Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries for sustainable design and manufacturing
Purpose All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs) have attracted enormous attention recently since they are safer, and have higher energy density and wider operating temperature compared with conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, ASSLIB manufacturing involves energy-intensive pro...
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| Autor*in: |
Zhang, Jingyi [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
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2022 |
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| Anmerkung: |
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: The international journal of life cycle assessment - Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996, 27(2022), 2 vom: 24. Jan., Seite 227-237 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:27 ; year:2022 ; number:2 ; day:24 ; month:01 ; pages:227-237 |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s11367-022-02023-2 |
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OLC2078159905 |
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| 520 | |a Purpose All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs) have attracted enormous attention recently since they are safer, and have higher energy density and wider operating temperature compared with conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, ASSLIB manufacturing involves energy-intensive processes and the environmental impacts have not been fully understood. Methods Here we developed a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment model to study environmental impacts of a typical ASSLIB with $ Li_{1.3} $$ Al_{0.3} $$ Ti_{1.7} $($ PO_{4} $)3 (LATP) inorganic solid electrolyte (ISE), and compared the results with conventional LIBs with lithium hexafluorophosphate ($ LiPF_{6} $) ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC)-based liquid electrolyte, to guide the sustainable design of ASSLIBs. Sensitivity analysis is also performed to investigate the environmental impact variations considering the future scale-up productions and technology advancement scenarios. Results and discussion We found that manufacturing one CR2032 ASSLIB requires 2.6 MJ primary energy and generates 0.1 kg $ CO_{2} $-eq. global warming potential (GWP), and it has higher environmental impacts when compared with a conventional $ LiPF_{6} $ EC/DMC-based liquid LIBs which requires 1.1 MJ primary energy and generates 0.05 kg $ CO_{2} $-eq. GWP. Through the sensitivity analysis, the environmental impacts can be reduced at large-scale fabrication at different levels due to the decrease of manufacturing energy and ISE thickness. Conclusion The hotspots identified in ASSLIB production include the thickness of LATP electrolyte, the energy-intensive manufacturing processes to produce LATP, and the production of the LATP precursor $ H_{2} $[TiO($ C_{2} $$ O_{4} $)2]. To achieve sustainable development of ASSLIBs, it is crucial to reduce the energy-intensive heating processes, improve energy efficiency, and overcome technology barriers, such as the “brittle” ISE characteristic. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Life cycle assessment (LCA) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental impacts | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sustainable design and manufacturing | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ke, Xinyou |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Gu, Yu |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Wang, Fenfen |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Zheng, Duanyang |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Shen, Kang |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Yuan, Chris |0 (orcid)0000-0002-7744-7252 |4 aut | |
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10.1007/s11367-022-02023-2 doi (DE-627)OLC2078159905 (DE-He213)s11367-022-02023-2-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 650 330 333.7 VZ 690 VZ Zhang, Jingyi verfasserin aut Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries for sustainable design and manufacturing 2022 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022 Purpose All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs) have attracted enormous attention recently since they are safer, and have higher energy density and wider operating temperature compared with conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, ASSLIB manufacturing involves energy-intensive processes and the environmental impacts have not been fully understood. Methods Here we developed a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment model to study environmental impacts of a typical ASSLIB with $ Li_{1.3} $$ Al_{0.3} $$ Ti_{1.7} $($ PO_{4} $)3 (LATP) inorganic solid electrolyte (ISE), and compared the results with conventional LIBs with lithium hexafluorophosphate ($ LiPF_{6} $) ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC)-based liquid electrolyte, to guide the sustainable design of ASSLIBs. Sensitivity analysis is also performed to investigate the environmental impact variations considering the future scale-up productions and technology advancement scenarios. Results and discussion We found that manufacturing one CR2032 ASSLIB requires 2.6 MJ primary energy and generates 0.1 kg $ CO_{2} $-eq. global warming potential (GWP), and it has higher environmental impacts when compared with a conventional $ LiPF_{6} $ EC/DMC-based liquid LIBs which requires 1.1 MJ primary energy and generates 0.05 kg $ CO_{2} $-eq. GWP. Through the sensitivity