Green Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Design During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: a Case Study in the Iranian Automotive Industry
Abstract This paper presents a new mathematical model of the green closed-loop supply chain network (GCLSCN) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The suggested model can explain the trade-offs between environmental (minimizing $ CO_{2} $ emissions) and economic (minimizing total costs) aspects during the C...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Autor*in: |
Abbasi, Sina [verfasserIn] |
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Englisch |
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2022 |
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Anmerkung: |
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Environmental modeling & assessment - Springer International Publishing, 1996, 28(2022), 1 vom: 16. Dez., Seite 69-103 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:28 ; year:2022 ; number:1 ; day:16 ; month:12 ; pages:69-103 |
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DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s10666-022-09863-0 |
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Katalog-ID: |
OLC213350799X |
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520 | |a Abstract This paper presents a new mathematical model of the green closed-loop supply chain network (GCLSCN) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The suggested model can explain the trade-offs between environmental (minimizing $ CO_{2} $ emissions) and economic (minimizing total costs) aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak. Considering the guidelines for hygiene during the outbreak helps us design a new sustainable hygiene supply chain (SC). This model is sensitive to the cost structure. The cost includes two parts: the normal cost without considering the coronavirus pandemic and the cost with considering coronavirus. The economic novelty aspect of this paper is the hygiene costs. It includes disinfection and sanitizer costs, personal protective equipment (PPE) costs, COVID-19 tests, education, medicines, vaccines, and vaccination costs. This paper presents a multi-objective mixed-integer programming (MOMIP) problem for designing a GCLSCN during the pandemic. The optimization procedure uses the scalarization approach, namely the weighted sum method (WSM). The computational optimization process is conducted through Lingo software. Due to the recency of the COVID-19 pandemic, there are still many research gaps. Our contributions to this research are as follows: (i) designed a model of the green supply chain (GSC) and showed the better trade-offs between economic and environmental aspects during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns, (ii) designed the hygiene supply chain, (iii) proposed the new indicators of economic aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak, and (iv) have found the positive (reducing $ CO_{2} $ emissions) and negative (increase in costs) impacts of COVID-19 and lockdowns. Therefore, this study designed a new hygiene model to fill this gap for the COVID-19 condition disaster. The findings of the proposed network illustrate the SC has become greener during the COVID-19 pandemic. The total cost of the network was increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the lockdowns had direct positive effects on emissions and air quality. | ||
650 | 4 | |a Supply chain management | |
650 | 4 | |a CO | |
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650 | 4 | |a Logistic network | |
650 | 4 | |a Lockdowns | |
650 | 4 | |a Multi-objective optimization | |
650 | 4 | |a Weighted sum method | |
700 | 1 | |a Daneshmand-Mehr, Maryam |0 (orcid)0000-0001-6926-9161 |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Ghane Kanafi, Armin |4 aut | |
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10.1007/s10666-022-09863-0 doi (DE-627)OLC213350799X (DE-He213)s10666-022-09863-0-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 690 333.7 VZ 12 ssgn 43.03 bkl Abbasi, Sina verfasserin aut Green Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Design During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: a Case Study in the Iranian Automotive Industry 2022 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract This paper presents a new mathematical model of the green closed-loop supply chain network (GCLSCN) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The suggested model can explain the trade-offs between environmental (minimizing $ CO_{2} $ emissions) and economic (minimizing total costs) aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak. Considering the guidelines for hygiene during the outbreak helps us design a new sustainable hygiene supply chain (SC). This model is sensitive to the cost structure. The cost includes two parts: the normal cost without considering the coronavirus pandemic and the cost with considering coronavirus. The economic novelty aspect of this paper is the hygiene costs. It includes disinfection and sanitizer costs, personal protective equipment (PPE) costs, COVID-19 tests, education, medicines, vaccines, and vaccination costs. This paper presents a multi-objective mixed-integer programming (MOMIP) problem for designing a GCLSCN during the pandemic. The optimization procedure uses the scalarization approach, namely the weighted sum method (WSM). The computational optimization process is