Impact of rainfall spatiotemporal variability and model structures on flood simulation in semi-arid regions
Abstract The spatiotemporal heterogeneity in precipitation and underlying surfaces and hybrid runoff generation mechanism make hydrological modelling and forecasting in semi-arid regions becoming a challenging work. Therefore, to provide a reference for the development of hydrological models in such...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Autor*in: |
Liu, Yuhuan [verfasserIn] |
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Sprache: |
Englisch |
Erschienen: |
2021 |
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Schlagwörter: |
Small- and medium-sized watershed Spatiotemporal rainfall scheme |
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Anmerkung: |
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment - Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999, 36(2021), 3 vom: 17. Juli, Seite 785-809 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:36 ; year:2021 ; number:3 ; day:17 ; month:07 ; pages:785-809 |
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DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s00477-021-02050-9 |
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Katalog-ID: |
OLC2078095141 |
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Impact of rainfall spatiotemporal variability and model structures on flood simulation in semi-arid regions |
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520 | |a Abstract The spatiotemporal heterogeneity in precipitation and underlying surfaces and hybrid runoff generation mechanism make hydrological modelling and forecasting in semi-arid regions becoming a challenging work. Therefore, to provide a reference for the development of hydrological models in such regions, two nested hydrological experimental watersheds in semi-arid regions were selected for attribution analysis. Based on the concept of large-sample hydrology, large-scale numerical simulation experiments were performed by constructing different spatial and temporal scale rainfall schemes and combining three hydrological models with different runoff generation mechanisms. Finally, the influences of the time step, station density, and model structure on the flood simulations in semi-arid regions were evaluated. The spatial interpolation technique was used simultaneously to describe the high-dimensional complicated nonlinear relationships between the influencing factors and simulation results. The results show the following: (1) the flood simulation accuracy was more sensitive to the time step than the spatial station density of the rainfall schemes and was highly dependent on the time step of the original observation data, and (2) compared with the accuracy of the rainfall schemes, the model structure plays a dominant role in flood simulation accuracy. Thus, the hybrid model has significant potential for flood forecasting in semi-arid regions by combining different runoff generation mechanisms. (3) The spatial interpolation technique based on the k-nearest neighbour algorithm can construct a high-dimensional distribution between the influencing factors and model simulation accuracy, and describe the complicated relationships among the time step, station density, model structure, and flood simulations. | ||
650 | 4 | |a Semi-arid region | |
650 | 4 | |a Small- and medium-sized watershed | |
650 | 4 | |a Spatiotemporal rainfall scheme | |
650 | 4 | |a Multi-runoff generation mechanisms | |
650 | 4 | |a Flood simulation | |
650 | 4 | |a Spatial interpolation technique | |
700 | 1 | |a Li, Zhijia |0 (orcid)0000-0001-6529-9523 |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Liu, Zhiyu |0 (orcid)0000-0002-7440-1822 |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Luo, Yun |4 aut | |
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10.1007/s00477-021-02050-9 doi (DE-627)OLC2078095141 (DE-He213)s00477-021-02050-9-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 VZ 550 VZ 43.03$jMethoden der Umweltforschung und des Umweltschutzes bkl 38.85$jHydrologie: Allgemeines bkl 58.50$jUmwelttechnik: Allgemeines bkl 52.23$jFluidtechnik bkl Liu, Yuhuan verfasserin aut Impact of rainfall spatiotemporal variability and model structures on flood simulation in semi-arid regions 2021 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021 Abstract The spatiotemporal heterogeneity in precipitation and underlying surfaces and hybrid runoff generation mechanism make hydrological modelling and forecasting in semi-arid regions becoming a challenging work. Therefore, to provide a reference for the development of hydrological models in such regions, two nested hydrological experimental watersheds in semi-arid regions were selected for attribution analysis. Based on the concept of large-sample hydrology, large-scale numerical simulation experiments were performed by constructing different spatial and temporal scale rainfall schemes and combining three hydrological models with different runoff generation mechanisms. Finally, the influences of the time step, station density, and model structure on the flood simulations in semi-arid regions were evaluated. The spatial interpolation technique was used simultaneously to describe the high-dimensional complicated nonlinear relationships between the influencing factors and simulation results. The results show the