Isolation of the Gut Microbiome of Galleria mellonella Sp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae and Its Role in the Digestion of Polyethylene Plastic

Plastic is one of the most consumed polyethylene-containing materials in human society, and the release of plastics into nature or their incineration is considered the most critical environmental problem. The scope of this study is extraction gut bacteria from Galleria mellonella larvae that digest...
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Autor*in:	Riabi, Hamed Ramezani Awal [verfasserIn] Mohammadzadeh, Alireza Mirzahosseini, Seyed Alireza Hajiseyed Chahak, Ali Firoozi Imani, Jalil

Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2023

Schlagwörter:	Polyethylene plastic Microbiome Plastic digestion

Systematik:	ZC 7520 ZC 7520

Anmerkung:	© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: Water, air & soil pollution - Springer International Publishing, 1971, 234(2023), 8 vom: 31. Juli
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:234 ; year:2023 ; number:8 ; day:31 ; month:07

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1007/s11270-023-06515-1

Katalog-ID:	OLC2144777195

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520			\|a Plastic is one of the most consumed polyethylene-containing materials in human society, and the release of plastics into nature or their incineration is considered the most critical environmental problem. The scope of this study is extraction gut bacteria from Galleria mellonella larvae that digest plastic. Galleria mellonella larvae were collected from beehives in Gonabad City, Razavi Khorasan Province (Iran), in June 2022. Three diets of wax comb—polyethylene, polyethylene, and wax comb—were used to study the feeding rate of the larvae. All cultured bacteria were inoculated separately to the carbon-free basal agar medium (CFBAM) culture medium, and a polyethylene film (30 × 30 mm) was put on the bacteria and incubated for 40 days. Visualization of the plastics by optical atomic force (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also illustrated biodegradation. A total of 5 bacterial and 1 fungal species (Aspergillus flavus) were extracted from larvae fed with three diets. These bacteria consisted of Enterococcus sp., Acinetobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., and Staphylococcus sp. Bacillus sp. in most diets. In CFBAM, Enterobacter could grow on pure polyethylene film and survive for 40 days. Regarding plastic brand types fed by larvae, garbage bags lost 80% of their weight, compared with 75% of the weight in freezer bags and 60% in shopping bags, considering the reduction of plastic mass degraded by G. mellonella larvae and the ability of Enterobacter sp. to digest under the digestion condition. Graphical abstract
650		4	\|a Polyethylene plastic
650		4	\|a Microbiome
650		4	\|a Plastic digestion
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allfields	10.1007/s11270-023-06515-1 doi (DE-627)OLC2144777195 (DE-He213)s11270-023-06515-1-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 333.7 VZ 12 13 ssgn BIODIV DE-30 fid ZC 7520 VZ rvk ZC 7520 VZ rvk Riabi, Hamed Ramezani Awal verfasserin (orcid)0000-0003-1325-0167 aut Isolation of the Gut Microbiome of Galleria mellonella Sp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae and Its Role in the Digestion of Polyethylene Plastic 2023 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Plastic is one of the most consumed polyethylene-containing materials in human society, and the release of plastics into nature or their incineration is considered the most critical environmental problem. The scope of this study is extraction gut bacteria from Galleria mellonella larvae that digest plastic. Galleria mellonella larvae were collected from beehives in Gonabad City, Razavi Khorasan Province (Iran), in June 2022. Three diets of wax comb—polyethylene, polyethylene, and wax comb—were used to study the feeding rate of the larvae. All cultured bacteria were inoculated separately to the carbon-free basal agar medium (CFBAM) culture medium, and a polyethylene film (30 × 30 mm) was put on the bacteria and incubated for 40 days. Visualization of the plastics by optical atomic force (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also illustrated biodegradation. A total of 5 bacterial and 1 fungal species (Aspergillus flavus) were extracted from larvae fed with three diets. These bacteria consisted of Enterococcus sp., Acinetobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., and Staphylococcus sp. Bacillus sp. in most diets. In CFBAM, Enterobacter could grow on pure polyethylene film and survive for 40 days. Regarding plastic brand types fed by larvae, garbage bags lost 80% of their