conducted through Lingo software. Due to the recency of the COVID-19 pandemic, there are still many research gaps. Our contributions to this research are as follows: (i) designed a model of the green supply chain (GSC) and showed the better trade-offs between economic and environmental aspects during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns, (ii) designed the hygiene supply chain, (iii) proposed the new indicators of economic aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak, and (iv) have found the positive (reducing $ CO_{2} $ emissions) and negative (increase in costs) impacts of COVID-19 and lockdowns. Therefore, this study designed a new hygiene model to fill this gap for the COVID-19 condition disaster. The findings of the proposed network illustrate the SC has become greener during the COVID-19 pandemic. The total cost of the network was increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the lockdowns had direct positive effects on emissions and air quality. Supply chain management CO emissions Logistic network Lockdowns Multi-objective optimization Weighted sum method Daneshmand-Mehr, Maryam (orcid)0000-0001-6926-9161 aut Ghane Kanafi, Armin aut Enthalten in Environmental modeling & assessment Springer International Publishing, 1996 28(2022), 1 vom: 16. Dez., Seite 69-103 (DE-627)214127214 (DE-600)1332060-9 (DE-576)481324054 1420-2026 nnns volume:28 year:2022 number:1 day:16 month:12 pages:69-103 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-022-09863-0 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-WIW 43.03 VZ AR 28 2022 1 16 12 69-103 |
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10.1007/s10666-022-09863-0 doi (DE-627)OLC213350799X (DE-He213)s10666-022-09863-0-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 690 333.7 VZ 12 ssgn 43.03 bkl Abbasi, Sina verfasserin aut Green Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Design During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: a Case Study in the Iranian Automotive Industry 2022 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract This paper presents a new mathematical model of the green closed-loop supply chain network (GCLSCN) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The suggested model can explain the trade-offs between environmental (minimizing $ CO_{2} $ emissions) and economic (minimizing total costs) aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak. Considering the guidelines for hygiene during the outbreak helps us design a new sustainable hygiene supply chain (SC). This model is sensitive to the cost structure. The cost includes two parts: the normal cost without considering the coronavirus pandemic and the cost with considering coronavirus. The economic novelty aspect of this paper is the hygiene costs. It includes disinfection and sanitizer costs, personal protective equipment (PPE) costs, COVID-19 tests, education, medicines, vaccines, and vaccination costs. This paper presents a multi-objective mixed-integer programming (MOMIP) problem for designing a GCLSCN during the pandemic. The optimization procedure uses the scalarization approach, namely the weighted sum method (WSM). The computational optimization process is conducted through Lingo software. Due to the recency of the COVID-19 pandemic, there are still many research gaps. Our contributions to this research are as follows: (i) designed a model of the green supply chain (GSC) and showed the better trade-offs between economic and environmental aspects during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns, (ii) designed the hygiene supply chain, (iii) proposed the new indicators of economic aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak, and (iv) have found the positive (reducing $ CO_{2} $ emissions) and negative (increase in costs) impacts of COVID-19 and lockdowns. Therefore, this study designed a new hygiene model to fill this gap for the COVID-19 condition disaster. The findings of the proposed network illustrate the SC has become greener during the COVID-19 pandemic. The total cost of the network was increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the lockdowns had direct positive effects on emissions and air quality. Supply chain management CO emissions Logistic network Lockdowns Multi-objective optimization Weighted sum method Daneshmand-Mehr, Maryam (orcid)0000-0001-6926-9161 aut Ghane Kanafi, Armin aut Enthalten in Environmental modeling & assessment Springer International Publishing, 1996 28(2022), 1 vom: 16. Dez., Seite 69-103 (DE-627)214127214 (DE-600)1332060-9 (DE-576)481324054 1420-2026 nnns volume:28 year:2022 number:1 day:16 month:12 pages:69-103 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-022-09863-0 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-WIW 43.03 VZ AR 28 2022 1 16 12 69-103 |