analysis, the environmental impacts can be reduced at large-scale fabrication at different levels due to the decrease of manufacturing energy and ISE thickness. Conclusion The hotspots identified in ASSLIB production include the thickness of LATP electrolyte, the energy-intensive manufacturing processes to produce LATP, and the production of the LATP precursor $ H_{2} $[TiO($ C_{2} $$ O_{4} $)2]. To achieve sustainable development of ASSLIBs, it is crucial to reduce the energy-intensive heating processes, improve energy efficiency, and overcome technology barriers, such as the “brittle” ISE characteristic. All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs) Life cycle assessment (LCA) Environmental impacts Sustainable design and manufacturing Ke, Xinyou aut Gu, Yu aut Wang, Fenfen aut Zheng, Duanyang aut Shen, Kang aut Yuan, Chris (orcid)0000-0002-7744-7252 aut Enthalten in The international journal of life cycle assessment Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996 27(2022), 2 vom: 24. Jan., Seite 227-237 (DE-627)211584533 (DE-600)1319419-7 (DE-576)059728728 0948-3349 nnns volume:27 year:2022 number:2 day:24 month:01 pages:227-237 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-022-02023-2 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-ARC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OPC-FOR GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2016 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 AR 27 2022 2 24 01 227-237 |
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10.1007/s11367-022-02023-2 doi (DE-627)OLC2078159905 (DE-He213)s11367-022-02023-2-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 650 330 333.7 VZ 690 VZ Zhang, Jingyi verfasserin aut Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries for sustainable design and manufacturing 2022 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022 Purpose All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs) have attracted enormous attention recently since they are safer, and have higher energy density and wider operating temperature compared with conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, ASSLIB manufacturing involves energy-intensive processes and the environmental impacts have not been fully understood. Methods Here we developed a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment model to study environmental impacts of a typical ASSLIB with $ Li_{1.3} $$ Al_{0.3} $$ Ti_{1.7} $($ PO_{4} $)3 (LATP) inorganic solid electrolyte (ISE), and compared the results with conventional LIBs with lithium hexafluorophosphate ($ LiPF_{6} $) ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC)-based liquid electrolyte, to guide the sustainable design of ASSLIBs. Sensitivity analysis is also performed to investigate the environmental impact variations considering the future scale-up productions and technology advancement scenarios. Results and discussion We found that manufacturing one CR2032 ASSLIB requires 2.6 MJ primary energy and generates 0.1 kg $ CO_{2} $-eq. global warming potential (GWP), and it has higher environmental impacts when compared with a conventional $ LiPF_{6} $ EC/DMC-based liquid LIBs which requires 1.1 MJ primary energy and generates 0.05 kg $ CO_{2} $-eq. GWP. Through the sensitivity analysis, the environmental impacts can be reduced at large-scale fabrication at different levels due to the decrease of manufacturing energy and ISE thickness. Conclusion The hotspots identified in ASSLIB production include the thickness of LATP electrolyte, the energy-intensive manufacturing processes to produce LATP, and the production of the LATP precursor $ H_{2} $[TiO($ C_{2} $$ O_{4} $)2]. To achieve sustainable development of ASSLIBs, it is crucial to reduce the energy-intensive heating processes, improve energy efficiency, and overcome technology barriers, such as the “brittle” ISE characteristic. All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs) Life cycle assessment (LCA) Environmental impacts Sustainable design and manufacturing Ke, Xinyou aut Gu, Yu aut Wang, Fenfen aut Zheng, Duanyang aut Shen, Kang aut Yuan, Chris (orcid)0000-0002-7744-7252 aut Enthalten in The international journal of life cycle assessment Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996 27(2022), 2 vom: 24. Jan., Seite 227-237 (DE-627)211584533 (DE-600)1319419-7 (DE-576)059728728 0948-3349 nnns volume:27 year:2022 number:2 day:24 month:01 pages:227-237 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-022-02023-2 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-ARC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OPC-FOR GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2016 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 AR 27 2022 2 24 01 227-237 |
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10.1007/s11367-022-02023-2 doi (DE-627)OLC2078159905 (DE-He213)s11367-022-02023-2-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 650 330 333.7 VZ 690 VZ Zhang, Jingyi verfasserin aut Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries for sustainable design and manufacturing 2022 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022 Purpose All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs) have attracted enormous attention recently since they are safer, and have higher energy density and wider operating temperature compared with conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, ASSLIB manufacturing involves energy-intensive processes and the environmental impacts have not been fully understood. Methods Here we developed a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment model to study environmental impacts of a typical