Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of the Environment in the Mining Site of Ouixane (North East Morocco)
Abstract This study aims to assess the metallic contamination of soils and water resources in the environment of the Ouixane mining area (North East Morocco). Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three con...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Autor*in: |
Khafouri, Azzeddine [verfasserIn] |
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Artikel |
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Sprache: |
Englisch |
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2021 |
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Anmerkung: |
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Water, air & soil pollution - Springer International Publishing, 1971, 232(2021), 10 vom: 21. Sept. |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:232 ; year:2021 ; number:10 ; day:21 ; month:09 |
Links: |
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DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 |
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Katalog-ID: |
OLC2077324767 |
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520 | |a Abstract This study aims to assess the metallic contamination of soils and water resources in the environment of the Ouixane mining area (North East Morocco). Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three contamination assessment methods were used as follows: enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and geo-accumulation index ($ I_{geo} $). The results showed that the soils of the studied area are highly enriched in metallic elements Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF) revealed an anthropogenic contamination of the majority of studied soils with an extreme contamination by Cd ($ EF_{m} $ = 59.29), Cu ($ EF_{m} $ = 45.93), and Zn ($ EF_{m} $ = 44.73). The results of PI revealed extreme contamination by Cu ($ PI_{m} $ = 7.12) and considerable contamination by Zn ($ PI_{m} $ = 5.61), Cd ($ PI_{m} $ = 4.83), Fe ($ PI_{m} $ = 3.09), and Pb ($ PI_{m} $ = 3). The $ I_{geo} $ results showed strong contamination for most of the metallic elements and extreme accumulation for Cu and Zn in the Axara-Imnassen lake and the valley located downstream from the Ouixane deposit. Depressions and lakes are highly contaminated by heavy metals due to the leaching phenomenon of surrounding geological formations rich in sulfides. The significant leaching of metallic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni…) led to significant acid mine drainage (AMD). On the other hand, the geochemistry of the water samples revealed the transfer of metallic pollutants to the water resources which become very acidic locally. Using the contamination degree index (Cd), surface water was found to be highly contaminated by heavy metals (Cd > 3) compared to well water (1 < Cd < 3). Contamination assessment indices combined with the geographic information system (GIS) have been used successfully to identify the most polluted sites. | ||
650 | 4 | |a Heavy metals | |
650 | 4 | |a Contamination assessment | |
650 | 4 | |a Soil pollution | |
650 | 4 | |a Water contamination | |
650 | 4 | |a Mining environment | |
650 | 4 | |a Acid mine drainage | |
700 | 1 | |a Talbi, El Hassan |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Abdelouas, Abdesselam |4 aut | |
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10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 doi (DE-627)OLC2077324767 (DE-He213)s11270-021-05318-6-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 333.7 VZ 12 13 ssgn BIODIV DE-30 fid ZC 7520 VZ rvk ZC 7520 VZ rvk Khafouri, Azzeddine verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-1920-712X aut Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of the Environment in the Mining Site of Ouixane (North East Morocco) 2021 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 Abstract This study aims to assess the metallic contamination of soils and water resources in the environment of the Ouixane mining area (North East Morocco). Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three contamination assessment methods were used as follows: enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and geo-accumulation index ($ I_{geo} $). The results showed that the soils of the studied area are highly enriched in metallic elements Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF) revealed an anthropogenic contamination of the majority of studied soils with an extreme contamination by Cd ($ EF_{m} $ = 59.29), Cu ($ EF_{m} $ = 45.93), and Zn ($ EF_{m} $ = 44.73). The results of PI revealed extreme contamination by Cu ($ PI_{m} $ = 7.12) and considerable contamination by Zn ($ PI_{m} $ = 5.61), Cd ($ PI_{m} $ = 4.83), Fe ($ PI_{m} $ = 3.09), and Pb ($ PI_{m} $ = 3). The $ I_{geo} $ results showed strong contamination for most of the metallic elements and extreme accumulation