A long-term chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric rainfall in a northwest megacity of Xi’an, China

Abstract A long-term measurement on rainfall was conducted in urban Xi’an, China, from 2009 to 2016. The seasonal and annual variations of major inorganic components and their chemical properties in the rainfall were studied. The annual rainfall ranged from 165.3 to 916.3 mm. The pH value of the rai...
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Autor*in:	Wang, Linqing [verfasserIn] Shen, Zhenxing He, Kun Zhang, Tian Zhang, Qian Xu, Hongmei Ho, Steven Sai Hang Wang, Xin

Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2021

Schlagwörter:	Atmospheric rainfall PM Water-soluble inorganic ions Sources apportionment

Anmerkung:	© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: Environmental science and pollution research - Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994, 28(2021), 24 vom: 17. Feb., Seite 31207-31217
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:28 ; year:2021 ; number:24 ; day:17 ; month:02 ; pages:31207-31217

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1007/s11356-021-13015-4

Katalog-ID:	OLC212633158X

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520			\|a Abstract A long-term measurement on rainfall was conducted in urban Xi’an, China, from 2009 to 2016. The seasonal and annual variations of major inorganic components and their chemical properties in the rainfall were studied. The annual rainfall ranged from 165.3 to 916.3 mm. The pH value of the rainfall ranged from 6.36 to 7.19, with an average value of 6.70. The electric conductivity (EC) in the rainfall was in a range of 55.91 to 227.44 μS·$ cm^{−1} $. Ammonium ($ NH_{4} $+), calcium ($ Ca^{2+} $), nitrate ($ NO_{3} $−), and sulfate ($ SO_{4} $2−) were the four major components, accounting for 88.5% of the total quantified inorganic ion concentration. Neutralization factors were determined for $ Ca^{2+} $ (1.03), $ NH_{4} $+ (0.57), $ Mg^{2+} $ (0.10), $ Na^{+} $ (0.06), and $ K^{+} $ (0.04). The high abundance of $ NH_{4} $+ that formed from its precursor of ammonia gas ($ NH_{3} $) suggested the contribution of agricultural fertilization. $ Ca^{2+} $ in the rainfall was mainly from natural sources such as soil dust, while anions of $ NO_{3} $− and $ SO_{4} $2− originated from fossil fuel combustion. Source apportionment was conducted with positive matrix factorization (PMF) which identified that secondary inorganic formation, crustal dust, coal combustion, and biomass burning are the contributors to the rainfall. In between, secondary inorganic formation was the largest contributor, which accounted for 27.8–58.1% of the total sources, followed by crustal dust of 0.4–42.6%. The results of this long-term study demonstrated the decreasing trends of contributions from coal combustion and biomass burning under a series of air pollution control measures implemented by the government. However, continuous urbanization and development of the city caused substantial increases of the construction activities, inducing more crustal dusts to the environment in urban Xi’an.
650		4	\|a Atmospheric rainfall
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650		4	\|a Sources apportionment
700	1		\|a Shen, Zhenxing \|4 aut
700	1		\|a He, Kun \|4 aut
700	1		\|a Zhang, Tian \|4 aut
700	1		\|a Zhang, Qian \|4 aut
700	1		\|a Xu, Hongmei \|4 aut
700	1		\|a Ho, Steven Sai Hang \|4 aut
700	1		\|a Wang, Xin \|4 aut
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allfields	10.1007/s11356-021-13015-4 doi (DE-627)OLC212633158X (DE-He213)s11356-021-13015-4-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 360 333.7 VZ 690 333.7 540 VZ BIODIV DE-30 fid Wang, Linqing verfasserin aut A long-term chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric rainfall in a northwest megacity of Xi’an, China 2021 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021 Abstract A long-term measurement on rainfall was conducted in urban Xi’an, China, from 2009 to 2016. The seasonal and annual variations of major inorganic components and their chemical properties in the rainfall were studied. The annual rainfall ranged from 165.3 to 916.3 mm. The pH value of the rainfall ranged from 6.36 to 7.19, with an average value of 6.70. The electric conductivity (EC) in the rainfall was in a range of 55.91 to 227.44 μS·$ cm^{−1} $. Ammonium ($ NH_{4} $+), calcium ($ Ca^{2+} $), nitrate ($ NO_{3} $−), and sulfate ($ SO_{4} $2−) were the four major components, accounting for 88.5% of the total quantified inorganic ion