ASSLIB with $ Li_{1.3} $$ Al_{0.3} $$ Ti_{1.7} $($ PO_{4} $)3 (LATP) inorganic solid electrolyte (ISE), and compared the results with conventional LIBs with lithium hexafluorophosphate ($ LiPF_{6} $) ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC)-based liquid electrolyte, to guide the sustainable design of ASSLIBs. Sensitivity analysis is also performed to investigate the environmental impact variations considering the future scale-up productions and technology advancement scenarios. Results and discussion We found that manufacturing one CR2032 ASSLIB requires 2.6 MJ primary energy and generates 0.1 kg $ CO_{2} $-eq. global warming potential (GWP), and it has higher environmental impacts when compared with a conventional $ LiPF_{6} $ EC/DMC-based liquid LIBs which requires 1.1 MJ primary energy and generates 0.05 kg $ CO_{2} $-eq. GWP. Through the sensitivity analysis, the environmental impacts can be reduced at large-scale fabrication at different levels due to the decrease of manufacturing energy and ISE thickness. Conclusion The hotspots identified in ASSLIB production include the thickness of LATP electrolyte, the energy-intensive manufacturing processes to produce LATP, and the production of the LATP precursor $ H_{2} $[TiO($ C_{2} $$ O_{4} $)2]. To achieve sustainable development of ASSLIBs, it is crucial to reduce the energy-intensive heating processes, improve energy efficiency, and overcome technology barriers, such as the “brittle” ISE characteristic. All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs) Life cycle assessment (LCA) Environmental impacts Sustainable design and manufacturing Ke, Xinyou aut Gu, Yu aut Wang, Fenfen aut Zheng, Duanyang aut Shen, Kang aut Yuan, Chris (orcid)0000-0002-7744-7252 aut Enthalten in The international journal of life cycle assessment Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996 27(2022), 2 vom: 24. Jan., Seite 227-237 (DE-627)211584533 (DE-600)1319419-7 (DE-576)059728728 0948-3349 nnns volume:27 year:2022 number:2 day:24 month:01 pages:227-237 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-022-02023-2 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-ARC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OPC-FOR GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2016 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 AR 27 2022 2 24 01 227-237 |
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10.1007/s11367-022-02023-2 doi (DE-627)OLC2078159905 (DE-He213)s11367-022-02023-2-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 650 330 333.7 VZ 690 VZ Zhang, Jingyi verfasserin aut Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries for sustainable design and manufacturing 2022 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022 Purpose All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs) have attracted enormous attention recently since they are safer, and have higher energy density and wider operating temperature compared with conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, ASSLIB manufacturing involves energy-intensive processes and the environmental impacts have not been fully understood. Methods Here we developed a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment model to study environmental impacts of a typical ASSLIB with $ Li_{1.3} $$ Al_{0.3} $$ Ti_{1.7} $($ PO_{4} $)3 (LATP) inorganic solid electrolyte (ISE), and compared the results with conventional LIBs with lithium hexafluorophosphate ($ LiPF_{6} $) ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC)-based liquid electrolyte, to guide the sustainable design of ASSLIBs. Sensitivity analysis is also performed to investigate the environmental impact variations considering the future scale-up productions and technology advancement scenarios. Results and discussion We found that manufacturing one CR2032 ASSLIB requires 2.6 MJ primary energy and generates 0.1 kg $ CO_{2} $-eq. global warming potential (GWP), and it has higher environmental impacts when compared with a conventional $ LiPF_{6} $ EC/DMC-based liquid LIBs which requires 1.1 MJ primary energy and generates 0.05 kg $ CO_{2} $-eq. GWP. Through the sensitivity analysis, the environmental impacts can be reduced at large-scale fabrication at different levels due to the decrease of manufacturing energy and ISE thickness. Conclusion The hotspots identified in ASSLIB production include the thickness of LATP electrolyte, the energy-intensive manufacturing processes to produce LATP, and the production of the LATP precursor $ H_{2} $[TiO($ C_{2} $$ O_{4} $)2]. To achieve sustainable development of ASSLIBs, it is crucial to reduce the energy-intensive heating processes, improve energy efficiency, and overcome technology barriers, such as the “brittle” ISE characteristic. All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs) Life cycle assessment (LCA) Environmental impacts Sustainable design and manufacturing Ke, Xinyou aut Gu, Yu aut Wang, Fenfen aut Zheng, Duanyang aut Shen, Kang aut Yuan, Chris (orcid)0000-0002-7744-7252 aut Enthalten in The international journal of life cycle assessment Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996 27(2022), 2 vom: 24. Jan., Seite 227-237 (DE-627)211584533 (DE-600)1319419-7 (DE-576)059728728 0948-3349 nnns volume:27 year:2022 number:2 day:24 month:01 pages:227-237 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-022-02023-2 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-ARC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OPC-FOR GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2016 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 AR 27 2022 2 24 01 227-237 |
