Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of the Environment in the Mining Site of Ouixane (North East Morocco)

Abstract This study aims to assess the metallic contamination of soils and water resources in the environment of the Ouixane mining area (North East Morocco). Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three con...
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Autor*in:	Khafouri, Azzeddine [verfasserIn] Talbi, El Hassan Abdelouas, Abdesselam

Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2021

Schlagwörter:	Heavy metals Contamination assessment Soil pollution Water contamination Mining environment Acid mine drainage

Systematik:	ZC 7520 ZC 7520

Anmerkung:	© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: Water, air & soil pollution - Springer International Publishing, 1971, 232(2021), 10 vom: 21. Sept.
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:232 ; year:2021 ; number:10 ; day:21 ; month:09

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6

Katalog-ID:	OLC2077324767

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520			\|a Abstract This study aims to assess the metallic contamination of soils and water resources in the environment of the Ouixane mining area (North East Morocco). Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three contamination assessment methods were used as follows: enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and geo-accumulation index ($ I_{geo} $). The results showed that the soils of the studied area are highly enriched in metallic elements Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF) revealed an anthropogenic contamination of the majority of studied soils with an extreme contamination by Cd ($ EF_{m} $ = 59.29), Cu ($ EF_{m} $ = 45.93), and Zn ($ EF_{m} $ = 44.73). The results of PI revealed extreme contamination by Cu ($ PI_{m} $ = 7.12) and considerable contamination by Zn ($ PI_{m} $ = 5.61), Cd ($ PI_{m} $ = 4.83), Fe ($ PI_{m} $ = 3.09), and Pb ($ PI_{m} $ = 3). The $ I_{geo} $ results showed strong contamination for most of the metallic elements and extreme accumulation for Cu and Zn in the Axara-Imnassen lake and the valley located downstream from the Ouixane deposit. Depressions and lakes are highly contaminated by heavy metals due to the leaching phenomenon of surrounding geological formations rich in sulfides. The significant leaching of metallic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni…) led to significant acid mine drainage (AMD). On the other hand, the geochemistry of the water samples revealed the transfer of metallic pollutants to the water resources which become very acidic locally. Using the contamination degree index (Cd), surface water was found to be highly contaminated by heavy metals (Cd > 3) compared to well water (1 < Cd < 3). Contamination assessment indices combined with the geographic information system (GIS) have been used successfully to identify the most polluted sites.
650		4	\|a Heavy metals
650		4	\|a Contamination assessment
650		4	\|a Soil pollution
650		4	\|a Water contamination
650		4	\|a Mining environment
650		4	\|a Acid mine drainage
700	1		\|a Talbi, El Hassan \|4 aut
700	1		\|a Abdelouas, Abdesselam \|4 aut
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allfields	10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 doi (DE-627)OLC2077324767 (DE-He213)s11270-021-05318-6-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 333.7 VZ 12 13 ssgn BIODIV DE-30 fid ZC 7520 VZ rvk ZC 7520 VZ rvk Khafouri, Azzeddine verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-1920-712X aut Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of the Environment in the Mining Site of Ouixane (North East Morocco) 2021 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 Abstract This study aims to assess the metallic contamination of soils and water resources in the environment of the Ouixane mining area (North East Morocco). Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three contamination assessment methods were used as follows: enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and geo-accumulation index ($ I_{geo} $). The results showed that the soils of the studied area are highly enriched in metallic elements Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF) revealed an anthropogenic contamination of the majority of studied soils with an extreme contamination by Cd ($ EF_{m} $ = 59.29), Cu ($ EF_{m} $ = 45.93), and Zn ($ EF_{m} $ = 44.73). The results of PI revealed extreme contamination by Cu ($ PI_{m} $ = 7.12) and considerable contamination by Zn ($ PI_{m} $ = 5.61), Cd ($ PI_{m} $ = 4.83), Fe ($ PI_{m} $ = 3.09), and Pb ($ PI_{m} $ = 3). The $ I_{geo} $ results showed strong contamination for most of the metallic elements and extreme accumulation for Cu and Zn in the Axara-Imnassen lake and the valley located downstream from the Ouixane deposit. Depressions and lakes are highly contaminated by heavy metals due to the leaching phenomenon of surrounding geological formations rich in sulfides. The significant leaching of metallic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni…) led to significant acid mine drainage (AMD). On the other hand, the geochemistry of the water samples revealed the transfer of metallic pollutants to the water resources which become very acidic locally. Using the contamination degree