for Cu and Zn in the Axara-Imnassen lake and the valley located downstream from the Ouixane deposit. Depressions and lakes are highly contaminated by heavy metals due to the leaching phenomenon of surrounding geological formations rich in sulfides. The significant leaching of metallic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni…) led to significant acid mine drainage (AMD). On the other hand, the geochemistry of the water samples revealed the transfer of metallic pollutants to the water resources which become very acidic locally. Using the contamination degree index (Cd), surface water was found to be highly contaminated by heavy metals (Cd > 3) compared to well water (1 < Cd < 3). Contamination assessment indices combined with the geographic information system (GIS) have been used successfully to identify the most polluted sites. Heavy metals Contamination assessment Soil pollution Water contamination Mining environment Acid mine drainage Talbi, El Hassan aut Abdelouas, Abdesselam aut Enthalten in Water, air & soil pollution Springer International Publishing, 1971 232(2021), 10 vom: 21. Sept. (DE-627)12929134X (DE-600)120499-3 (DE-576)014472643 0049-6979 nnns volume:232 year:2021 number:10 day:21 month:09 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-IBL SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-GGO ZC 7520 ZC 7520 AR 232 2021 10 21 09 |
spelling |
10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 doi (DE-627)OLC2077324767 (DE-He213)s11270-021-05318-6-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 333.7 VZ 12 13 ssgn BIODIV DE-30 fid ZC 7520 VZ rvk ZC 7520 VZ rvk Khafouri, Azzeddine verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-1920-712X aut Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of the Environment in the Mining Site of Ouixane (North East Morocco) 2021 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 Abstract This study aims to assess the metallic contamination of soils and water resources in the environment of the Ouixane mining area (North East Morocco). Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three contamination assessment methods were used as follows: enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and geo-accumulation index ($ I_{geo} $). The results showed that the soils of the studied area are highly enriched in metallic elements Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF) revealed an anthropogenic contamination of the majority of studied soils with an extreme contamination by Cd ($ EF_{m} $ = 59.29), Cu ($ EF_{m} $ = 45.93), and Zn ($ EF_{m} $ = 44.73). The results of PI revealed extreme contamination by Cu ($ PI_{m} $ = 7.12) and considerable contamination by Zn ($ PI_{m} $ = 5.61), Cd ($ PI_{m} $ = 4.83), Fe ($ PI_{m} $ = 3.09), and Pb ($ PI_{m} $ = 3). The $ I_{geo} $ results showed strong contamination for most of the metallic elements and extreme accumulation for Cu and Zn in the Axara-Imnassen lake and the valley located downstream from the Ouixane deposit. Depressions and lakes are highly contaminated by heavy metals due to the leaching phenomenon of surrounding geological formations rich in sulfides. The significant leaching of metallic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni…) led to significant acid mine drainage (AMD). On the other hand, the geochemistry of the water samples revealed the transfer of metallic pollutants to the water resources which become very acidic locally. Using the contamination degree index (Cd), surface water was found to be highly contaminated by heavy metals (Cd > 3) compared to well water (1 < Cd < 3). Contamination assessment indices combined with the geographic information system (GIS) have been used successfully to identify the most polluted sites. Heavy metals Contamination assessment Soil pollution Water contamination Mining environment Acid mine drainage Talbi, El Hassan aut Abdelouas, Abdesselam aut Enthalten in Water, air & soil pollution Springer International Publishing, 1971 232(2021), 10 vom: 21. Sept. (DE-627)12929134X (DE-600)120499-3 (DE-576)014472643 0049-6979 nnns volume:232 year:2021 number:10 day:21 month:09 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-IBL SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-GGO ZC 7520 ZC 7520 AR 232 2021 10 21 09 |
allfields_unstemmed |