following: (1) the flood simulation accuracy was more sensitive to the time step than the spatial station density of the rainfall schemes and was highly dependent on the time step of the original observation data, and (2) compared with the accuracy of the rainfall schemes, the model structure plays a dominant role in flood simulation accuracy. Thus, the hybrid model has significant potential for flood forecasting in semi-arid regions by combining different runoff generation mechanisms. (3) The spatial interpolation technique based on the k-nearest neighbour algorithm can construct a high-dimensional distribution between the influencing factors and model simulation accuracy, and describe the complicated relationships among the time step, station density, model structure, and flood simulations. Semi-arid region Small- and medium-sized watershed Spatiotemporal rainfall scheme Multi-runoff generation mechanisms Flood simulation Spatial interpolation technique Li, Zhijia (orcid)0000-0001-6529-9523 aut Liu, Zhiyu (orcid)0000-0002-7440-1822 aut Luo, Yun aut Enthalten in Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999 36(2021), 3 vom: 17. Juli, Seite 785-809 (DE-627)269538283 (DE-600)1475430-7 (DE-576)077885473 1436-3240 nnns volume:36 year:2021 number:3 day:17 month:07 pages:785-809 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-02050-9 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 43.03$jMethoden der Umweltforschung und des Umweltschutzes VZ 106416952 (DE-625)106416952 38.85$jHydrologie: Allgemeines VZ 106421905 (DE-625)106421905 58.50$jUmwelttechnik: Allgemeines VZ 10641707X (DE-625)10641707X 52.23$jFluidtechnik VZ 106419870 (DE-625)106419870 AR 36 2021 3 17 07 785-809 |
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10.1007/s00477-021-02050-9 doi (DE-627)OLC2078095141 (DE-He213)s00477-021-02050-9-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 VZ 550 VZ 43.03$jMethoden der Umweltforschung und des Umweltschutzes bkl 38.85$jHydrologie: Allgemeines bkl 58.50$jUmwelttechnik: Allgemeines bkl 52.23$jFluidtechnik bkl Liu, Yuhuan verfasserin aut Impact of rainfall spatiotemporal variability and model structures on flood simulation in semi-arid regions 2021 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021 Abstract The spatiotemporal heterogeneity in precipitation and underlying surfaces and hybrid runoff generation mechanism make hydrological modelling and forecasting in semi-arid regions becoming a challenging work. Therefore, to provide a reference for the development of hydrological models in such regions, two nested hydrological experimental watersheds in semi-arid regions were selected for attribution analysis. Based on the concept of large-sample hydrology, large-scale numerical simulation experiments were performed by constructing different spatial and temporal scale rainfall schemes and combining three hydrological models with different runoff generation mechanisms. Finally, the influences of the time step, station density, and model structure on the flood simulations in semi-arid regions were evaluated. The spatial interpolation technique was used simultaneously to describe the high-dimensional complicated nonlinear relationships between the influencing factors and simulation results. The results show the following: (1) the flood simulation accuracy was more sensitive to the time step than the spatial station density of the rainfall schemes and was highly dependent on the time step of the original observation data, and (2) compared with the accuracy of the rainfall schemes, the model structure plays a dominant role in flood simulation accuracy. Thus, the hybrid model has significant potential for flood forecasting in semi-arid regions by combining different runoff generation mechanisms. (3) The spatial interpolation technique based on the k-nearest neighbour algorithm can construct a high-dimensional distribution between the influencing factors and model simulation accuracy, and describe the complicated relationships among the time step, station density, model structure, and flood simulations. Semi-arid region Small- and medium-sized watershed Spatiotemporal rainfall scheme Multi-runoff generation mechanisms Flood simulation Spatial interpolation technique Li, Zhijia (orcid)0000-0001-6529-9523 aut Liu, Zhiyu (orcid)0000-0002-7440-1822 aut Luo, Yun aut Enthalten in Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999 36(2021), 3 vom: 17. Juli, Seite 785-809 (DE-627)269538283 (DE-600)1475430-7 (DE-576)077885473 1436-3240 nnns volume:36 year:2021 number:3 day:17 month:07 pages:785-809 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-02050-9 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 43.03$jMethoden der Umweltforschung und des Umweltschutzes VZ 106416952 (DE-625)106416952 38.85$jHydrologie: Allgemeines VZ 106421905 (DE-625)106421905 58.50$jUmwelttechnik: Allgemeines VZ 10641707X (DE-625)10641707X 52.23$jFluidtechnik VZ 106419870 (DE-625)106419870 AR 36 2021 3 17 07 785-809 |