index (Cd), surface water was found to be highly contaminated by heavy metals (Cd > 3) compared to well water (1 < Cd < 3). Contamination assessment indices combined with the geographic information system (GIS) have been used successfully to identify the most polluted sites. Heavy metals Contamination assessment Soil pollution Water contamination Mining environment Acid mine drainage Talbi, El Hassan aut Abdelouas, Abdesselam aut Enthalten in Water, air & soil pollution Springer International Publishing, 1971 232(2021), 10 vom: 21. Sept. (DE-627)12929134X (DE-600)120499-3 (DE-576)014472643 0049-6979 nnns volume:232 year:2021 number:10 day:21 month:09 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-IBL SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-GGO ZC 7520 ZC 7520 AR 232 2021 10 21 09
spelling	10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 doi (DE-627)OLC2077324767 (DE-He213)s11270-021-05318-6-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 333.7 VZ 12 13 ssgn BIODIV DE-30 fid ZC 7520 VZ rvk ZC 7520 VZ rvk Khafouri, Azzeddine verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-1920-712X aut Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of the Environment in the Mining Site of Ouixane (North East Morocco) 2021 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 Abstract This study aims to assess the metallic contamination of soils and water resources in the environment of the Ouixane mining area (North East Morocco). Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three contamination assessment methods were used as follows: enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and geo-accumulation index ($ I_{geo} $). The results showed that the soils of the studied area are highly enriched in metallic elements Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF) revealed an anthropogenic contamination of the majority of studied soils with an extreme contamination by Cd ($ EF_{m} $ = 59.29), Cu ($ EF_{m} $ = 45.93), and Zn ($ EF_{m} $ = 44.73). The results of PI revealed extreme contamination by Cu ($ PI_{m} $ = 7.12) and considerable contamination by Zn ($ PI_{m} $ = 5.61), Cd ($ PI_{m} $ = 4.83), Fe ($ PI_{m} $ = 3.09), and Pb ($ PI_{m} $ = 3). The $ I_{geo} $ results showed strong contamination for most of the metallic elements and extreme accumulation for Cu and Zn in the Axara-Imnassen lake and the valley located downstream from the Ouixane deposit. Depressions and lakes are highly contaminated by heavy metals due to the leaching phenomenon of surrounding geological formations rich in sulfides. The significant leaching of metallic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni…) led to significant acid mine drainage (AMD). On the other hand, the geochemistry of the water samples revealed the transfer of metallic pollutants to the water resources which become very acidic locally. Using the contamination degree index (Cd), surface water was found to be highly contaminated by heavy metals (Cd > 3) compared to well water (1 < Cd < 3). Contamination assessment indices combined with the geographic information system (GIS) have been used successfully to identify the most polluted sites. Heavy metals Contamination assessment Soil pollution Water contamination Mining environment Acid mine drainage Talbi, El Hassan aut Abdelouas, Abdesselam aut Enthalten in Water, air & soil pollution Springer International Publishing, 1971 232(2021), 10 vom: 21. Sept. (DE-627)12929134X (DE-600)120499-3 (DE-576)014472643 0049-6979 nnns volume:232 year:2021 number:10 day:21 month:09 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-IBL SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-GGO ZC 7520 ZC 7520 AR 232 2021 10 21 09
allfields_unstemmed	10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 doi (DE-627)OLC2077324767 (DE-He213)s11270-021-05318-6-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 333.7 VZ 12 13 ssgn BIODIV DE-30 fid ZC 7520 VZ rvk ZC 7520 VZ rvk Khafouri, Azzeddine verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-1920-712X aut Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of the Environment in the Mining Site of Ouixane (North East Morocco) 2021 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 Abstract This study aims to assess the metallic contamination of soils and water resources in the environment of the Ouixane mining area (North East Morocco). Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three contamination assessment methods were used as follows: enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and geo-accumulation index ($ I_{geo} $). The results showed that the soils of the studied area are highly enriched in metallic elements Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF) revealed an anthropogenic contamination of the majority of studied soils with an extreme contamination by Cd ($ EF_{m} $ = 59.29), Cu ($ EF_{m} $ = 45.93), and Zn ($ EF_{m} $ = 44.73). The results of PI revealed extreme contamination by Cu ($ PI_{m} $ = 7.12) and considerable contamination by Zn ($ PI_{m} $ = 5.61), Cd ($ PI_{m} $ = 4.83), Fe ($ PI_{m} $ = 3.09), and Pb ($ PI_{m} $ = 3). The $ I_{geo} $ results showed strong contamination for most of the metallic elements and extreme accumulation for Cu and Zn in the Axara-Imnassen lake and the valley located downstream from the Ouixane deposit. Depressions and lakes