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10.1007/s10666-022-09863-0 doi (DE-627)OLC213350799X (DE-He213)s10666-022-09863-0-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 690 333.7 VZ 12 ssgn 43.03 bkl Abbasi, Sina verfasserin aut Green Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Design During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: a Case Study in the Iranian Automotive Industry 2022 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract This paper presents a new mathematical model of the green closed-loop supply chain network (GCLSCN) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The suggested model can explain the trade-offs between environmental (minimizing $ CO_{2} $ emissions) and economic (minimizing total costs) aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak. Considering the guidelines for hygiene during the outbreak helps us design a new sustainable hygiene supply chain (SC). This model is sensitive to the cost structure. The cost includes two parts: the normal cost without considering the coronavirus pandemic and the cost with considering coronavirus. The economic novelty aspect of this paper is the hygiene costs. It includes disinfection and sanitizer costs, personal protective equipment (PPE) costs, COVID-19 tests, education, medicines, vaccines, and vaccination costs. This paper presents a multi-objective mixed-integer programming (MOMIP) problem for designing a GCLSCN during the pandemic. The optimization procedure uses the scalarization approach, namely the weighted sum method (WSM). The computational optimization process is conducted through Lingo software. Due to the recency of the COVID-19 pandemic, there are still many research gaps. Our contributions to this research are as follows: (i) designed a model of the green supply chain (GSC) and showed the better trade-offs between economic and environmental aspects during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns, (ii) designed the hygiene supply chain, (iii) proposed the new indicators of economic aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak, and (iv) have found the positive (reducing $ CO_{2} $ emissions) and negative (increase in costs) impacts of COVID-19 and lockdowns. Therefore, this study designed a new hygiene model to fill this gap for the COVID-19 condition disaster. The findings of the proposed network illustrate the SC has become greener during the COVID-19 pandemic. The total cost of the network was increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the lockdowns had direct positive effects on emissions and air quality. Supply chain management CO emissions Logistic network Lockdowns Multi-objective optimization Weighted sum method Daneshmand-Mehr, Maryam (orcid)0000-0001-6926-9161 aut Ghane Kanafi, Armin aut Enthalten in Environmental modeling & assessment Springer International Publishing, 1996 28(2022), 1 vom: 16. Dez., Seite 69-103 (DE-627)214127214 (DE-600)1332060-9 (DE-576)481324054 1420-2026 nnns volume:28 year:2022 number:1 day:16 month:12 pages:69-103 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-022-09863-0 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-WIW 43.03 VZ AR 28 2022 1 16 12 69-103 |
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10.1007/s10666-022-09863-0 doi (DE-627)OLC213350799X (DE-He213)s10666-022-09863-0-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 690 333.7 VZ 12 ssgn 43.03 bkl Abbasi, Sina verfasserin aut Green Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Design During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: a Case Study in the Iranian Automotive Industry 2022 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract This paper presents a new mathematical model of the green closed-loop supply chain network (GCLSCN) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The suggested model can explain the trade-offs between environmental (minimizing $ CO_{2} $ emissions) and economic (minimizing total costs) aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak. Considering the guidelines for hygiene during the outbreak helps us design a new sustainable hygiene supply chain (SC). This model is sensitive to the cost structure. The cost includes two parts: the normal cost without considering the coronavirus pandemic and the cost with considering coronavirus. The economic novelty aspect of this paper is the hygiene costs. It includes disinfection and sanitizer costs, personal protective equipment (PPE) costs, COVID-19 tests, education, medicines, vaccines, and vaccination costs. This paper presents a multi-objective mixed-integer programming (MOMIP) problem for designing a GCLSCN during the pandemic. The optimization procedure uses the scalarization approach, namely the weighted sum method (WSM). The computational optimization process is conducted through Lingo software. Due to the recency of the COVID-19 pandemic, there are still many research gaps. Our contributions to this research are as follows: (i) designed a model of the green supply chain (GSC) and showed the better trade-offs between economic and environmental aspects during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns, (ii) designed the hygiene supply chain, (iii) proposed the new indicators of economic aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak, and (iv) have found the positive (reducing $ CO_{2} $ emissions) and negative (increase in costs) impacts of COVID-19 and lockdowns. Therefore, this study designed a new hygiene model to fill this gap for the COVID-19 condition disaster. The findings of the proposed network illustrate the SC has become greener during the COVID-19 pandemic. The total cost of the network was increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the lockdowns had direct positive effects on emissions and air quality. Supply chain management CO emissions Logistic network Lockdowns Multi-objective optimization Weighted sum method Daneshmand-Mehr, Maryam (orcid)0000-0001-6926-9161 aut Ghane Kanafi, Armin aut Enthalten in Environmental modeling & assessment Springer International Publishing, 1996 28(2022), 1 vom: 16. Dez., Seite 69-103 (DE-627)214127214 (DE-600)1332060-9 (DE-576)481324054 1420-2026 nnns volume:28 year:2022 number:1 day:16 month:12 pages:69-103 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-022-09863-0 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-WIW 43.03 VZ AR 28 2022 1 16 12 69-103 |
