Effects of tillage practices on wheat production using groundwater-based irrigation: multidimensional analysis of energy use, greenhouse gases emissions and economic parameters
Optimization of crop production inputs to reduce energy input and greenhouse gases emissions with maximizing economic productivity is needed to develop sustainable agriculture under groundwater-based irrigation conditions. This paper examined the effects of irrigated wheat tillage practices on energ...
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| Autor*in: |
Nasseri, Abolfazl [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2022 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Anmerkung: |
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2022 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Environment, development and sustainability - Springer Netherlands, 1999, 25(2022), 7 vom: 23. Apr., Seite 7047-7074 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:25 ; year:2022 ; number:7 ; day:23 ; month:04 ; pages:7047-7074 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s10668-022-02352-0 |
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OLC2143697953 |
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| 520 | |a Optimization of crop production inputs to reduce energy input and greenhouse gases emissions with maximizing economic productivity is needed to develop sustainable agriculture under groundwater-based irrigation conditions. This paper examined the effects of irrigated wheat tillage practices on energy indices, greenhouse gases emissions, and economic indices. Research treatments were conventional tillage and no-tillage (environment-friendly) systems in semi-arid environments. This study was conducted in wheat farms under groundwater-based irrigation, and data were monitored and collected for two years between 2012–2013 and 2013–2014. The results indicated that no-tillage practice had lower energy input (13%, 21.12 vs. 24.34 GJ $ ha^{−1} $), energy output (18%, 83.01 vs. 101.11 GJ $ ha^{−1} $), and energy use efficiency (7%), but higher energy productivity (19%) and indirect energy (9%) than conventional tillage practice. Moreover, no-tillage practice produced lower emissions of $ CO_{2} $ (24%, 830.28 vs. 1096.40 kg $ ha^{−1} $) and total global warming potential (GWP) (14%, 1830.03 vs. 2120.43 kg $ CO_{2} $-equivalents $ ha^{−1} $) than conventional tillage practice. In comparison, 53.9% of GWP originated from $ N_{2} $O and 45.4% from $ CO_{2} $. Inputs of electricity, diesel fuel, machinery, and nitrogen fertilizer had 95% contributions in emission from farms. Economically, no-tillage practice had higher productivity (3%, 7.06 vs. 6.86 kg US$−1) but lower net return (18%, 1076.52 vs. 1313.48 US$ $ ha^{−1} $) and benefit to cost ratio (14%, 3.10 vs. 3.61) than conventional tillage practice. However, producing wheat in this agroecosystem is profitable and beneficial under both tillage systems. It was concluded that the promising technique of the no-tillage under groundwater-based irrigation conditions significantly facilitated a cleaner production of wheat through managing energy with controlling greenhouse gases emissions in a semi-arid environment. Graphical abstract | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Wheat | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Tillage practices | |
| 650 | 4 | |a No-tillage | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Economic productivity | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Energy productivity | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Groundwater | |
| 650 | 4 | |a No-tillage system | |