are highly contaminated by heavy metals due to the leaching phenomenon of surrounding geological formations rich in sulfides. The significant leaching of metallic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni…) led to significant acid mine drainage (AMD). On the other hand, the geochemistry of the water samples revealed the transfer of metallic pollutants to the water resources which become very acidic locally. Using the contamination degree index (Cd), surface water was found to be highly contaminated by heavy metals (Cd > 3) compared to well water (1 < Cd < 3). Contamination assessment indices combined with the geographic information system (GIS) have been used successfully to identify the most polluted sites. Heavy metals Contamination assessment Soil pollution Water contamination Mining environment Acid mine drainage Talbi, El Hassan aut Abdelouas, Abdesselam aut Enthalten in Water, air & soil pollution Springer International Publishing, 1971 232(2021), 10 vom: 21. Sept. (DE-627)12929134X (DE-600)120499-3 (DE-576)014472643 0049-6979 nnns volume:232 year:2021 number:10 day:21 month:09 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-IBL SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-GGO ZC 7520 ZC 7520 AR 232 2021 10 21 09
allfieldsGer	10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 doi (DE-627)OLC2077324767 (DE-He213)s11270-021-05318-6-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 333.7 VZ 12 13 ssgn BIODIV DE-30 fid ZC 7520 VZ rvk ZC 7520 VZ rvk Khafouri, Azzeddine verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-1920-712X aut Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of the Environment in the Mining Site of Ouixane (North East Morocco) 2021 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 Abstract This study aims to assess the metallic contamination of soils and water resources in the environment of the Ouixane mining area (North East Morocco). Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three contamination assessment methods were used as follows: enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and geo-accumulation index ($ I_{geo} $). The results showed that the soils of the studied area are highly enriched in metallic elements Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF) revealed an anthropogenic contamination of the majority of studied soils with an extreme contamination by Cd ($ EF_{m} $ = 59.29), Cu ($ EF_{m} $ = 45.93), and Zn ($ EF_{m} $ = 44.73). The results of PI revealed extreme contamination by Cu ($ PI_{m} $ = 7.12) and considerable contamination by Zn ($ PI_{m} $ = 5.61), Cd ($ PI_{m} $ = 4.83), Fe ($ PI_{m} $ = 3.09), and Pb ($ PI_{m} $ = 3). The $ I_{geo} $ results showed strong contamination for most of the metallic elements and extreme accumulation for Cu and Zn in the Axara-Imnassen lake and the valley located downstream from the Ouixane deposit. Depressions and lakes are highly contaminated by heavy metals due to the leaching phenomenon of surrounding geological formations rich in sulfides. The significant leaching of metallic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni…) led to significant acid mine drainage (AMD). On the other hand, the geochemistry of the water samples revealed the transfer of metallic pollutants to the water resources which become very acidic locally. Using the contamination degree index (Cd), surface water was found to be highly contaminated by heavy metals (Cd > 3) compared to well water (1 < Cd < 3). Contamination assessment indices combined with the geographic information system (GIS) have been used successfully to identify the most polluted sites. Heavy metals Contamination assessment Soil pollution Water contamination Mining environment Acid mine drainage Talbi, El Hassan aut Abdelouas, Abdesselam aut Enthalten in Water, air & soil pollution Springer International Publishing, 1971 232(2021), 10 vom: 21. Sept. (DE-627)12929134X (DE-600)120499-3 (DE-576)014472643 0049-6979 nnns volume:232 year:2021 number:10 day:21 month:09 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-IBL SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-GGO ZC 7520 ZC 7520 AR 232 2021 10 21 09
allfieldsSound	10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 doi (DE-627)OLC2077324767 (DE-He213)s11270-021-05318-6-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 333.7 VZ 12 13 ssgn BIODIV DE-30 fid ZC 7520 VZ rvk ZC 7520 VZ rvk Khafouri, Azzeddine verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-1920-712X aut Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of the Environment in the Mining Site of Ouixane (North East Morocco) 2021 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 Abstract This study aims to assess the metallic contamination of soils and water resources in the environment of the Ouixane mining area (North East Morocco). Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three contamination assessment methods were used as follows: enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and geo-accumulation index ($ I_{geo} $). The results showed that the soils of the studied area are highly enriched in metallic elements Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF) revealed an anthropogenic contamination of the majority of studied soils with an extreme contamination by Cd ($ EF_{m} $ = 59.29), Cu ($ EF_{m} $ = 45.93), and Zn ($ EF_{m} $ = 44.73). The results of PI revealed extreme contamination by Cu ($ PI_{m} $ = 7.12) and considerable contamination by Zn ($ PI_{m} $ = 5.61), Cd ($ PI_{m} $ = 4.83), Fe ($ PI_{m} $ = 3.09), and Pb ($ PI_{m} $ = 3). The $ I_{geo} $ results showed strong contamination for most of the metallic elements and extreme accumulation for Cu and Zn in the Axara-Imnassen lake and the valley located downstream from the Ouixane deposit. Depressions and lakes are highly contaminated by heavy metals due to the leaching phenomenon of surrounding geological formations rich in sulfides. The significant leaching of metallic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni…) led to significant acid mine drainage (AMD). On the other hand, the geochemistry of the water samples revealed the transfer of metallic pollutants to the water resources which become very acidic locally. Using the contamination degree index (Cd), surface water was found to be highly contaminated by heavy metals (Cd > 3) compared to well water (1 < Cd < 3). Contamination assessment indices combined with the geographic information system (GIS) have been used successfully to identify the most polluted sites. Heavy metals Contamination assessment Soil pollution Water contamination Mining environment Acid mine drainage Talbi, El Hassan aut Abdelouas, Abdesselam aut Enthalten in Water, air & soil pollution Springer International Publishing, 1971 232(2021), 10 vom: 21. Sept. (DE-627)12929134X (DE-600)120499-3 (DE-576)014472643 0049-6979 nnns volume:232 year:2021 number:10 day:21 month:09 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05318-6 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-IBL SSG-OLC-DE-84 SSG-OPC-GGO ZC 7520 ZC 7520 AR 232 2021 10 21 09
language	English
source	Enthalten in Water, air & soil pollution 232(2021), 10 vom: 21. Sept. volume:232 year:2021 number:10 day:21 month:09
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format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	Heavy metals Contamination assessment Soil pollution Water contamination Mining environment Acid mine drainage
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container_title	Water, air & soil pollution
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Khafouri, Azzeddine @@aut@@ Talbi, El Hassan @@aut@@ Abdelouas, Abdesselam @@aut@@
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Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three contamination assessment methods were used as follows: enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and geo-accumulation index ($ I_{geo} $). The results showed that the soils of the studied area are highly enriched in metallic elements Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF) revealed an anthropogenic contamination of the majority of studied soils with an extreme contamination by Cd ($ EF_{m} $ = 59.29), Cu ($ EF_{m} $ = 45.93), and Zn ($ EF_{m} $ = 44.73). The results of PI revealed extreme contamination by Cu ($ PI_{m} $ = 7.12) and considerable contamination by Zn ($ PI_{m} $ = 5.61), Cd ($ PI_{m} $ = 4.83), Fe ($ PI_{m} $ = 3.09), and Pb ($ PI_{m} $ = 3). 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author	Khafouri, Azzeddine
spellingShingle	Khafouri, Azzeddine ddc 570 ssgn 12 fid BIODIV rvk ZC 7520 misc Heavy metals misc Contamination assessment misc Soil pollution misc Water contamination misc Mining environment misc Acid mine drainage Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of the Environment in the Mining Site of Ouixane (North East Morocco)
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topic_title	570 333.7 VZ 12 13 ssgn BIODIV DE-30 fid ZC 7520 VZ rvk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of the Environment in the Mining Site of Ouixane (North East Morocco) Heavy metals Contamination assessment Soil pollution Water contamination Mining environment Acid mine drainage
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title	Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of the Environment in the Mining Site of Ouixane (North East Morocco)
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title_full	Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of the Environment in the Mining Site of Ouixane (North East Morocco)
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title_sort	assessment of heavy metal contamination of the environment in the mining site of ouixane (north east morocco)
title_auth	Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of the Environment in the Mining Site of Ouixane (North East Morocco)