weight, compared with 75% of the weight in freezer bags and 60% in shopping bags, considering the reduction of plastic mass degraded by G. mellonella larvae and the ability of Enterobacter sp. to digest under the digestion condition. Graphical abstract Polyethylene plastic Microbiome Plastic digestion Mohammadzadeh, Alireza (orcid)0000-0002-9388-0750 aut Mirzahosseini, Seyed Alireza Hajiseyed (orcid)0000-0002-7140-8308 aut Chahak, Ali Firoozi (orcid)0000-0003-2325-9368 aut Imani, Jalil (orcid)0000-0002-9109-7420 aut Enthalten in Water, air & soil pollution Springer International Publishing, 1971 234(2023), 8 vom: 31. Juli (DE-627)12929134X (DE-600)120499-3 (DE-576)014472643 0049-6979 nnns volume:234 year:2023 number:8 day:31 month:07 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06515-1 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-IBL SSG-OPC-GGO ZC 7520 ZC 7520 AR 234 2023 8 31 07
spelling	10.1007/s11270-023-06515-1 doi (DE-627)OLC2144777195 (DE-He213)s11270-023-06515-1-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 333.7 VZ 12 13 ssgn BIODIV DE-30 fid ZC 7520 VZ rvk ZC 7520 VZ rvk Riabi, Hamed Ramezani Awal verfasserin (orcid)0000-0003-1325-0167 aut Isolation of the Gut Microbiome of Galleria mellonella Sp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae and Its Role in the Digestion of Polyethylene Plastic 2023 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Plastic is one of the most consumed polyethylene-containing materials in human society, and the release of plastics into nature or their incineration is considered the most critical environmental problem. The scope of this study is extraction gut bacteria from Galleria mellonella larvae that digest plastic. Galleria mellonella larvae were collected from beehives in Gonabad City, Razavi Khorasan Province (Iran), in June 2022. Three diets of wax comb—polyethylene, polyethylene, and wax comb—were used to study the feeding rate of the larvae. All cultured bacteria were inoculated separately to the carbon-free basal agar medium (CFBAM) culture medium, and a polyethylene film (30 × 30 mm) was put on the bacteria and incubated for 40 days. Visualization of the plastics by optical atomic force (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also illustrated biodegradation. A total of 5 bacterial and 1 fungal species (Aspergillus flavus) were extracted from larvae fed with three diets. These bacteria consisted of Enterococcus sp., Acinetobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., and Staphylococcus sp. Bacillus sp. in most diets. In CFBAM, Enterobacter could grow on pure polyethylene film and survive for 40 days. Regarding plastic brand types fed by larvae, garbage bags lost 80% of their weight, compared with 75% of the weight in freezer bags and 60% in shopping bags, considering the reduction of plastic mass degraded by G. mellonella larvae and the ability of Enterobacter sp. to digest under the digestion condition. Graphical abstract Polyethylene plastic Microbiome Plastic digestion Mohammadzadeh, Alireza (orcid)0000-0002-9388-0750 aut Mirzahosseini, Seyed Alireza Hajiseyed (orcid)0000-0002-7140-8308 aut Chahak, Ali Firoozi (orcid)0000-0003-2325-9368 aut Imani, Jalil (orcid)0000-0002-9109-7420 aut Enthalten in Water, air & soil pollution Springer International Publishing, 1971 234(2023), 8 vom: 31. Juli (DE-627)12929134X (DE-600)120499-3 (DE-576)014472643 0049-6979 nnns volume:234 year:2023 number:8 day:31 month:07 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06515-1 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-IBL SSG-OPC-GGO ZC 7520 ZC 7520 AR 234 2023 8 31 07
allfields_unstemmed	10.1007/s11270-023-06515-1 doi (DE-627)OLC2144777195 (DE-He213)s11270-023-06515-1-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 333.7 VZ 12 13 ssgn BIODIV DE-30 fid ZC 7520 VZ rvk ZC 7520 VZ rvk Riabi, Hamed Ramezani Awal verfasserin (orcid)0000-0003-1325-0167 aut Isolation of the Gut Microbiome of Galleria mellonella Sp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae and Its Role in the Digestion of Polyethylene Plastic 2023 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Plastic is one of the most consumed polyethylene-containing materials in human society, and the release of plastics into nature or their incineration is considered the most critical environmental problem. The scope of this study is extraction gut bacteria from Galleria mellonella larvae that digest plastic. Galleria mellonella larvae were collected from beehives in Gonabad City, Razavi Khorasan Province (Iran), in June 2022. Three diets of wax comb—polyethylene, polyethylene, and wax comb—were used to study the feeding rate of the larvae. All cultured bacteria were inoculated separately to the carbon-free basal agar medium (CFBAM) culture medium, and a polyethylene film (30 × 30 mm) was put on the bacteria and incubated for 40 days. Visualization of the plastics by optical atomic force (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also illustrated biodegradation. A total of 5 bacterial and 1 fungal species (Aspergillus flavus) were extracted from larvae fed with three diets. These bacteria consisted of Enterococcus sp., Acinetobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., and Staphylococcus sp. Bacillus sp. in most diets. In CFBAM, Enterobacter could grow on pure polyethylene film and survive for 40 days. Regarding plastic brand types fed by larvae, garbage bags lost 80% of their weight, compared with 75% of the weight in freezer bags and 60% in shopping bags, considering the reduction of plastic mass degraded by G. mellonella larvae and the ability of Enterobacter sp. to digest under the digestion condition. Graphical abstract Polyethylene plastic Microbiome Plastic digestion Mohammadzadeh, Alireza (orcid)0000-0002-9388-0750 aut Mirzahosseini, Seyed Alireza Hajiseyed (orcid)0000-0002-7140-8308 aut Chahak, Ali Firoozi (orcid)0000-0003-2325-9368 aut Imani, Jalil (orcid)0000-0002-9109-7420 aut Enthalten in Water, air & soil pollution Springer International Publishing, 1971 234(2023), 8 vom: 31. Juli (DE-627)12929134X (DE-600)120499-3 (DE-576)014472643 0049-6979 nnns volume:234 year:2023 number:8 day:31 month:07 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06515-1 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-IBL SSG-OPC-GGO ZC 7520 ZC 7520 AR 234 2023 8 31 07
allfieldsGer	10.1007/s11270-023-06515-1 doi (DE-627)OLC2144777195 (DE-He213)s11270-023-06515-1-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 333.7 VZ 12 13 ssgn BIODIV DE-30 fid ZC 7520 VZ rvk ZC 7520 VZ rvk Riabi, Hamed Ramezani Awal verfasserin (orcid)0000-0003-1325-0167 aut Isolation of the Gut Microbiome of Galleria mellonella Sp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae and Its Role in the Digestion of Polyethylene Plastic 2023 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Plastic is one of the most consumed polyethylene-containing materials in human society, and the release of plastics into nature or their incineration is considered the most critical environmental problem. The scope of this study is extraction gut bacteria from Galleria mellonella larvae that digest plastic. Galleria mellonella larvae were collected from beehives in Gonabad City, Razavi Khorasan Province (Iran), in June 2022. Three diets of wax comb—polyethylene, polyethylene, and wax comb—were used to study the feeding rate of the larvae. All cultured bacteria were inoculated separately to the carbon-free basal agar medium (CFBAM) culture medium, and a polyethylene film (30 × 30 mm) was put on the bacteria and incubated for 40 days. Visualization of the plastics by optical atomic force (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also illustrated biodegradation. A total of 5 bacterial and 1 fungal species (Aspergillus flavus) were extracted from larvae fed with three diets. These bacteria consisted of Enterococcus sp., Acinetobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., and Staphylococcus sp. Bacillus sp. in most diets. In CFBAM, Enterobacter could grow on pure polyethylene film and survive for 40 days. Regarding plastic brand types fed by larvae, garbage bags lost 80% of their weight, compared with 75% of the weight in freezer bags and 60% in shopping bags, considering the reduction of plastic mass degraded by G. mellonella larvae and the ability of Enterobacter sp. to digest under the digestion condition. Graphical abstract Polyethylene plastic Microbiome Plastic digestion Mohammadzadeh, Alireza (orcid)0000-0002-9388-0750 aut Mirzahosseini, Seyed Alireza Hajiseyed (orcid)0000-0002-7140-8308 aut Chahak, Ali Firoozi (orcid)0000-0003-2325-9368 aut Imani, Jalil (orcid)0000-0002-9109-7420 aut Enthalten in Water, air & soil pollution Springer International Publishing, 1971 234(2023), 8 vom: 31. Juli (DE-627)12929134X (DE-600)120499-3 (DE-576)014472643 0049-6979 nnns volume:234 year:2023 number:8 day:31 month:07 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06515-1 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-IBL SSG-OPC-GGO ZC 7520 ZC 7520 AR 234 2023 8 31 07