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10.1007/s00477-021-02050-9 doi (DE-627)OLC2078095141 (DE-He213)s00477-021-02050-9-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 VZ 550 VZ 43.03$jMethoden der Umweltforschung und des Umweltschutzes bkl 38.85$jHydrologie: Allgemeines bkl 58.50$jUmwelttechnik: Allgemeines bkl 52.23$jFluidtechnik bkl Liu, Yuhuan verfasserin aut Impact of rainfall spatiotemporal variability and model structures on flood simulation in semi-arid regions 2021 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021 Abstract The spatiotemporal heterogeneity in precipitation and underlying surfaces and hybrid runoff generation mechanism make hydrological modelling and forecasting in semi-arid regions becoming a challenging work. Therefore, to provide a reference for the development of hydrological models in such regions, two nested hydrological experimental watersheds in semi-arid regions were selected for attribution analysis. Based on the concept of large-sample hydrology, large-scale numerical simulation experiments were performed by constructing different spatial and temporal scale rainfall schemes and combining three hydrological models with different runoff generation mechanisms. Finally, the influences of the time step, station density, and model structure on the flood simulations in semi-arid regions were evaluated. The spatial interpolation technique was used simultaneously to describe the high-dimensional complicated nonlinear relationships between the influencing factors and simulation results. The results show the following: (1) the flood simulation accuracy was more sensitive to the time step than the spatial station density of the rainfall schemes and was highly dependent on the time step of the original observation data, and (2) compared with the accuracy of the rainfall schemes, the model structure plays a dominant role in flood simulation accuracy. Thus, the hybrid model has significant potential for flood forecasting in semi-arid regions by combining different runoff generation mechanisms. (3) The spatial interpolation technique based on the k-nearest neighbour algorithm can construct a high-dimensional distribution between the influencing factors and model simulation accuracy, and describe the complicated relationships among the time step, station density, model structure, and flood simulations. Semi-arid region Small- and medium-sized watershed Spatiotemporal rainfall scheme Multi-runoff generation mechanisms Flood simulation Spatial interpolation technique Li, Zhijia (orcid)0000-0001-6529-9523 aut Liu, Zhiyu (orcid)0000-0002-7440-1822 aut Luo, Yun aut Enthalten in Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999 36(2021), 3 vom: 17. Juli, Seite 785-809 (DE-627)269538283 (DE-600)1475430-7 (DE-576)077885473 1436-3240 nnns volume:36 year:2021 number:3 day:17 month:07 pages:785-809 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-02050-9 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 43.03$jMethoden der Umweltforschung und des Umweltschutzes VZ 106416952 (DE-625)106416952 38.85$jHydrologie: Allgemeines VZ 106421905 (DE-625)106421905 58.50$jUmwelttechnik: Allgemeines VZ 10641707X (DE-625)10641707X 52.23$jFluidtechnik VZ 106419870 (DE-625)106419870 AR 36 2021 3 17 07 785-809 |
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10.1007/s00477-021-02050-9 doi (DE-627)OLC2078095141 (DE-He213)s00477-021-02050-9-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 VZ 550 VZ 43.03$jMethoden der Umweltforschung und des Umweltschutzes bkl 38.85$jHydrologie: Allgemeines bkl 58.50$jUmwelttechnik: Allgemeines bkl 52.23$jFluidtechnik bkl Liu, Yuhuan verfasserin aut Impact of rainfall spatiotemporal variability and model structures on flood simulation in semi-arid regions 2021 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021 Abstract The spatiotemporal heterogeneity in precipitation and underlying surfaces and hybrid runoff generation mechanism make hydrological modelling and forecasting in semi-arid regions becoming a challenging work. Therefore, to provide a reference for the development of hydrological models in such regions, two nested hydrological experimental watersheds in semi-arid regions were selected for attribution analysis. Based on the concept of large-sample hydrology, large-scale numerical simulation experiments were performed by constructing different spatial and temporal scale rainfall schemes and combining three hydrological models with different runoff generation mechanisms. Finally, the influences of the time step, station density, and model structure on the flood simulations in semi-arid regions were evaluated. The spatial interpolation technique was used simultaneously to describe the high-dimensional complicated nonlinear relationships between the influencing factors and simulation results. The results show the following: (1) the flood simulation accuracy was more sensitive to the time step than the spatial station density of the rainfall schemes and was highly dependent on the time step of the original observation data, and (2) compared with the accuracy of the rainfall schemes, the model structure plays a dominant role in flood simulation accuracy. Thus, the hybrid model has significant potential for flood forecasting in semi-arid regions by combining different runoff generation mechanisms. (3) The spatial interpolation technique based on the k-nearest neighbour algorithm can construct a high-dimensional distribution between the influencing factors and model simulation accuracy, and describe the complicated relationships among the time step, station density, model structure, and flood simulations. Semi-arid region Small- and medium-sized watershed Spatiotemporal rainfall scheme Multi-runoff generation mechanisms Flood simulation Spatial interpolation technique Li, Zhijia (orcid)0000-0001-6529-9523 aut Liu, Zhiyu (orcid)0000-0002-7440-1822 aut Luo, Yun aut Enthalten in Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999 36(2021), 3 vom: 17. Juli, Seite 785-809 (DE-627)269538283 (DE-600)1475430-7 (DE-576)077885473 1436-3240 nnns volume:36 year:2021 number:3 day:17 month:07 pages:785-809 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-02050-9 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 43.03$jMethoden der Umweltforschung und des Umweltschutzes VZ 106416952 (DE-625)106416952 38.85$jHydrologie: Allgemeines VZ 106421905 (DE-625)106421905 58.50$jUmwelttechnik: Allgemeines VZ 10641707X (DE-625)10641707X 52.23$jFluidtechnik VZ 106419870 (DE-625)106419870 AR 36 2021 3 17 07 785-809 |