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10.1007/s10668-022-02352-0 doi (DE-627)OLC2143697953 (DE-He213)s10668-022-02352-0-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 VZ 74.60$jRaumordnung$jStädtebau: Allgemeines bkl 74.60$jRaumordnung$jStädtebau: Allgemeines bkl 83.46$jEntwicklungsökonomie bkl Nasseri, Abolfazl verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-6758-4050 aut Effects of tillage practices on wheat production using groundwater-based irrigation: multidimensional analysis of energy use, greenhouse gases emissions and economic parameters 2022 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2022 Optimization of crop production inputs to reduce energy input and greenhouse gases emissions with maximizing economic productivity is needed to develop sustainable agriculture under groundwater-based irrigation conditions. This paper examined the effects of irrigated wheat tillage practices on energy indices, greenhouse gases emissions, and economic indices. Research treatments were conventional tillage and no-tillage (environment-friendly) systems in semi-arid environments. This study was conducted in wheat farms under groundwater-based irrigation, and data were monitored and collected for two years between 2012–2013 and 2013–2014. The results indicated that no-tillage practice had lower energy input (13%, 21.12 vs. 24.34 GJ $ ha^{−1} $), energy output (18%, 83.01 vs. 101.11 GJ $ ha^{−1} $), and energy use efficiency (7%), but higher energy productivity (19%) and indirect energy (9%) than conventional tillage practice. Moreover, no-tillage practice produced lower emissions of $ CO_{2} $ (24%, 830.28 vs. 1096.40 kg $ ha^{−1} $) and total global warming potential (GWP) (14%, 1830.03 vs. 2120.43 kg $ CO_{2} $-equivalents $ ha^{−1} $) than conventional tillage practice. In comparison, 53.9% of GWP originated from $ N_{2} $O and 45.4% from $ CO_{2} $. Inputs of electricity, diesel fuel, machinery, and nitrogen fertilizer had 95% contributions in emission from farms. Economically, no-tillage practice had higher productivity (3%, 7.06 vs. 6.86 kg US$−1) but lower net return (18%, 1076.52 vs. 1313.48 US$ $ ha^{−1} $) and benefit to cost ratio (14%, 3.10 vs. 3.61) than conventional tillage practice. However, producing wheat in this agroecosystem is profitable and beneficial under both tillage systems. It was concluded that the promising technique of the no-tillage under groundwater-based irrigation conditions significantly facilitated a cleaner production of wheat through managing energy with controlling greenhouse gases emissions in a semi-arid environment. Graphical abstract Wheat Tillage practices No-tillage Economic productivity Energy productivity Groundwater No-tillage system Enthalten in Environment, development and sustainability Springer Netherlands, 1999 25(2022), 7 vom: 23. Apr., Seite 7047-7074 (DE-627)247370592 (DE-600)1438730-X (DE-576)27365103X 1387-585X nnns volume:25 year:2022 number:7 day:23 month:04 pages:7047-7074 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02352-0 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GGO SSG-OLC-WIW SSG-OLC-FOR 74.60$jRaumordnung$jStädtebau: Allgemeines VZ 106413708 (DE-625)106413708 74.60$jRaumordnung$jStädtebau: Allgemeines VZ 106413708 (DE-625)106413708 83.46$jEntwicklungsökonomie VZ 106414925 (DE-625)106414925 AR 25 2022 7 23 04 7047-7074 |
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10.1007/s10668-022-02352-0 doi (DE-627)OLC2143697953 (DE-He213)s10668-022-02352-0-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 VZ 74.60$jRaumordnung$jStädtebau: Allgemeines bkl 74.60$jRaumordnung$jStädtebau: Allgemeines bkl 83.46$jEntwicklungsökonomie bkl Nasseri, Abolfazl verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-6758-4050 aut Effects of tillage practices on wheat production using groundwater-based irrigation: multidimensional analysis of energy use, greenhouse gases emissions and economic parameters 2022 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2022 Optimization of crop production inputs to reduce energy input and greenhouse gases emissions with maximizing economic productivity is needed to develop sustainable agriculture under groundwater-based irrigation conditions. This paper examined the effects of irrigated wheat tillage practices on energy indices, greenhouse gases emissions, and economic indices. Research treatments were conventional tillage and no-tillage (environment-friendly) systems in semi-arid environments. This study was conducted in wheat farms under groundwater-based irrigation, and data were monitored and collected for two years