concentration. Neutralization factors were determined for $ Ca^{2+} $ (1.03), $ NH_{4} $+ (0.57), $ Mg^{2+} $ (0.10), $ Na^{+} $ (0.06), and $ K^{+} $ (0.04). The high abundance of $ NH_{4} $+ that formed from its precursor of ammonia gas ($ NH_{3} $) suggested the contribution of agricultural fertilization. $ Ca^{2+} $ in the rainfall was mainly from natural sources such as soil dust, while anions of $ NO_{3} $− and $ SO_{4} $2− originated from fossil fuel combustion. Source apportionment was conducted with positive matrix factorization (PMF) which identified that secondary inorganic formation, crustal dust, coal combustion, and biomass burning are the contributors to the rainfall. In between, secondary inorganic formation was the largest contributor, which accounted for 27.8–58.1% of the total sources, followed by crustal dust of 0.4–42.6%. The results of this long-term study demonstrated the decreasing trends of contributions from coal combustion and biomass burning under a series of air pollution control measures implemented by the government. However, continuous urbanization and development of the city caused substantial increases of the construction activities, inducing more crustal dusts to the environment in urban Xi’an. Atmospheric rainfall PM Water-soluble inorganic ions Sources apportionment Shen, Zhenxing aut He, Kun aut Zhang, Tian aut Zhang, Qian aut Xu, Hongmei aut Ho, Steven Sai Hang aut Wang, Xin aut Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994 28(2021), 24 vom: 17. Feb., Seite 31207-31217 (DE-627)171335805 (DE-600)1178791-0 (DE-576)038875101 0944-1344 nnns volume:28 year:2021 number:24 day:17 month:02 pages:31207-31217 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13015-4 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-ARC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-FOR GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 AR 28 2021 24 17 02 31207-31217
spelling	10.1007/s11356-021-13015-4 doi (DE-627)OLC212633158X (DE-He213)s11356-021-13015-4-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 360 333.7 VZ 690 333.7 540 VZ BIODIV DE-30 fid Wang, Linqing verfasserin aut A long-term chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric rainfall in a northwest megacity of Xi’an, China 2021 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021 Abstract A long-term measurement on rainfall was conducted in urban Xi’an, China, from 2009 to 2016. The seasonal and annual variations of major inorganic components and their chemical properties in the rainfall were studied. The annual rainfall ranged from 165.3 to 916.3 mm. The pH value of the rainfall ranged from 6.36 to 7.19, with an average value of 6.70. The electric conductivity (EC) in the rainfall was in a range of 55.91 to 227.44 μS·$ cm^{−1} $. Ammonium ($ NH_{4} $+), calcium ($ Ca^{2+} $), nitrate ($ NO_{3} $−), and sulfate ($ SO_{4} $2−) were the four major components, accounting for 88.5% of the total quantified inorganic ion concentration. Neutralization factors were determined for $ Ca^{2+} $ (1.03), $ NH_{4} $+ (0.57), $ Mg^{2+} $ (0.10), $ Na^{+} $ (0.06), and $ K^{+} $ (0.04). The high abundance of $ NH_{4} $+ that formed from its precursor of ammonia gas ($ NH_{3} $) suggested the contribution of agricultural fertilization. $ Ca^{2+} $ in the rainfall was mainly from natural sources such as soil dust, while anions of $ NO_{3} $− and $ SO_{4} $2− originated from fossil fuel combustion. Source apportionment was conducted with positive matrix factorization (PMF) which identified that secondary inorganic formation, crustal dust, coal combustion, and biomass burning are the contributors to the rainfall. In between, secondary inorganic formation was the largest contributor, which accounted for 27.8–58.1% of the total sources, followed by crustal dust of 0.4–42.6%. The results of this long-term study demonstrated the decreasing trends of contributions from coal combustion and biomass burning under a series of air pollution control measures implemented by the government. However, continuous urbanization and development of the city caused substantial increases of the construction activities, inducing more crustal dusts to the environment in urban Xi’an. Atmospheric rainfall PM Water-soluble inorganic ions Sources apportionment Shen, Zhenxing aut He, Kun aut Zhang, Tian aut Zhang, Qian aut Xu, Hongmei aut Ho, Steven Sai Hang aut Wang, Xin aut Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994 28(2021), 24 vom: 17. Feb., Seite 31207-31217 (DE-627)171335805 (DE-600)1178791-0 (DE-576)038875101 0944-1344 nnns volume:28 year:2021 number:24 day:17 month:02 pages:31207-31217 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13015-4 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-ARC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-FOR GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 AR 28 2021 24 17 02 31207-31217