10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 doi (DE-627)OLC2077324767 (DE-He213)s11270-021-05318-6-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 333.7 VZ 12 13 ssgn BIODIV DE-30 fid ZC 7520 VZ rvk ZC 7520 VZ rvk Khafouri, Azzeddine verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-1920-712X aut Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of the Environment in the Mining Site of Ouixane (North East Morocco) 2021 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 Abstract This study aims to assess the metallic contamination of soils and water resources in the environment of the Ouixane mining area (North East Morocco). Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three contamination assessment methods were used as follows: enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and geo-accumulation index ($ I_{geo} $). The results showed that the soils of the studied area are highly enriched in metallic elements Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF) revealed an anthropogenic contamination of the majority of studied soils with an extreme contamination by Cd ($ EF_{m} $ = 59.29), Cu ($ EF_{m} $ = 45.93), and Zn ($ EF_{m} $ = 44.73). The results of PI revealed extreme contamination by Cu ($ PI_{m} $ = 7.12) and considerable contamination by Zn ($ PI_{m} $ = 5.61), Cd ($ PI_{m} $ = 4.83), Fe ($ PI_{m} $ = 3.09), and Pb ($ PI_{m} $ = 3). The $ I_{geo} $ results showed strong contamination for most of the metallic elements and extreme accumulation for Cu and Zn in the Axara-Imnassen lake and the valley located downstream from the Ouixane deposit. Depressions and lakes are highly contaminated by heavy metals due to the leaching phenomenon of surrounding geological formations rich in sulfides. The significant leaching of metallic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni…) led to significant acid mine drainage (AMD). On the other hand, the geochemistry of the water samples revealed the transfer of metallic pollutants to the water resources which become very acidic locally. Using the contamination degree index (Cd), surface water was found to be highly contaminated by heavy metals (Cd > 3) compared to well water (1 < Cd < 3). Contamination assessment indices combined with the geographic information system (GIS) have been used successfully to identify the most polluted sites. Heavy metals Contamination assessment Soil pollution Water contamination Mining environment Acid mine drainage Talbi, El Hassan aut Abdelouas, Abdesselam aut Enthalten in Water, air & soil pollution Springer International Publishing, 1971 232(2021), 10 vom: 21. Sept. (DE-627)12929134X (DE-600)120499-3 (DE-576)014472643 0049-6979 nnns volume:232 year:2021 number:10 day:21 month:09 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-IBL SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-GGO ZC 7520 ZC 7520 AR 232 2021 10 21 09 |
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10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 doi (DE-627)OLC2077324767 (DE-He213)s11270-021-05318-6-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 333.7 VZ 12 13 ssgn BIODIV DE-30 fid ZC 7520 VZ rvk ZC 7520 VZ rvk Khafouri, Azzeddine verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-1920-712X aut Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of the Environment in the Mining Site of Ouixane (North East Morocco) 2021 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 Abstract This study aims to assess the metallic contamination of soils and water resources in the environment of the Ouixane mining area (North East Morocco). Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three contamination assessment methods were used as follows: enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and geo-accumulation index ($ I_{geo} $). The results showed that the soils of the studied area are highly enriched in metallic elements Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF) revealed an anthropogenic contamination of the majority of studied soils with an extreme contamination by Cd ($ EF_{m} $ = 59.29), Cu ($ EF_{m} $ = 45.93), and Zn ($ EF_{m} $ = 44.73). The results of PI revealed extreme contamination by Cu ($ PI_{m} $ = 7.12) and considerable contamination by Zn ($ PI_{m} $ = 5.61), Cd ($ PI_{m} $ = 4.83), Fe ($ PI_{m} $ = 3.09), and Pb ($ PI_{m} $ = 3). The $ I_{geo} $ results showed strong contamination for most of the metallic elements and extreme accumulation for Cu and Zn in the Axara-Imnassen lake and the valley located downstream from the Ouixane deposit. Depressions and lakes are highly contaminated by heavy metals due to the leaching phenomenon of surrounding geological formations rich in sulfides. The significant leaching of metallic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni…) led to significant acid mine drainage (AMD). On the other hand, the geochemistry of the water samples revealed the transfer of metallic pollutants to the water resources which become very acidic locally. Using the contamination degree index (Cd), surface water was found to be highly contaminated by heavy metals (Cd > 3) compared to well water (1 < Cd < 3). Contamination assessment indices combined with the geographic information system (GIS) have been used successfully to identify the most polluted sites. Heavy metals Contamination assessment Soil pollution Water contamination Mining environment Acid mine drainage Talbi, El Hassan aut Abdelouas, Abdesselam aut Enthalten in Water, air & soil pollution Springer International Publishing, 1971 232(2021), 10 vom: 21. Sept. (DE-627)12929134X (DE-600)120499-3 (DE-576)014472643 0049-6979 nnns volume:232 year:2021 number:10 day:21 month:09 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-IBL SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-GGO ZC 7520 ZC 7520 AR 232 2021 10 21 09 |