allfieldsSound	10.1007/s11270-023-06515-1 doi (DE-627)OLC2144777195 (DE-He213)s11270-023-06515-1-p DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 570 333.7 VZ 12 13 ssgn BIODIV DE-30 fid ZC 7520 VZ rvk ZC 7520 VZ rvk Riabi, Hamed Ramezani Awal verfasserin (orcid)0000-0003-1325-0167 aut Isolation of the Gut Microbiome of Galleria mellonella Sp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae and Its Role in the Digestion of Polyethylene Plastic 2023 Text txt rdacontent ohne Hilfsmittel zu benutzen n rdamedia Band nc rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. Plastic is one of the most consumed polyethylene-containing materials in human society, and the release of plastics into nature or their incineration is considered the most critical environmental problem. The scope of this study is extraction gut bacteria from Galleria mellonella larvae that digest plastic. Galleria mellonella larvae were collected from beehives in Gonabad City, Razavi Khorasan Province (Iran), in June 2022. Three diets of wax comb—polyethylene, polyethylene, and wax comb—were used to study the feeding rate of the larvae. All cultured bacteria were inoculated separately to the carbon-free basal agar medium (CFBAM) culture medium, and a polyethylene film (30 × 30 mm) was put on the bacteria and incubated for 40 days. Visualization of the plastics by optical atomic force (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also illustrated biodegradation. A total of 5 bacterial and 1 fungal species (Aspergillus flavus) were extracted from larvae fed with three diets. These bacteria consisted of Enterococcus sp., Acinetobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., and Staphylococcus sp. Bacillus sp. in most diets. In CFBAM, Enterobacter could grow on pure polyethylene film and survive for 40 days. Regarding plastic brand types fed by larvae, garbage bags lost 80% of their weight, compared with 75% of the weight in freezer bags and 60% in shopping bags, considering the reduction of plastic mass degraded by G. mellonella larvae and the ability of Enterobacter sp. to digest under the digestion condition. Graphical abstract Polyethylene plastic Microbiome Plastic digestion Mohammadzadeh, Alireza (orcid)0000-0002-9388-0750 aut Mirzahosseini, Seyed Alireza Hajiseyed (orcid)0000-0002-7140-8308 aut Chahak, Ali Firoozi (orcid)0000-0003-2325-9368 aut Imani, Jalil (orcid)0000-0002-9109-7420 aut Enthalten in Water, air & soil pollution Springer International Publishing, 1971 234(2023), 8 vom: 31. Juli (DE-627)12929134X (DE-600)120499-3 (DE-576)014472643 0049-6979 nnns volume:234 year:2023 number:8 day:31 month:07 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06515-1 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_OLC FID-BIODIV SSG-OLC-UMW SSG-OLC-TEC SSG-OLC-FOR SSG-OLC-IBL SSG-OPC-GGO ZC 7520 ZC 7520 AR 234 2023 8 31 07
language	English
source	Enthalten in Water, air & soil pollution 234(2023), 8 vom: 31. Juli volume:234 year:2023 number:8 day:31 month:07
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topic_facet	Polyethylene plastic Microbiome Plastic digestion
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author	Riabi, Hamed Ramezani Awal
spellingShingle	Riabi, Hamed Ramezani Awal ddc 570 ssgn 12 fid BIODIV rvk ZC 7520 misc Polyethylene plastic misc Microbiome misc Plastic digestion Isolation of the Gut Microbiome of Galleria mellonella Sp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae and Its Role in the Digestion of Polyethylene Plastic
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topic_title	570 333.7 VZ 12 13 ssgn BIODIV DE-30 fid ZC 7520 VZ rvk Isolation of the Gut Microbiome of Galleria mellonella Sp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae and Its Role in the Digestion of Polyethylene Plastic Polyethylene plastic Microbiome Plastic digestion
topic	ddc 570 ssgn 12 fid BIODIV rvk ZC 7520 misc Polyethylene plastic misc Microbiome misc Plastic digestion
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title	Isolation of the Gut Microbiome of Galleria mellonella Sp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae and Its Role in the Digestion of Polyethylene Plastic
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title_full	Isolation of the Gut Microbiome of Galleria mellonella Sp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae and Its Role in the Digestion of Polyethylene Plastic
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title_sort	isolation of the gut microbiome of galleria mellonella sp. (lepidoptera: pyralidae) larvae and its role in the digestion of polyethylene plastic
title_auth	Isolation of the Gut Microbiome of Galleria mellonella Sp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae and Its Role in the Digestion of Polyethylene Plastic