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10.1007/s11367-022-02023-2 doi (DE-627)OLC2078159905 (DE-He213)s11367-022-02023-2-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 650 330 333.7 VZ 690 VZ Zhang, Jingyi verfasserin aut Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries for sustainable design and manufacturing 2022 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022 Purpose All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs) have attracted enormous attention recently since they are safer, and have higher energy density and wider operating temperature compared with conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, ASSLIB manufacturing involves energy-intensive processes and the environmental impacts have not been fully understood. Methods Here we developed a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment model to study environmental impacts of a typical ASSLIB with $ Li_{1.3} $$ Al_{0.3} $$ Ti_{1.7} $($ PO_{4} $)3 (LATP) inorganic solid electrolyte (ISE), and compared the results with conventional LIBs with lithium hexafluorophosphate ($ LiPF_{6} $) ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC)-based liquid electrolyte, to guide the sustainable design of ASSLIBs. Sensitivity analysis is also performed to investigate the environmental impact variations considering the future scale-up productions and technology advancement scenarios. Results and discussion We found that manufacturing one CR2032 ASSLIB requires 2.6 MJ primary energy and generates 0.1 kg $ CO_{2} $-eq. global warming potential (GWP), and it has higher environmental impacts when compared with a conventional $ LiPF_{6} $ EC/DMC-based liquid LIBs which requires 1.1 MJ primary energy and generates 0.05 kg $ CO_{2} $-eq. GWP. Through the sensitivity analysis, the environmental impacts can be reduced at large-scale fabrication at different levels due to the decrease of manufacturing energy and ISE thickness. Conclusion The hotspots identified in ASSLIB production include the thickness of LATP electrolyte, the energy-intensive manufacturing processes to produce LATP, and the production of the LATP precursor $ H_{2} $[TiO($ C_{2} $$ O_{4} $)2]. To achieve sustainable development of ASSLIBs, it is crucial to reduce the energy-intensive heating processes, improve energy efficiency, and overcome technology barriers, such as the “brittle” ISE characteristic. All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs) Life cycle assessment (LCA) Environmental impacts Sustainable design and manufacturing Ke, Xinyou aut Gu, Yu aut Wang, Fenfen aut Zheng, Duanyang aut Shen, Kang aut Yuan, Chris (orcid)0000-0002-7744-7252 aut Enthalten in The international journal of life cycle assessment Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996 27(2022), 2 vom: 24. Jan., Seite 227-237 (DE-627)211584533 (DE-600)1319419-7 (DE-576)059728728 0948-3349 nnns volume:27 year:2022 number:2 day:24 month:01 pages:227-237 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-022-02023-2 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-ARC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OPC-FOR GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2016 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 AR 27 2022 2 24 01 227-237 |
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However, ASSLIB manufacturing involves energy-intensive processes and the environmental impacts have not been fully understood. Methods Here we developed a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment model to study environmental impacts of a typical ASSLIB with $ Li_{1.3} $$ Al_{0.3} $$ Ti_{1.7} $($ PO_{4} $)3 (LATP) inorganic solid electrolyte (ISE), and compared the results with conventional LIBs with lithium hexafluorophosphate ($ LiPF_{6} $) ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC)-based liquid electrolyte, to guide the sustainable design of ASSLIBs. Sensitivity analysis is also performed to investigate the environmental impact variations considering the future scale-up productions and technology advancement scenarios. Results and discussion We found that manufacturing one CR2032 ASSLIB requires 2.6 MJ primary energy and generates 0.1 kg $ CO_{2} $-eq. global warming potential (GWP), and it has higher environmental impacts when compared with a conventional $ LiPF_{6} $ EC/DMC-based liquid LIBs which requires 1.1 MJ primary energy and generates 0.05 kg $ CO_{2} $-eq. GWP. Through the sensitivity analysis, the environmental impacts can be reduced at large-scale fabrication at different levels due to the decrease of manufacturing energy and ISE thickness. Conclusion The hotspots identified in ASSLIB production include the thickness of LATP electrolyte, the energy-intensive manufacturing processes to produce LATP, and the production of the LATP precursor $ H_{2} $[TiO($ C_{2} $$ O_{4} $)2]. 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Cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries for sustainable design and manufacturing |