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10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 doi (DE-627)OLC2077324767 (DE-He213)s11270-021-05318-6-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 333.7 VZ 12 13 ssgn BIODIV DE-30 fid ZC 7520 VZ rvk ZC 7520 VZ rvk Khafouri, Azzeddine verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-1920-712X aut Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of the Environment in the Mining Site of Ouixane (North East Morocco) 2021 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 Abstract This study aims to assess the metallic contamination of soils and water resources in the environment of the Ouixane mining area (North East Morocco). Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three contamination assessment methods were used as follows: enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and geo-accumulation index ($ I_{geo} $). The results showed that the soils of the studied area are highly enriched in metallic elements Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF) revealed an anthropogenic contamination of the majority of studied soils with an extreme contamination by Cd ($ EF_{m} $ = 59.29), Cu ($ EF_{m} $ = 45.93), and Zn ($ EF_{m} $ = 44.73). The results of PI revealed extreme contamination by Cu ($ PI_{m} $ = 7.12) and considerable contamination by Zn ($ PI_{m} $ = 5.61), Cd ($ PI_{m} $ = 4.83), Fe ($ PI_{m} $ = 3.09), and Pb ($ PI_{m} $ = 3). The $ I_{geo} $ results showed strong contamination for most of the metallic elements and extreme accumulation for Cu and Zn in the Axara-Imnassen lake and the valley located downstream from the Ouixane deposit. Depressions and lakes are highly contaminated by heavy metals due to the leaching phenomenon of surrounding geological formations rich in sulfides. The significant leaching of metallic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni…) led to significant acid mine drainage (AMD). On the other hand, the geochemistry of the water samples revealed the transfer of metallic pollutants to the water resources which become very acidic locally. Using the contamination degree index (Cd), surface water was found to be highly contaminated by heavy metals (Cd > 3) compared to well water (1 < Cd < 3). Contamination assessment indices combined with the geographic information system (GIS) have been used successfully to identify the most polluted sites. Heavy metals Contamination assessment Soil pollution Water contamination Mining environment Acid mine drainage Talbi, El Hassan aut Abdelouas, Abdesselam aut Enthalten in Water, air & soil pollution Springer International Publishing, 1971 232(2021), 10 vom: 21. Sept. (DE-627)12929134X (DE-600)120499-3 (DE-576)014472643 0049-6979 nnns volume:232 year:2021 number:10 day:21 month:09 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-IBL SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-GGO ZC 7520 ZC 7520 AR 232 2021 10 21 09 |
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Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three contamination assessment methods were used as follows: enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and geo-accumulation index ($ I_{geo} $). The results showed that the soils of the studied area are highly enriched in metallic elements Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF) revealed an anthropogenic contamination of the majority of studied soils with an extreme contamination by Cd ($ EF_{m} $ = 59.29), Cu ($ EF_{m} $ = 45.93), and Zn ($ EF_{m} $ = 44.73). The results of PI revealed extreme contamination by Cu ($ PI_{m} $ = 7.12) and considerable contamination by Zn ($ PI_{m} $ = 5.61), Cd ($ PI_{m} $ = 4.83), Fe ($ PI_{m} $ = 3.09), and Pb ($ PI_{m} $ = 3). 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Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of the Environment in the Mining Site of Ouixane (North East Morocco) |
abstract |
Abstract This study aims to assess the metallic contamination of soils and water resources in the environment of the Ouixane mining area (North East Morocco). Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three contamination assessment methods were used as follows: enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and geo-accumulation index ($ I_{geo} $). The results showed that the soils of the studied area are highly enriched in metallic elements Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF) revealed an anthropogenic contamination of the majority of studied soils with an extreme contamination by Cd ($ EF_{m} $ = 59.29), Cu ($ EF_{m} $ = 45.93), and Zn ($ EF_{m} $ = 44.73). The results of PI revealed extreme contamination by Cu ($ PI_{m} $ = 7.12) and considerable contamination by Zn ($ PI_{m} $ = 5.61), Cd ($ PI_{m} $ = 4.83), Fe ($ PI_{m} $ = 3.09), and Pb ($ PI_{m} $ = 3). The $ I_{geo} $ results showed strong contamination for most of the metallic elements and extreme accumulation for Cu and Zn in the Axara-Imnassen lake and the valley located downstream from the Ouixane deposit. Depressions and lakes are highly contaminated by heavy metals due to the leaching phenomenon of surrounding geological formations rich in sulfides. The significant leaching of metallic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni…) led to significant acid mine drainage (AMD). On the other hand, the geochemistry of the water samples revealed the transfer of metallic pollutants to the water resources which become very acidic locally. Using the contamination degree index (Cd), surface water was found to be highly contaminated by heavy metals (Cd > 3) compared to well water (1 < Cd < 3). Contamination assessment indices combined with the geographic information system (GIS) have been used successfully to identify the most polluted sites. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 |
abstractGer |
Abstract This study aims to assess the metallic contamination of soils and water resources in the environment of the Ouixane mining area (North East Morocco). Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three contamination assessment methods were used as follows: enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and geo-accumulation index ($ I_{geo} $). The results showed that the soils of the studied area are highly enriched in metallic elements Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF) revealed an anthropogenic contamination of the majority of studied soils with an extreme contamination by Cd ($ EF_{m} $ = 59.29), Cu ($ EF_{m} $ = 45.93), and Zn ($ EF_{m} $ = 44.73). The results of PI revealed extreme contamination by Cu ($ PI_{m} $ = 7.12) and considerable contamination by Zn ($ PI_{m} $ = 5.61), Cd ($ PI_{m} $ = 4.83), Fe ($ PI_{m} $ = 3.09), and Pb ($ PI_{m} $ = 3). The $ I_{geo} $ results showed strong contamination for most of the metallic elements and extreme accumulation for Cu and Zn in the Axara-Imnassen lake and the valley located downstream from the Ouixane deposit. Depressions and lakes are highly contaminated by heavy metals due to the leaching phenomenon of surrounding geological formations rich in sulfides. The significant leaching of metallic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni…) led to significant acid mine drainage (AMD). On the other hand, the geochemistry of the water samples revealed the transfer of metallic pollutants to the water resources which become very acidic locally. Using the contamination degree index (Cd), surface water was found to be highly contaminated by heavy metals (Cd > 3) compared to well water (1 < Cd < 3). Contamination assessment indices combined with the geographic information system (GIS) have been used successfully to identify the most polluted sites. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 |
abstract_unstemmed |
Abstract This study aims to assess the metallic contamination of soils and water resources in the environment of the Ouixane mining area (North East Morocco). Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three contamination assessment methods were used as follows: enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and geo-accumulation index ($ I_{geo} $). The results showed that the soils of the studied area are highly enriched in metallic elements Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF) revealed an anthropogenic contamination of the majority of studied soils with an extreme contamination by Cd ($ EF_{m} $ = 59.29), Cu ($ EF_{m} $ = 45.93), and Zn ($ EF_{m} $ = 44.73). The results of PI revealed extreme contamination by Cu ($ PI_{m} $ = 7.12) and considerable contamination by Zn ($ PI_{m} $ = 5.61), Cd ($ PI_{m} $ = 4.83), Fe ($ PI_{m} $ = 3.09), and Pb ($ PI_{m} $ = 3). The $ I_{geo} $ results showed strong contamination for most of the metallic elements and extreme accumulation for Cu and Zn in the Axara-Imnassen lake and the valley located downstream from the Ouixane deposit. Depressions and lakes are highly contaminated by heavy metals due to the leaching phenomenon of surrounding geological formations rich in sulfides. The significant leaching of metallic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni…) led to significant acid mine drainage (AMD). On the other hand, the geochemistry of the water samples revealed the transfer of metallic pollutants to the water resources which become very acidic locally. Using the contamination degree index (Cd), surface water was found to be highly contaminated by heavy metals (Cd > 3) compared to well water (1 < Cd < 3). Contamination assessment indices combined with the geographic information system (GIS) have been used successfully to identify the most polluted sites. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 |
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