abstract	Plastic is one of the most consumed polyethylene-containing materials in human society, and the release of plastics into nature or their incineration is considered the most critical environmental problem. The scope of this study is extraction gut bacteria from Galleria mellonella larvae that digest plastic. Galleria mellonella larvae were collected from beehives in Gonabad City, Razavi Khorasan Province (Iran), in June 2022. Three diets of wax comb—polyethylene, polyethylene, and wax comb—were used to study the feeding rate of the larvae. All cultured bacteria were inoculated separately to the carbon-free basal agar medium (CFBAM) culture medium, and a polyethylene film (30 × 30 mm) was put on the bacteria and incubated for 40 days. Visualization of the plastics by optical atomic force (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also illustrated biodegradation. A total of 5 bacterial and 1 fungal species (Aspergillus flavus) were extracted from larvae fed with three diets. These bacteria consisted of Enterococcus sp., Acinetobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., and Staphylococcus sp. Bacillus sp. in most diets. In CFBAM, Enterobacter could grow on pure polyethylene film and survive for 40 days. Regarding plastic brand types fed by larvae, garbage bags lost 80% of their weight, compared with 75% of the weight in freezer bags and 60% in shopping bags, considering the reduction of plastic mass degraded by G. mellonella larvae and the ability of Enterobacter sp. to digest under the digestion condition. Graphical abstract © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
abstractGer	Plastic is one of the most consumed polyethylene-containing materials in human society, and the release of plastics into nature or their incineration is considered the most critical environmental problem. The scope of this study is extraction gut bacteria from Galleria mellonella larvae that digest plastic. Galleria mellonella larvae were collected from beehives in Gonabad City, Razavi Khorasan Province (Iran), in June 2022. Three diets of wax comb—polyethylene, polyethylene, and wax comb—were used to study the feeding rate of the larvae. All cultured bacteria were inoculated separately to the carbon-free basal agar medium (CFBAM) culture medium, and a polyethylene film (30 × 30 mm) was put on the bacteria and incubated for 40 days. Visualization of the plastics by optical atomic force (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also illustrated biodegradation. A total of 5 bacterial and 1 fungal species (Aspergillus flavus) were extracted from larvae fed with three diets. These bacteria consisted of Enterococcus sp., Acinetobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., and Staphylococcus sp. Bacillus sp. in most diets. In CFBAM, Enterobacter could grow on pure polyethylene film and survive for 40 days. Regarding plastic brand types fed by larvae, garbage bags lost 80% of their weight, compared with 75% of the weight in freezer bags and 60% in shopping bags, considering the reduction of plastic mass degraded by G. mellonella larvae and the ability of Enterobacter sp. to digest under the digestion condition. Graphical abstract © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
abstract_unstemmed	Plastic is one of the most consumed polyethylene-containing materials in human society, and the release of plastics into nature or their incineration is considered the most critical environmental problem. The scope of this study is extraction gut bacteria from Galleria mellonella larvae that digest plastic. Galleria mellonella larvae were collected from beehives in Gonabad City, Razavi Khorasan Province (Iran), in June 2022. Three diets of wax comb—polyethylene, polyethylene, and wax comb—were used to study the feeding rate of the larvae. All cultured bacteria were inoculated separately to the carbon-free basal agar medium (CFBAM) culture medium, and a polyethylene film (30 × 30 mm) was put on the bacteria and incubated for 40 days. Visualization of the plastics by optical atomic force (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also illustrated biodegradation. A total of 5 bacterial and 1 fungal species (Aspergillus flavus) were extracted from larvae fed with three diets. These bacteria consisted of Enterococcus sp., Acinetobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Enterobacter sp., and Staphylococcus sp. Bacillus sp. in most diets. In CFBAM, Enterobacter could grow on pure polyethylene film and survive for 40 days. Regarding plastic brand types fed by larvae, garbage bags lost 80% of their weight, compared with 75% of the weight in freezer bags and 60% in shopping bags, considering the reduction of plastic mass degraded by G. mellonella larvae and the ability of Enterobacter sp. to digest under the digestion condition. Graphical abstract © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
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container_issue	8
title_short	Isolation of the Gut Microbiome of Galleria mellonella Sp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae and Its Role in the Digestion of Polyethylene Plastic
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