between 2012–2013 and 2013–2014. The results indicated that no-tillage practice had lower energy input (13%, 21.12 vs. 24.34 GJ $ ha^{−1} $), energy output (18%, 83.01 vs. 101.11 GJ $ ha^{−1} $), and energy use efficiency (7%), but higher energy productivity (19%) and indirect energy (9%) than conventional tillage practice. Moreover, no-tillage practice produced lower emissions of $ CO_{2} $ (24%, 830.28 vs. 1096.40 kg $ ha^{−1} $) and total global warming potential (GWP) (14%, 1830.03 vs. 2120.43 kg $ CO_{2} $-equivalents $ ha^{−1} $) than conventional tillage practice. In comparison, 53.9% of GWP originated from $ N_{2} $O and 45.4% from $ CO_{2} $. Inputs of electricity, diesel fuel, machinery, and nitrogen fertilizer had 95% contributions in emission from farms. Economically, no-tillage practice had higher productivity (3%, 7.06 vs. 6.86 kg US$−1) but lower net return (18%, 1076.52 vs. 1313.48 US$ $ ha^{−1} $) and benefit to cost ratio (14%, 3.10 vs. 3.61) than conventional tillage practice. However, producing wheat in this agroecosystem is profitable and beneficial under both tillage systems. It was concluded that the promising technique of the no-tillage under groundwater-based irrigation conditions significantly facilitated a cleaner production of wheat through managing energy with controlling greenhouse gases emissions in a semi-arid environment. Graphical abstract Wheat Tillage practices No-tillage Economic productivity Energy productivity Groundwater No-tillage system Enthalten in Environment, development and sustainability Springer Netherlands, 1999 25(2022), 7 vom: 23. Apr., Seite 7047-7074 (DE-627)247370592 (DE-600)1438730-X (DE-576)27365103X 1387-585X nnns volume:25 year:2022 number:7 day:23 month:04 pages:7047-7074 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02352-0 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GGO SSG-OLC-WIW SSG-OLC-FOR 74.60$jRaumordnung$jStädtebau: Allgemeines VZ 106413708 (DE-625)106413708 74.60$jRaumordnung$jStädtebau: Allgemeines VZ 106413708 (DE-625)106413708 83.46$jEntwicklungsökonomie VZ 106414925 (DE-625)106414925 AR 25 2022 7 23 04 7047-7074 |
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10.1007/s10668-022-02352-0 doi (DE-627)OLC2143697953 (DE-He213)s10668-022-02352-0-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 VZ 74.60$jRaumordnung$jStädtebau: Allgemeines bkl 74.60$jRaumordnung$jStädtebau: Allgemeines bkl 83.46$jEntwicklungsökonomie bkl Nasseri, Abolfazl verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-6758-4050 aut Effects of tillage practices on wheat production using groundwater-based irrigation: multidimensional analysis of energy use, greenhouse gases emissions and economic parameters 2022 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2022 Optimization of crop production inputs to reduce energy input and greenhouse gases emissions with maximizing economic productivity is needed to develop sustainable agriculture under groundwater-based irrigation conditions. This paper examined the effects of irrigated wheat tillage practices on energy indices, greenhouse gases emissions, and economic indices. Research treatments were conventional tillage and no-tillage (environment-friendly) systems in semi-arid environments. This study was conducted in wheat farms under groundwater-based irrigation, and data were monitored and collected for two years between 2012–2013 and 2013–2014. The results indicated that no-tillage practice had lower energy input (13%, 21.12 vs. 24.34 GJ $ ha^{−1} $), energy output (18%, 83.01 vs. 101.11 GJ $ ha^{−1} $), and energy use efficiency (7%), but higher energy productivity (19%) and indirect energy (9%) than conventional tillage practice. Moreover, no-tillage practice produced lower emissions of $ CO_{2} $ (24%, 830.28 vs. 1096.40 kg $ ha^{−1} $) and total global warming potential (GWP) (14%, 1830.03 vs. 2120.43 kg $ CO_{2} $-equivalents $ ha^{−1} $) than conventional tillage practice. In comparison, 53.9% of GWP originated from $ N_{2} $O and 45.4% from $ CO_{2} $. Inputs of electricity, diesel fuel, machinery, and nitrogen fertilizer had 95% contributions in emission