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10.1007/s10666-022-09863-0 doi (DE-627)OLC213350799X (DE-He213)s10666-022-09863-0-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 690 333.7 VZ 12 ssgn 43.03 bkl Abbasi, Sina verfasserin aut Green Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Design During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: a Case Study in the Iranian Automotive Industry 2022 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Abstract This paper presents a new mathematical model of the green closed-loop supply chain network (GCLSCN) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The suggested model can explain the trade-offs between environmental (minimizing $ CO_{2} $ emissions) and economic (minimizing total costs) aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak. Considering the guidelines for hygiene during the outbreak helps us design a new sustainable hygiene supply chain (SC). This model is sensitive to the cost structure. The cost includes two parts: the normal cost without considering the coronavirus pandemic and the cost with considering coronavirus. The economic novelty aspect of this paper is the hygiene costs. It includes disinfection and sanitizer costs, personal protective equipment (PPE) costs, COVID-19 tests, education, medicines, vaccines, and vaccination costs. This paper presents a multi-objective mixed-integer programming (MOMIP) problem for designing a GCLSCN during the pandemic. The optimization procedure uses the scalarization approach, namely the weighted sum method (WSM). The computational optimization process is conducted through Lingo software. Due to the recency of the COVID-19 pandemic, there are still many research gaps. Our contributions to this research are as follows: (i) designed a model of the green supply chain (GSC) and showed the better trade-offs between economic and environmental aspects during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns, (ii) designed the hygiene supply chain, (iii) proposed the new indicators of economic aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak, and (iv) have found the positive (reducing $ CO_{2} $ emissions) and negative (increase in costs) impacts of COVID-19 and lockdowns. Therefore, this study designed a new hygiene model to fill this gap for the COVID-19 condition disaster. The findings of the proposed network illustrate the SC has become greener during the COVID-19 pandemic. The total cost of the network was increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the lockdowns had direct positive effects on emissions and air quality. Supply chain management CO emissions Logistic network Lockdowns Multi-objective optimization Weighted sum method Daneshmand-Mehr, Maryam (orcid)0000-0001-6926-9161 aut Ghane Kanafi, Armin aut Enthalten in Environmental modeling & assessment Springer International Publishing, 1996 28(2022), 1 vom: 16. Dez., Seite 69-103 (DE-627)214127214 (DE-600)1332060-9 (DE-576)481324054 1420-2026 nnns volume:28 year:2022 number:1 day:16 month:12 pages:69-103 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-022-09863-0 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-WIW 43.03 VZ AR 28 2022 1 16 12 69-103 |
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Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Abstract This paper presents a new mathematical model of the green closed-loop supply chain network (GCLSCN) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The suggested model can explain the trade-offs between environmental (minimizing $ CO_{2} $ emissions) and economic (minimizing total costs) aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak. Considering the guidelines for hygiene during the outbreak helps us design a new sustainable hygiene supply chain (SC). This model is sensitive to the cost structure. 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Green Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network Design During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: a Case Study in the Iranian Automotive Industry |
abstract |
Abstract This paper presents a new mathematical model of the green closed-loop supply chain network (GCLSCN) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The suggested model can explain the trade-offs between environmental (minimizing $ CO_{2} $ emissions) and economic (minimizing total costs) aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak. Considering the guidelines for hygiene during the outbreak helps us design a new sustainable hygiene supply chain (SC). This model is sensitive to the cost structure. The cost includes two parts: the normal cost without considering the coronavirus pandemic and the cost with considering coronavirus. The economic novelty aspect of this paper is the hygiene costs. It includes disinfection and sanitizer costs, personal protective equipment (PPE) costs, COVID-19 tests, education, medicines, vaccines, and vaccination costs. This paper presents a multi-objective mixed-integer programming (MOMIP) problem for designing a GCLSCN during the pandemic. The optimization procedure uses the scalarization approach, namely the weighted sum method (WSM). The computational optimization process is conducted