allfields_unstemmed	10.1007/s11356-021-13015-4 doi (DE-627)OLC212633158X (DE-He213)s11356-021-13015-4-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 360 333.7 VZ 690 333.7 540 VZ BIODIV DE-30 fid Wang, Linqing verfasserin aut A long-term chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric rainfall in a northwest megacity of Xi’an, China 2021 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021 Abstract A long-term measurement on rainfall was conducted in urban Xi’an, China, from 2009 to 2016. The seasonal and annual variations of major inorganic components and their chemical properties in the rainfall were studied. The annual rainfall ranged from 165.3 to 916.3 mm. The pH value of the rainfall ranged from 6.36 to 7.19, with an average value of 6.70. The electric conductivity (EC) in the rainfall was in a range of 55.91 to 227.44 μS·$ cm^{−1} $. Ammonium ($ NH_{4} $+), calcium ($ Ca^{2+} $), nitrate ($ NO_{3} $−), and sulfate ($ SO_{4} $2−) were the four major components, accounting for 88.5% of the total quantified inorganic ion concentration. Neutralization factors were determined for $ Ca^{2+} $ (1.03), $ NH_{4} $+ (0.57), $ Mg^{2+} $ (0.10), $ Na^{+} $ (0.06), and $ K^{+} $ (0.04). The high abundance of $ NH_{4} $+ that formed from its precursor of ammonia gas ($ NH_{3} $) suggested the contribution of agricultural fertilization. $ Ca^{2+} $ in the rainfall was mainly from natural sources such as soil dust, while anions of $ NO_{3} $− and $ SO_{4} $2− originated from fossil fuel combustion. Source apportionment was conducted with positive matrix factorization (PMF) which identified that secondary inorganic formation, crustal dust, coal combustion, and biomass burning are the contributors to the rainfall. In between, secondary inorganic formation was the largest contributor, which accounted for 27.8–58.1% of the total sources, followed by crustal dust of 0.4–42.6%. The results of this long-term study demonstrated the decreasing trends of contributions from coal combustion and biomass burning under a series of air pollution control measures implemented by the government. However, continuous urbanization and development of the city caused substantial increases of the construction activities, inducing more crustal dusts to the environment in urban Xi’an. Atmospheric rainfall PM Water-soluble inorganic ions Sources apportionment Shen, Zhenxing aut He, Kun aut Zhang, Tian aut Zhang, Qian aut Xu, Hongmei aut Ho, Steven Sai Hang aut Wang, Xin aut Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994 28(2021), 24 vom: 17. Feb., Seite 31207-31217 (DE-627)171335805 (DE-600)1178791-0 (DE-576)038875101 0944-1344 nnns volume:28 year:2021 number:24 day:17 month:02 pages:31207-31217 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13015-4 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-ARC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-FOR GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 AR 28 2021 24 17 02 31207-31217
allfieldsGer	10.1007/s11356-021-13015-4 doi (DE-627)OLC212633158X (DE-He213)s11356-021-13015-4-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 360 333.7 VZ 690 333.7 540 VZ BIODIV DE-30 fid Wang, Linqing verfasserin aut A long-term chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric rainfall in a northwest megacity of Xi’an, China 2021 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021 Abstract A long-term measurement on rainfall was conducted in urban Xi’an, China, from 2009 to 2016. The seasonal and annual variations of major inorganic components and their chemical properties in the rainfall were studied. The annual rainfall ranged from 165.3 to 916.3 mm. The pH value of the rainfall ranged from 6.36 to 7.19, with an average value of 6.70. The electric conductivity (EC) in the rainfall was in a range of 55.91 to 227.44 μS·$ cm^{−1} $. Ammonium ($ NH_{4} $+), calcium ($ Ca^{2+} $), nitrate ($ NO_{3} $−), and sulfate ($ SO_{4} $2−) were the four major components, accounting for 88.5% of the total quantified inorganic ion concentration. Neutralization factors were determined for $ Ca^{2+} $ (1.03), $ NH_{4} $+ (0.57), $ Mg^{2+} $ (0.10), $ Na^{+} $ (0.06), and $ K^{+} $ (0.04). The high abundance of $ NH_{4} $+ that formed from its precursor of ammonia gas ($ NH_{3} $) suggested the contribution of agricultural fertilization. $ Ca^{2+} $ in the rainfall was mainly from natural sources such as soil dust, while anions of $ NO_{3} $− and $ SO_{4} $2− originated from fossil fuel combustion. Source apportionment was conducted with positive matrix factorization (PMF) which identified that secondary inorganic formation, crustal dust, coal combustion, and biomass burning are the contributors to the rainfall. In between, secondary inorganic formation was the largest contributor, which accounted for 27.8–58.1% of the total sources, followed by crustal dust of 0.4–42.6%. The results of this long-term study demonstrated the decreasing trends of contributions from coal combustion and biomass burning under a series of air pollution control measures implemented by the government. However, continuous urbanization and development of the city caused substantial increases of the construction activities, inducing more crustal dusts to the environment in urban Xi’an. Atmospheric rainfall PM Water-soluble inorganic ions Sources apportionment Shen, Zhenxing aut He, Kun aut Zhang, Tian aut Zhang, Qian aut Xu, Hongmei aut Ho, Steven Sai Hang aut Wang, Xin aut Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994 28(2021), 24 vom: 17. Feb., Seite 31207-31217 (DE-627)171335805 (DE-600)1178791-0 (DE-576)038875101 0944-1344 nnns volume:28 year:2021 number:24 day:17 month:02 pages:31207-31217 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13015-4 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-ARC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-FOR GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 AR 28 2021 24 17 02 31207-31217
allfieldsSound	10.1007/s11356-021-13015-4 doi (DE-627)OLC212633158X (DE-He213)s11356-021-13015-4-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 360 333.7 VZ 690 333.7 540 VZ BIODIV DE-30 fid Wang, Linqing verfasserin aut A long-term chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric rainfall in a northwest megacity of Xi’an, China 2021 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021 Abstract A long-term measurement on rainfall was conducted in urban Xi’an, China, from 2009 to 2016. The seasonal and annual variations of major inorganic components and their chemical properties in the rainfall were studied. The annual rainfall ranged from 165.3 to 916.3 mm. The pH value of the rainfall ranged from 6.36 to 7.19, with an average value of 6.70. The electric conductivity (EC) in the rainfall was in a range of 55.91 to 227.44 μS·$ cm^{−1} $. Ammonium ($ NH_{4} $+), calcium ($ Ca^{2+} $), nitrate ($ NO_{3} $−), and sulfate ($ SO_{4} $2−) were the four major components, accounting for 88.5% of the total quantified inorganic ion concentration. Neutralization factors were determined for $ Ca^{2+} $ (1.03), $ NH_{4} $+ (0.57), $ Mg^{2+} $ (0.10), $ Na^{+} $ (0.06), and $ K^{+} $ (0.04). The high abundance of $ NH_{4} $+ that formed from its precursor of ammonia gas ($ NH_{3} $) suggested the contribution of agricultural fertilization. $ Ca^{2+} $ in the rainfall was mainly from natural sources such as soil dust, while anions of $ NO_{3} $− and $ SO_{4} $2− originated from fossil fuel combustion. Source apportionment was conducted with positive matrix factorization (PMF) which identified that secondary inorganic formation, crustal dust, coal combustion, and biomass burning are the contributors to the rainfall. In between, secondary inorganic formation was the largest contributor, which accounted for 27.8–58.1% of the total sources, followed by crustal dust of 0.4–42.6%. The results of this long-term study demonstrated the decreasing trends of contributions from coal combustion and biomass burning under a series of air pollution control measures implemented by the government. However, continuous urbanization and development of the city caused substantial increases of the construction activities, inducing more crustal dusts to the environment in urban Xi’an. Atmospheric rainfall PM Water-soluble inorganic ions Sources apportionment Shen, Zhenxing aut He, Kun aut Zhang, Tian aut Zhang, Qian aut Xu, Hongmei aut Ho, Steven Sai Hang aut Wang, Xin aut Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994 28(2021), 24 vom: 17. Feb., Seite 31207-31217 (DE-627)171335805 (DE-600)1178791-0 (DE-576)038875101 0944-1344 nnns volume:28 year:2021 number:24 day:17 month:02 pages:31207-31217 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13015-4 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-ARC SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-CHE SSG-OLC-FOR GBV_ILN_252 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_4277 AR 28 2021 24 17 02 31207-31217