from farms. Economically, no-tillage practice had higher productivity (3%, 7.06 vs. 6.86 kg US$−1) but lower net return (18%, 1076.52 vs. 1313.48 US$ $ ha^{−1} $) and benefit to cost ratio (14%, 3.10 vs. 3.61) than conventional tillage practice. However, producing wheat in this agroecosystem is profitable and beneficial under both tillage systems. It was concluded that the promising technique of the no-tillage under groundwater-based irrigation conditions significantly facilitated a cleaner production of wheat through managing energy with controlling greenhouse gases emissions in a semi-arid environment. Graphical abstract Wheat Tillage practices No-tillage Economic productivity Energy productivity Groundwater No-tillage system Enthalten in Environment, development and sustainability Springer Netherlands, 1999 25(2022), 7 vom: 23. Apr., Seite 7047-7074 (DE-627)247370592 (DE-600)1438730-X (DE-576)27365103X 1387-585X nnns volume:25 year:2022 number:7 day:23 month:04 pages:7047-7074 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02352-0 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GGO SSG-OLC-WIW SSG-OLC-FOR 74.60$jRaumordnung$jStädtebau: Allgemeines VZ 106413708 (DE-625)106413708 74.60$jRaumordnung$jStädtebau: Allgemeines VZ 106413708 (DE-625)106413708 83.46$jEntwicklungsökonomie VZ 106414925 (DE-625)106414925 AR 25 2022 7 23 04 7047-7074 |
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10.1007/s10668-022-02352-0 doi (DE-627)OLC2143697953 (DE-He213)s10668-022-02352-0-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 VZ 74.60$jRaumordnung$jStädtebau: Allgemeines bkl 74.60$jRaumordnung$jStädtebau: Allgemeines bkl 83.46$jEntwicklungsökonomie bkl Nasseri, Abolfazl verfasserin (orcid)0000-0002-6758-4050 aut Effects of tillage practices on wheat production using groundwater-based irrigation: multidimensional analysis of energy use, greenhouse gases emissions and economic parameters 2022 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2022 Optimization of crop production inputs to reduce energy input and greenhouse gases emissions with maximizing economic productivity is needed to develop sustainable agriculture under groundwater-based irrigation conditions. This paper examined the effects of irrigated wheat tillage practices on energy indices, greenhouse gases emissions, and economic indices. Research treatments were conventional tillage and no-tillage (environment-friendly) systems in semi-arid environments. This study was conducted in wheat farms under groundwater-based irrigation, and data were monitored and collected for two years between 2012–2013 and 2013–2014. The results indicated that no-tillage practice had lower energy input (13%, 21.12 vs. 24.34 GJ $ ha^{−1} $), energy output (18%, 83.01 vs. 101.11 GJ $ ha^{−1} $), and energy use efficiency (7%), but higher energy productivity (19%) and indirect energy (9%) than conventional tillage practice. Moreover, no-tillage practice produced lower emissions of $ CO_{2} $ (24%, 830.28 vs. 1096.40 kg $ ha^{−1} $) and total global warming potential (GWP) (14%, 1830.03 vs. 2120.43 kg $ CO_{2} $-equivalents $ ha^{−1} $) than conventional tillage practice. In comparison, 53.9% of GWP originated from $ N_{2} $O and 45.4% from $ CO_{2} $. Inputs of electricity, diesel fuel, machinery, and nitrogen fertilizer had 95% contributions in emission from farms. Economically, no-tillage practice had higher productivity (3%, 7.06 vs. 6.86 kg US$−1) but lower net return (18%, 1076.52 vs. 1313.48 US$ $ ha^{−1} $) and benefit to cost ratio (14%, 3.10 vs. 3.61) than conventional tillage practice. However, producing wheat in this agroecosystem is profitable and beneficial under both tillage systems. It was concluded that the promising technique of the no-tillage under groundwater-based irrigation conditions significantly facilitated a cleaner production of wheat through managing energy with controlling greenhouse gases emissions in a semi-arid environment. Graphical abstract Wheat Tillage practices No-tillage Economic productivity Energy productivity Groundwater No-tillage system Enthalten in Environment, development and sustainability Springer Netherlands, 1999 25(2022), 7 vom: 23. Apr., Seite 7047-7074 (DE-627)247370592 (DE-600)1438730-X (DE-576)27365103X 1387-585X nnns volume:25 year:2022 number:7 day:23 month:04 pages:7047-7074 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-022-02352-0 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC SSG-OLC-GGO SSG-OLC-WIW SSG-OLC-FOR 74.60$jRaumordnung$jStädtebau: Allgemeines VZ 106413708 (DE-625)106413708 74.60$jRaumordnung$jStädtebau: Allgemeines VZ 106413708 (DE-625)106413708 83.46$jEntwicklungsökonomie VZ 106414925 (DE-625)106414925 AR 25 2022 7 23 04 7047-7074 |