through Lingo software. Due to the recency of the COVID-19 pandemic, there are still many research gaps. Our contributions to this research are as follows: (i) designed a model of the green supply chain (GSC) and showed the better trade-offs between economic and environmental aspects during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns, (ii) designed the hygiene supply chain, (iii) proposed the new indicators of economic aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak, and (iv) have found the positive (reducing $ CO_{2} $ emissions) and negative (increase in costs) impacts of COVID-19 and lockdowns. Therefore, this study designed a new hygiene model to fill this gap for the COVID-19 condition disaster. The findings of the proposed network illustrate the SC has become greener during the COVID-19 pandemic. The total cost of the network was increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the lockdowns had direct positive effects on emissions and air quality. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
abstractGer |
Abstract This paper presents a new mathematical model of the green closed-loop supply chain network (GCLSCN) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The suggested model can explain the trade-offs between environmental (minimizing $ CO_{2} $ emissions) and economic (minimizing total costs) aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak. Considering the guidelines for hygiene during the outbreak helps us design a new sustainable hygiene supply chain (SC). This model is sensitive to the cost structure. The cost includes two parts: the normal cost without considering the coronavirus pandemic and the cost with considering coronavirus. The economic novelty aspect of this paper is the hygiene costs. It includes disinfection and sanitizer costs, personal protective equipment (PPE) costs, COVID-19 tests, education, medicines, vaccines, and vaccination costs. This paper presents a multi-objective mixed-integer programming (MOMIP) problem for designing a GCLSCN during the pandemic. The optimization procedure uses the scalarization approach, namely the weighted sum method (WSM). The computational optimization process is conducted through Lingo software. Due to the recency of the COVID-19 pandemic, there are still many research gaps. Our contributions to this research are as follows: (i) designed a model of the green supply chain (GSC) and showed the better trade-offs between economic and environmental aspects during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns, (ii) designed the hygiene supply chain, (iii) proposed the new indicators of economic aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak, and (iv) have found the positive (reducing $ CO_{2} $ emissions) and negative (increase in costs) impacts of COVID-19 and lockdowns. Therefore, this study designed a new hygiene model to fill this gap for the COVID-19 condition disaster. The findings of the proposed network illustrate the SC has become greener during the COVID-19 pandemic. The total cost of the network was increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the lockdowns had direct positive effects on emissions and air quality. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
abstract_unstemmed |
Abstract This paper presents a new mathematical model of the green closed-loop supply chain network (GCLSCN) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The suggested model can explain the trade-offs between environmental (minimizing $ CO_{2} $ emissions) and economic (minimizing total costs) aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak. Considering the guidelines for hygiene during the outbreak helps us design a new sustainable hygiene supply chain (SC). This model is sensitive to the cost structure. The cost includes two parts: the normal cost without considering the coronavirus pandemic and the cost with considering coronavirus. The economic novelty aspect of this paper is the hygiene costs. It includes disinfection and sanitizer costs, personal protective equipment (PPE) costs, COVID-19 tests, education, medicines, vaccines, and vaccination costs. This paper presents a multi-objective mixed-integer programming (MOMIP) problem for designing a GCLSCN during the pandemic. The optimization procedure uses the scalarization approach, namely the weighted sum method (WSM). The computational optimization process is conducted through Lingo software. Due to the recency of the COVID-19 pandemic, there are still many research gaps. Our contributions to this research are as follows: (i) designed a model of the green supply chain (GSC) and showed the better trade-offs between economic and environmental aspects during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns, (ii) designed the hygiene supply chain, (iii) proposed the new indicators of economic aspects during the COVID-19 outbreak, and (iv) have found the positive (reducing $ CO_{2} $ emissions) and negative (increase in costs) impacts of COVID-19 and lockdowns. Therefore, this study designed a new hygiene model to fill this gap for the COVID-19 condition disaster. The findings of the proposed network illustrate the SC has become greener during the COVID-19 pandemic. The total cost of the network was increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the lockdowns had direct positive effects on emissions and air quality. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. |
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