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source	Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research 28(2021), 24 vom: 17. Feb., Seite 31207-31217 volume:28 year:2021 number:24 day:17 month:02 pages:31207-31217
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authorswithroles_txt_mv	Wang, Linqing @@aut@@ Shen, Zhenxing @@aut@@ He, Kun @@aut@@ Zhang, Tian @@aut@@ Zhang, Qian @@aut@@ Xu, Hongmei @@aut@@ Ho, Steven Sai Hang @@aut@@ Wang, Xin @@aut@@
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The seasonal and annual variations of major inorganic components and their chemical properties in the rainfall were studied. The annual rainfall ranged from 165.3 to 916.3 mm. The pH value of the rainfall ranged from 6.36 to 7.19, with an average value of 6.70. The electric conductivity (EC) in the rainfall was in a range of 55.91 to 227.44 μS·$ cm^{−1} $. Ammonium ($ NH_{4} $+), calcium ($ Ca^{2+} $), nitrate ($ NO_{3} $−), and sulfate ($ SO_{4} $2−) were the four major components, accounting for 88.5% of the total quantified inorganic ion concentration. Neutralization factors were determined for $ Ca^{2+} $ (1.03), $ NH_{4} $+ (0.57), $ Mg^{2+} $ (0.10), $ Na^{+} $ (0.06), and $ K^{+} $ (0.04). 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author	Wang, Linqing
spellingShingle	Wang, Linqing ddc 570 ddc 690 fid BIODIV misc Atmospheric rainfall misc PM misc Water-soluble inorganic ions misc Sources apportionment A long-term chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric rainfall in a northwest megacity of Xi’an, China
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topic_title	570 360 333.7 VZ 690 333.7 540 VZ BIODIV DE-30 fid A long-term chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric rainfall in a northwest megacity of Xi’an, China Atmospheric rainfall PM Water-soluble inorganic ions Sources apportionment
topic	ddc 570 ddc 690 fid BIODIV misc Atmospheric rainfall misc PM misc Water-soluble inorganic ions misc Sources apportionment
topic_unstemmed	ddc 570 ddc 690 fid BIODIV misc Atmospheric rainfall misc PM misc Water-soluble inorganic ions misc Sources apportionment
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title	A long-term chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric rainfall in a northwest megacity of Xi’an, China
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title_full	A long-term chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric rainfall in a northwest megacity of Xi’an, China
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title_sort	a long-term chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric rainfall in a northwest megacity of xi’an, china
title_auth	A long-term chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric rainfall in a northwest megacity of Xi’an, China
abstract	Abstract A long-term measurement on rainfall was conducted in urban Xi’an, China, from 2009 to 2016. The seasonal and annual variations of major inorganic components and their chemical properties in the rainfall were studied. The annual rainfall ranged from 165.3 to 916.3 mm. The pH value of the rainfall ranged from 6.36 to 7.19, with an average value of 6.70. The electric conductivity (EC) in the rainfall was in a range of 55.91 to 227.44 μS·$ cm^{−1} $. Ammonium ($ NH_{4} $+), calcium ($ Ca^{2+} $), nitrate ($ NO_{3} $−), and sulfate ($ SO_{4} $2−) were the four major components, accounting for 88.5% of the total quantified inorganic ion concentration. Neutralization factors were determined for $ Ca^{2+} $ (1.03), $ NH_{4} $+ (0.57), $ Mg^{2+} $ (0.10), $ Na^{+} $ (0.06), and $ K^{+} $ (0.04). The high abundance of $ NH_{4} $+ that formed from its precursor of ammonia gas ($ NH_{3} $) suggested the contribution of agricultural fertilization. $ Ca^{2+} $ in the rainfall was mainly from natural sources such as soil dust, while anions of $ NO_{3} $− and $ SO_{4} $2− originated from fossil fuel combustion. Source apportionment was conducted with positive matrix factorization (PMF) which identified that secondary inorganic formation, crustal dust, coal combustion, and biomass burning are the contributors to the rainfall. In between, secondary inorganic formation was the largest contributor, which accounted for 27.8–58.1% of the total sources, followed by crustal dust of 0.4–42.6%. The results of this long-term study demonstrated the decreasing trends of contributions from coal combustion and biomass burning under a series of air pollution control measures implemented by the government. However, continuous urbanization and development of the city caused substantial increases of the construction activities, inducing more crustal dusts to the environment in urban Xi’an. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021