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effects of tillage practices on wheat production using groundwater-based irrigation: multidimensional analysis of energy use, greenhouse gases emissions and economic parameters |
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Effects of tillage practices on wheat production using groundwater-based irrigation: multidimensional analysis of energy use, greenhouse gases emissions and economic parameters |
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Optimization of crop production inputs to reduce energy input and greenhouse gases emissions with maximizing economic productivity is needed to develop sustainable agriculture under groundwater-based irrigation conditions. This paper examined the effects of irrigated wheat tillage practices on energy indices, greenhouse gases emissions, and economic indices. Research treatments were conventional tillage and no-tillage (environment-friendly) systems in semi-arid environments. This study was conducted in wheat farms under groundwater-based irrigation, and data were monitored and collected for two years between 2012–2013 and 2013–2014. The results indicated that no-tillage practice had lower energy input (13%, 21.12 vs. 24.34 GJ $ ha^{−1} $), energy output (18%, 83.01 vs. 101.11 GJ $ ha^{−1} $), and energy use efficiency (7%), but higher energy productivity (19%) and indirect energy (9%) than conventional tillage practice. Moreover, no-tillage practice produced lower emissions of $ CO_{2} $ (24%, 830.28 vs. 1096.40 kg $ ha^{−1} $) and total global warming potential (GWP) (14%, 1830.03 vs. 2120.43 kg $ CO_{2} $-equivalents $ ha^{−1} $) than conventional tillage practice. In comparison, 53.9% of GWP originated from $ N_{2} $O and 45.4% from $ CO_{2} $. Inputs of electricity, diesel fuel, machinery, and nitrogen fertilizer had 95% contributions in emission from farms. Economically, no-tillage practice had higher productivity (3%, 7.06 vs. 6.86 kg US$−1) but lower net return (18%, 1076.52 vs. 1313.48 US$ $ ha^{−1} $) and benefit to cost ratio (14%, 3.10 vs. 3.61) than conventional tillage practice. However, producing wheat in this agroecosystem is profitable and beneficial under both tillage systems. It was concluded that the promising technique of the no-tillage under groundwater-based irrigation conditions significantly facilitated a cleaner production of wheat through managing energy with controlling greenhouse gases emissions in a semi-arid environment. Graphical abstract © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2022 |
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Optimization of crop production inputs to reduce energy input and greenhouse gases emissions with maximizing economic productivity is needed to develop sustainable agriculture under groundwater-based irrigation conditions. This paper examined the effects of irrigated wheat tillage practices on energy indices, greenhouse gases emissions, and economic indices. Research treatments were conventional tillage and no-tillage (environment-friendly) systems in semi-arid environments. This study was conducted in wheat farms under groundwater-based irrigation, and data were monitored and collected for two years between 2012–2013 and 2013–2014. The results indicated that no-tillage practice had lower energy input (13%, 21.12 vs. 24.34 GJ $ ha^{−1} $), energy output (18%, 83.01 vs. 101.11 GJ $ ha^{−1} $), and energy use efficiency (7%), but higher energy productivity (19%) and indirect energy (9%) than conventional tillage