} $ was exceeded at one site; 3) the EPA daily limit for $ PM_{2.5} $ was exceeded one time at three sites; 4) the EPA annual mean for $ PM_{2.5} $ was exceeded at most sites; 5) the inner-Lisboa site approached or exceeded the legislated PMs; 6) Pb levels stayed far below the EU limit value; and 7) concentrations of As, Ni and Hg were also far less than the reference values adopted by EU. In every location, Ni appeared more concentrated in $ PM_{2.5} $ than in coarser particles, and its levels were not that different from site to site, excluding the control. The highest As and Hg concentrations were found in the neighbourhood of the coal-fired, utility power plants. The results may be viewed as a “worst-case scenario” of atmospheric pollution, since they have been obtained in busy urban-industrial areas and/or near major power-generation and waste-incineration facilities. © Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2005 |
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Abstract This paper describes concentration amounts of arsenic (As), particulate mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) in $ PM_{10} $ and $ PM_{2.5} $, collected since 1993 by the Technological and Nuclear Institute (ITN) at different locations in mainland Portugal, featuring urban, industrial and rural environments, and a control as well. Most results were obtained in the vicinity of coal- and oil-fired power plants. Airborne mass concentrations were determined by gravimetry. As and Hg concentrations were obtained through instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and Ni and Pb concentrations through proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Comparison with the EU (European Union) and the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) directives for Ambient Air has been carried out, even though the sampling protocols herein – set within the framework of ITN's R&D projects and/or monitoring contracts – were not consistent with the former regulations. Taking this into account, 1) the EU daily limit for $ PM_{10} $ was exceeded a few times in all sites except the control, even if the number of times was still inferior to the allowed one; 2) the EU annual mean for $ PM_{10} $ was exceeded at one site; 3) the EPA daily limit for $ PM_{2.5} $ was exceeded one time at three sites; 4) the EPA annual mean for $ PM_{2.5} $ was exceeded at most sites; 5) the inner-Lisboa site approached or exceeded the legislated PMs; 6) Pb levels stayed far below the EU limit value; and 7) concentrations of As, Ni and Hg were also far less than the reference values adopted by EU. In every location, Ni appeared more concentrated in $ PM_{2.5} $ than in coarser particles, and its levels were not that different from site to site, excluding the control. The highest As and Hg concentrations were found in the neighbourhood of the coal-fired, utility power plants. The results may be viewed as a “worst-case scenario” of atmospheric pollution, since they have been obtained in busy urban-industrial areas and/or near major power-generation and waste-incineration facilities. © Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2005 |
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Abstract This paper describes concentration amounts of arsenic (As), particulate mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb) in $ PM_{10} $ and $ PM_{2.5} $, collected since 1993 by the Technological and Nuclear Institute (ITN) at different locations in mainland Portugal, featuring urban, industrial and rural environments, and a control as well. Most results were obtained in the vicinity of coal- and oil-fired power plants. Airborne mass concentrations were determined by gravimetry. As and Hg concentrations were obtained through instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and Ni and Pb concentrations through proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Comparison with the EU (European Union) and the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) directives for Ambient Air has been carried out, even though the sampling protocols herein – set within the framework of ITN's R&D projects and/or monitoring contracts – were not consistent with the former regulations. Taking this into account, 1) the EU daily limit for $ PM_{10} $ was exceeded a few times in all sites except the control, even if the number of times was still inferior to the allowed one; 2) the EU annual mean for $ PM_{10} $ was exceeded at one site; 3) the EPA daily limit for $ PM_{2.5} $ was exceeded one time at three sites; 4) the EPA annual mean for $ PM_{2.5} $ was exceeded at most sites; 5) the inner-Lisboa site approached or exceeded the legislated PMs; 6) Pb levels stayed far below the EU limit value; and 7) concentrations of As, Ni and Hg were also far less than the reference values adopted by EU. In every location, Ni appeared more concentrated in $ PM_{2.5} $ than in coarser particles, and its levels were not that different from site to site, excluding the control. The highest As and Hg concentrations were found in the neighbourhood of the coal-fired, utility power plants. The results may be viewed as a “worst-case scenario” of atmospheric pollution, since they have been obtained in busy urban-industrial areas and/or near major power-generation and waste-incineration facilities. © Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. 2005 |
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