abstract	Abstract This study aims to assess the metallic contamination of soils and water resources in the environment of the Ouixane mining area (North East Morocco). Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three contamination assessment methods were used as follows: enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and geo-accumulation index ($ I_{geo} $). The results showed that the soils of the studied area are highly enriched in metallic elements Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF) revealed an anthropogenic contamination of the majority of studied soils with an extreme contamination by Cd ($ EF_{m} $ = 59.29), Cu ($ EF_{m} $ = 45.93), and Zn ($ EF_{m} $ = 44.73). The results of PI revealed extreme contamination by Cu ($ PI_{m} $ = 7.12) and considerable contamination by Zn ($ PI_{m} $ = 5.61), Cd ($ PI_{m} $ = 4.83), Fe ($ PI_{m} $ = 3.09), and Pb ($ PI_{m} $ = 3). The $ I_{geo} $ results showed strong contamination for most of the metallic elements and extreme accumulation for Cu and Zn in the Axara-Imnassen lake and the valley located downstream from the Ouixane deposit. Depressions and lakes are highly contaminated by heavy metals due to the leaching phenomenon of surrounding geological formations rich in sulfides. The significant leaching of metallic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni…) led to significant acid mine drainage (AMD). On the other hand, the geochemistry of the water samples revealed the transfer of metallic pollutants to the water resources which become very acidic locally. Using the contamination degree index (Cd), surface water was found to be highly contaminated by heavy metals (Cd > 3) compared to well water (1 < Cd < 3). Contamination assessment indices combined with the geographic information system (GIS) have been used successfully to identify the most polluted sites. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
abstractGer	Abstract This study aims to assess the metallic contamination of soils and water resources in the environment of the Ouixane mining area (North East Morocco). Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three contamination assessment methods were used as follows: enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and geo-accumulation index ($ I_{geo} $). The results showed that the soils of the studied area are highly enriched in metallic elements Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF) revealed an anthropogenic contamination of the majority of studied soils with an extreme contamination by Cd ($ EF_{m} $ = 59.29), Cu ($ EF_{m} $ = 45.93), and Zn ($ EF_{m} $ = 44.73). The results of PI revealed extreme contamination by Cu ($ PI_{m} $ = 7.12) and considerable contamination by Zn ($ PI_{m} $ = 5.61), Cd ($ PI_{m} $ = 4.83), Fe ($ PI_{m} $ = 3.09), and Pb ($ PI_{m} $ = 3). The $ I_{geo} $ results showed strong contamination for most of the metallic elements and extreme accumulation for Cu and Zn in the Axara-Imnassen lake and the valley located downstream from the Ouixane deposit. Depressions and lakes are highly contaminated by heavy metals due to the leaching phenomenon of surrounding geological formations rich in sulfides. The significant leaching of metallic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni…) led to significant acid mine drainage (AMD). On the other hand, the geochemistry of the water samples revealed the transfer of metallic pollutants to the water resources which become very acidic locally. Using the contamination degree index (Cd), surface water was found to be highly contaminated by heavy metals (Cd > 3) compared to well water (1 < Cd < 3). Contamination assessment indices combined with the geographic information system (GIS) have been used successfully to identify the most polluted sites. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
abstract_unstemmed	Abstract This study aims to assess the metallic contamination of soils and water resources in the environment of the Ouixane mining area (North East Morocco). Six metallic elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cd) were analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. To evaluate the contamination of the soils, three contamination assessment methods were used as follows: enrichment factor (EF), pollution index (PI), and geo-accumulation index ($ I_{geo} $). The results showed that the soils of the studied area are highly enriched in metallic elements Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Thus, the enrichment factor (EF) revealed an anthropogenic contamination of the majority of studied soils with an extreme contamination by Cd ($ EF_{m} $ = 59.29), Cu ($ EF_{m} $ = 45.93), and Zn ($ EF_{m} $ = 44.73). The results of PI revealed extreme contamination by Cu ($ PI_{m} $ = 7.12) and considerable contamination by Zn ($ PI_{m} $ = 5.61), Cd ($ PI_{m} $ = 4.83), Fe ($ PI_{m} $ = 3.09), and Pb ($ PI_{m} $ = 3). The $ I_{geo} $ results showed strong contamination for most of the metallic elements and extreme accumulation for Cu and Zn in the Axara-Imnassen lake and the valley located downstream from the Ouixane deposit. Depressions and lakes are highly contaminated by heavy metals due to the leaching phenomenon of surrounding geological formations rich in sulfides. The significant leaching of metallic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni…) led to significant acid mine drainage (AMD). On the other hand, the geochemistry of the water samples revealed the transfer of metallic pollutants to the water resources which become very acidic locally. Using the contamination degree index (Cd), surface water was found to be highly contaminated by heavy metals (Cd > 3) compared to well water (1 < Cd < 3). Contamination assessment indices combined with the geographic information system (GIS) have been used successfully to identify the most polluted sites. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
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title_short	Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of the Environment in the Mining Site of Ouixane (North East Morocco)
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