abstractGer	Abstract A long-term measurement on rainfall was conducted in urban Xi’an, China, from 2009 to 2016. The seasonal and annual variations of major inorganic components and their chemical properties in the rainfall were studied. The annual rainfall ranged from 165.3 to 916.3 mm. The pH value of the rainfall ranged from 6.36 to 7.19, with an average value of 6.70. The electric conductivity (EC) in the rainfall was in a range of 55.91 to 227.44 μS·$ cm^{−1} $. Ammonium ($ NH_{4} $+), calcium ($ Ca^{2+} $), nitrate ($ NO_{3} $−), and sulfate ($ SO_{4} $2−) were the four major components, accounting for 88.5% of the total quantified inorganic ion concentration. Neutralization factors were determined for $ Ca^{2+} $ (1.03), $ NH_{4} $+ (0.57), $ Mg^{2+} $ (0.10), $ Na^{+} $ (0.06), and $ K^{+} $ (0.04). The high abundance of $ NH_{4} $+ that formed from its precursor of ammonia gas ($ NH_{3} $) suggested the contribution of agricultural fertilization. $ Ca^{2+} $ in the rainfall was mainly from natural sources such as soil dust, while anions of $ NO_{3} $− and $ SO_{4} $2− originated from fossil fuel combustion. Source apportionment was conducted with positive matrix factorization (PMF) which identified that secondary inorganic formation, crustal dust, coal combustion, and biomass burning are the contributors to the rainfall. In between, secondary inorganic formation was the largest contributor, which accounted for 27.8–58.1% of the total sources, followed by crustal dust of 0.4–42.6%. The results of this long-term study demonstrated the decreasing trends of contributions from coal combustion and biomass burning under a series of air pollution control measures implemented by the government. However, continuous urbanization and development of the city caused substantial increases of the construction activities, inducing more crustal dusts to the environment in urban Xi’an. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021
abstract_unstemmed	Abstract A long-term measurement on rainfall was conducted in urban Xi’an, China, from 2009 to 2016. The seasonal and annual variations of major inorganic components and their chemical properties in the rainfall were studied. The annual rainfall ranged from 165.3 to 916.3 mm. The pH value of the rainfall ranged from 6.36 to 7.19, with an average value of 6.70. The electric conductivity (EC) in the rainfall was in a range of 55.91 to 227.44 μS·$ cm^{−1} $. Ammonium ($ NH_{4} $+), calcium ($ Ca^{2+} $), nitrate ($ NO_{3} $−), and sulfate ($ SO_{4} $2−) were the four major components, accounting for 88.5% of the total quantified inorganic ion concentration. Neutralization factors were determined for $ Ca^{2+} $ (1.03), $ NH_{4} $+ (0.57), $ Mg^{2+} $ (0.10), $ Na^{+} $ (0.06), and $ K^{+} $ (0.04). The high abundance of $ NH_{4} $+ that formed from its precursor of ammonia gas ($ NH_{3} $) suggested the contribution of agricultural fertilization. $ Ca^{2+} $ in the rainfall was mainly from natural sources such as soil dust, while anions of $ NO_{3} $− and $ SO_{4} $2− originated from fossil fuel combustion. Source apportionment was conducted with positive matrix factorization (PMF) which identified that secondary inorganic formation, crustal dust, coal combustion, and biomass burning are the contributors to the rainfall. In between, secondary inorganic formation was the largest contributor, which accounted for 27.8–58.1% of the total sources, followed by crustal dust of 0.4–42.6%. The results of this long-term study demonstrated the decreasing trends of contributions from coal combustion and biomass burning under a series of air pollution control measures implemented by the government. However, continuous urbanization and development of the city caused substantial increases of the construction activities, inducing more crustal dusts to the environment in urban Xi’an. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021
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title_short	A long-term chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric rainfall in a northwest megacity of Xi’an, China
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author2	Shen, Zhenxing He, Kun Zhang, Tian Zhang, Qian Xu, Hongmei Ho, Steven Sai Hang Wang, Xin
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