practice. Moreover, no-tillage practice produced lower emissions of $ CO_{2} $ (24%, 830.28 vs. 1096.40 kg $ ha^{−1} $) and total global warming potential (GWP) (14%, 1830.03 vs. 2120.43 kg $ CO_{2} $-equivalents $ ha^{−1} $) than conventional tillage practice. In comparison, 53.9% of GWP originated from $ N_{2} $O and 45.4% from $ CO_{2} $. Inputs of electricity, diesel fuel, machinery, and nitrogen fertilizer had 95% contributions in emission from farms. Economically, no-tillage practice had higher productivity (3%, 7.06 vs. 6.86 kg US$−1) but lower net return (18%, 1076.52 vs. 1313.48 US$ $ ha^{−1} $) and benefit to cost ratio (14%, 3.10 vs. 3.61) than conventional tillage practice. However, producing wheat in this agroecosystem is profitable and beneficial under both tillage systems. It was concluded that the promising technique of the no-tillage under groundwater-based irrigation conditions significantly facilitated a cleaner production of wheat through managing energy with controlling greenhouse gases emissions in a semi-arid environment. Graphical abstract © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2022 |
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Optimization of crop production inputs to reduce energy input and greenhouse gases emissions with maximizing economic productivity is needed to develop sustainable agriculture under groundwater-based irrigation conditions. This paper examined the effects of irrigated wheat tillage practices on energy indices, greenhouse gases emissions, and economic indices. Research treatments were conventional tillage and no-tillage (environment-friendly) systems in semi-arid environments. This study was conducted in wheat farms under groundwater-based irrigation, and data were monitored and collected for two years between 2012–2013 and 2013–2014. The results indicated that no-tillage practice had lower energy input (13%, 21.12 vs. 24.34 GJ $ ha^{−1} $), energy output (18%, 83.01 vs. 101.11 GJ $ ha^{−1} $), and energy use efficiency (7%), but higher energy productivity (19%) and indirect energy (9%) than conventional tillage practice. Moreover, no-tillage practice produced lower emissions of $ CO_{2} $ (24%, 830.28 vs. 1096.40 kg $ ha^{−1} $) and total global warming potential (GWP) (14%, 1830.03 vs. 2120.43 kg $ CO_{2} $-equivalents $ ha^{−1} $) than conventional tillage practice. In comparison, 53.9% of GWP originated from $ N_{2} $O and 45.4% from $ CO_{2} $. Inputs of electricity, diesel fuel, machinery, and nitrogen fertilizer had 95% contributions in emission from farms. Economically, no-tillage practice had higher productivity (3%, 7.06 vs. 6.86 kg US$−1) but lower net return (18%, 1076.52 vs. 1313.48 US$ $ ha^{−1} $) and benefit to cost ratio (14%, 3.10 vs. 3.61) than conventional tillage practice. However, producing wheat in this agroecosystem is profitable and beneficial under both tillage systems. It was concluded that the promising technique of the no-tillage under groundwater-based irrigation conditions significantly facilitated a cleaner production of wheat through managing energy with controlling greenhouse gases emissions in a semi-arid environment. Graphical abstract © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2022 |
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In comparison, 53.9% of GWP originated from $ N_{2} $O and 45.4% from $ CO_{2} $. Inputs of electricity, diesel fuel, machinery, and nitrogen fertilizer had 95% contributions in emission from farms. Economically, no-tillage practice had higher productivity (3%, 7.06 vs. 6.86 kg US$−1) but lower net return (18%, 1076.52 vs. 1313.48 US$ $ ha^{−1} $) and benefit to cost ratio (14%, 3.10 vs. 3.61) than conventional tillage practice. However, producing wheat in this agroecosystem is profitable and beneficial under both tillage systems. It was concluded that the promising technique of the no-tillage under groundwater-based irrigation conditions significantly facilitated a cleaner production of wheat through managing energy with controlling greenhouse gases emissions in a semi-arid environment. 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