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Purpose All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs) have attracted enormous attention recently since they are safer, and have higher energy density and wider operating temperature compared with conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, ASSLIB manufacturing involves energy-intensive processes and the environmental impacts have not been fully understood. Methods Here we developed a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment model to study environmental impacts of a typical ASSLIB with $ Li_{1.3} $$ Al_{0.3} $$ Ti_{1.7} $($ PO_{4} $)3 (LATP) inorganic solid electrolyte (ISE), and compared the results with conventional LIBs with lithium hexafluorophosphate ($ LiPF_{6} $) ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC)-based liquid electrolyte, to guide the sustainable design of ASSLIBs. Sensitivity analysis is also performed to investigate the environmental impact variations considering the future scale-up productions and technology advancement scenarios. Results and discussion We found that manufacturing one CR2032 ASSLIB requires 2.6 MJ primary energy and generates 0.1 kg $ CO_{2} $-eq. global warming potential (GWP), and it has higher environmental impacts when compared with a conventional $ LiPF_{6} $ EC/DMC-based liquid LIBs which requires 1.1 MJ primary energy and generates 0.05 kg $ CO_{2} $-eq. GWP. Through the sensitivity analysis, the environmental impacts can be reduced at large-scale fabrication at different levels due to the decrease of manufacturing energy and ISE thickness. Conclusion The hotspots identified in ASSLIB production include the thickness of LATP electrolyte, the energy-intensive manufacturing processes to produce LATP, and the production of the LATP precursor $ H_{2} $[TiO($ C_{2} $$ O_{4} $)2]. To achieve sustainable development of ASSLIBs, it is crucial to reduce the energy-intensive heating processes, improve energy efficiency, and overcome technology barriers, such as the “brittle” ISE characteristic. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022 |
| abstractGer |
Purpose All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs) have attracted enormous attention recently since they are safer, and have higher energy density and wider operating temperature compared with conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, ASSLIB manufacturing involves energy-intensive processes and the environmental impacts have not been fully understood. Methods Here we developed a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment model to study environmental impacts of a typical ASSLIB with $ Li_{1.3} $$ Al_{0.3} $$ Ti_{1.7} $($ PO_{4} $)3 (LATP) inorganic solid electrolyte (ISE), and compared the results with conventional LIBs with lithium hexafluorophosphate ($ LiPF_{6} $) ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC)-based liquid electrolyte, to guide the sustainable design of ASSLIBs. Sensitivity analysis is also performed to investigate the environmental impact variations considering the future scale-up productions and technology advancement scenarios. Results and discussion We found that manufacturing one CR2032 ASSLIB requires 2.6 MJ primary energy and generates 0.1 kg $ CO_{2} $-eq. global warming potential (GWP), and it has higher environmental impacts when compared with a conventional $ LiPF_{6} $ EC/DMC-based liquid LIBs which requires 1.1 MJ primary energy and generates 0.05 kg $ CO_{2} $-eq. GWP. Through the sensitivity analysis, the environmental impacts can be reduced at large-scale fabrication at different levels due to the decrease of manufacturing energy and ISE thickness. Conclusion The hotspots identified in ASSLIB production include the thickness of LATP electrolyte, the energy-intensive manufacturing processes to produce LATP, and the production of the LATP precursor $ H_{2} $[TiO($ C_{2} $$ O_{4} $)2]. To achieve sustainable development of ASSLIBs, it is crucial to reduce the energy-intensive heating processes, improve energy efficiency, and overcome technology barriers, such as the “brittle” ISE characteristic. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022 |
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Purpose All-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs) have attracted enormous attention recently since they are safer, and have higher energy density and wider operating temperature compared with conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, ASSLIB manufacturing involves energy-intensive processes and the environmental impacts have not been fully understood. Methods Here we developed a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment model to study environmental impacts of a typical ASSLIB with $ Li_{1.3} $$ Al_{0.3} $$ Ti_{1.7} $($ PO_{4} $)3 (LATP) inorganic solid electrolyte (ISE), and compared the results with conventional LIBs with lithium hexafluorophosphate ($ LiPF_{6} $) ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate (EC/DMC)-based liquid electrolyte, to guide the sustainable design of ASSLIBs. Sensitivity analysis is also performed to investigate the environmental impact variations considering the future scale-up productions and technology advancement scenarios. Results and discussion We found that manufacturing one CR2032 ASSLIB requires 2.6 MJ primary energy and generates 0.1 kg $ CO_{2} $-eq. global warming potential (GWP), and it has higher environmental impacts when compared with a conventional $ LiPF_{6} $ EC/DMC-based liquid LIBs which requires 1.1 MJ primary energy and generates 0.05 kg $ CO_{2} $-eq. GWP. Through the sensitivity analysis, the environmental impacts can be reduced at large-scale fabrication at different levels due to the decrease of manufacturing energy and ISE thickness. Conclusion The hotspots identified in ASSLIB production include the thickness of LATP electrolyte, the energy-intensive manufacturing processes to produce LATP, and the production of the LATP precursor $ H_{2} $[TiO($ C_{2} $$ O_{4} $)2]. To achieve sustainable development of ASSLIBs, it is crucial to reduce the energy-intensive heating processes, improve energy efficiency, and overcome technology barriers, such as the “brittle” ISE characteristic. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022 |
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