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10.1007/s00477-021-02050-9 doi (DE-627)OLC2078095141 (DE-He213)s00477-021-02050-9-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 VZ 550 VZ 43.03$jMethoden der Umweltforschung und des Umweltschutzes bkl 38.85$jHydrologie: Allgemeines bkl 58.50$jUmwelttechnik: Allgemeines bkl 52.23$jFluidtechnik bkl Liu, Yuhuan verfasserin aut Impact of rainfall spatiotemporal variability and model structures on flood simulation in semi-arid regions 2021 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021 Abstract The spatiotemporal heterogeneity in precipitation and underlying surfaces and hybrid runoff generation mechanism make hydrological modelling and forecasting in semi-arid regions becoming a challenging work. Therefore, to provide a reference for the development of hydrological models in such regions, two nested hydrological experimental watersheds in semi-arid regions were selected for attribution analysis. Based on the concept of large-sample hydrology, large-scale numerical simulation experiments were performed by constructing different spatial and temporal scale rainfall schemes and combining three hydrological models with different runoff generation mechanisms. Finally, the influences of the time step, station density, and model structure on the flood simulations in semi-arid regions were evaluated. The spatial interpolation technique was used simultaneously to describe the high-dimensional complicated nonlinear relationships between the influencing factors and simulation results. The results show the following: (1) the flood simulation accuracy was more sensitive to the time step than the spatial station density of the rainfall schemes and was highly dependent on the time step of the original observation data, and (2) compared with the accuracy of the rainfall schemes, the model structure plays a dominant role in flood simulation accuracy. Thus, the hybrid model has significant potential for flood forecasting in semi-arid regions by combining different runoff generation mechanisms. (3) The spatial interpolation technique based on the k-nearest neighbour algorithm can construct a high-dimensional distribution between the influencing factors and model simulation accuracy, and describe the complicated relationships among the time step, station density, model structure, and flood simulations. Semi-arid region Small- and medium-sized watershed Spatiotemporal rainfall scheme Multi-runoff generation mechanisms Flood simulation Spatial interpolation technique Li, Zhijia (orcid)0000-0001-6529-9523 aut Liu, Zhiyu (orcid)0000-0002-7440-1822 aut Luo, Yun aut Enthalten in Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999 36(2021), 3 vom: 17. Juli, Seite 785-809 (DE-627)269538283 (DE-600)1475430-7 (DE-576)077885473 1436-3240 nnns volume:36 year:2021 number:3 day:17 month:07 pages:785-809 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-021-02050-9 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GEO SSG-OPC-GGO GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 43.03$jMethoden der Umweltforschung und des Umweltschutzes VZ 106416952 (DE-625)106416952 38.85$jHydrologie: Allgemeines VZ 106421905 (DE-625)106421905 58.50$jUmwelttechnik: Allgemeines VZ 10641707X (DE-625)10641707X 52.23$jFluidtechnik VZ 106419870 (DE-625)106419870 AR 36 2021 3 17 07 785-809 |
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Impact of rainfall spatiotemporal variability and model structures on flood simulation in semi-arid regions |
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Abstract The spatiotemporal heterogeneity in precipitation and underlying surfaces and hybrid runoff generation mechanism make hydrological modelling and forecasting in semi-arid regions becoming a challenging work. Therefore, to provide a reference for the development of hydrological models in such regions, two nested hydrological experimental watersheds in semi-arid regions were selected for attribution analysis. Based on the concept of large-sample hydrology, large-scale numerical simulation experiments were performed by constructing different spatial and temporal scale rainfall schemes and combining three hydrological models with different runoff generation mechanisms. Finally, the influences of the time step, station density, and model structure on the flood simulations in semi-arid regions were evaluated. The spatial interpolation technique was used simultaneously to describe the high-dimensional complicated nonlinear relationships between the influencing factors and simulation results. The results show the following: (1) the flood simulation accuracy was more sensitive to the time step than the spatial station density of the rainfall schemes and was highly dependent on the time step of the original observation data, and (2) compared with the accuracy of the rainfall schemes, the model structure plays a dominant role in flood simulation accuracy. Thus, the hybrid model has significant potential for flood forecasting in semi-arid regions by combining different runoff generation mechanisms. (3) The spatial interpolation technique based on the k-nearest neighbour algorithm can construct a high-dimensional distribution between the influencing factors and model simulation accuracy, and describe the complicated relationships among the time step, station density, model structure, and flood simulations. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021 |
abstractGer |
Abstract The spatiotemporal heterogeneity in precipitation and underlying surfaces and hybrid runoff generation mechanism make hydrological modelling and forecasting in semi-arid regions becoming a challenging work. Therefore, to provide a reference for the development of hydrological models in such regions, two nested hydrological experimental watersheds in semi-arid regions were selected for attribution analysis. Based on the concept of large-sample hydrology, large-scale numerical simulation experiments were performed by constructing different spatial and temporal scale rainfall schemes and combining three hydrological models with different runoff generation mechanisms. Finally, the influences of the time step, station density, and model structure on the flood simulations in semi-arid regions were evaluated. The spatial interpolation technique was used simultaneously to describe the high-dimensional complicated nonlinear relationships between the influencing factors and simulation results. The results show the following: (1) the flood simulation accuracy was more sensitive to the time step than the spatial station density of the rainfall schemes and was highly dependent on the time step of the original observation data, and (2) compared with the accuracy of the rainfall schemes, the model structure plays a dominant role in flood simulation accuracy. Thus, the hybrid model has significant potential for flood forecasting in semi-arid regions by combining different runoff generation mechanisms. (3) The spatial interpolation technique based on the k-nearest neighbour algorithm can construct a high-dimensional distribution between the influencing factors and model simulation accuracy, and describe the complicated relationships among the time step, station density, model structure, and flood simulations. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021 |
abstract_unstemmed |
Abstract The spatiotemporal heterogeneity in precipitation and underlying surfaces and hybrid runoff generation mechanism make hydrological modelling and forecasting in semi-arid regions becoming a challenging work. Therefore, to provide a reference for the development of hydrological models in such regions, two nested hydrological experimental watersheds in semi-arid regions were selected for attribution analysis. Based on the concept of large-sample hydrology, large-scale numerical simulation experiments were performed by constructing different spatial and temporal scale rainfall schemes and combining three hydrological models with different runoff generation mechanisms. Finally, the influences of the time step, station density, and model structure on the flood simulations in semi-arid regions were evaluated. The spatial interpolation technique was used simultaneously to describe the high-dimensional complicated nonlinear relationships between the influencing factors and simulation results. The results show the following: (1) the flood simulation accuracy was more sensitive to the time step than the spatial station density of the rainfall schemes and was highly dependent on the time step of the original observation data, and (2) compared with the accuracy of the rainfall schemes, the model structure plays a dominant role in flood simulation accuracy. Thus, the hybrid model has significant potential for flood forecasting in semi-arid regions by combining different runoff generation mechanisms. (3) The spatial interpolation technique based on the k-nearest neighbour algorithm can construct a high-dimensional distribution between the influencing factors and model simulation accuracy, and describe the complicated relationships among the time step, station density, model structure, and flood simulations. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021 |
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Impact of rainfall spatiotemporal variability and model structures on flood simulation in semi-arid regions |
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The results show the following: (1) the flood simulation accuracy was more sensitive to the time step than the spatial station density of the rainfall schemes and was highly dependent on the time step of the original observation data, and (2) compared with the accuracy of the rainfall schemes, the model structure plays a dominant role in flood simulation accuracy. Thus, the hybrid model has significant potential for flood forecasting in semi-arid regions by combining different runoff generation mechanisms. 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