Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated from a university teaching hospital in Japan
Abstract Clostridium difficile infection control strategies require an understanding of its epidemiology. In this study, we analysed the toxin genotypes of 130 non-duplicate clinical isolates of C. difficile from a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and eBURST ana...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Autor*in: |
Kuwata, Y. [verfasserIn] Tanimoto, S. [verfasserIn] Sawabe, E. [verfasserIn] Shima, M. [verfasserIn] Takahashi, Y. [verfasserIn] Ushizawa, H. [verfasserIn] Fujie, T. [verfasserIn] Koike, R. [verfasserIn] Tojo, N. [verfasserIn] Kubota, T. [verfasserIn] Saito, R. [verfasserIn] |
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E-Artikel |
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Sprache: |
Englisch |
Erschienen: |
2014 |
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Schlagwörter: |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases - Berlin : Springer, 1982, 34(2014), 4 vom: 04. Dez., Seite 763-772 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:34 ; year:2014 ; number:4 ; day:04 ; month:12 ; pages:763-772 |
Links: |
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DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s10096-014-2290-9 |
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Katalog-ID: |
SPR00869625X |
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245 | 1 | 0 | |a Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated from a university teaching hospital in Japan |
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520 | |a Abstract Clostridium difficile infection control strategies require an understanding of its epidemiology. In this study, we analysed the toxin genotypes of 130 non-duplicate clinical isolates of C. difficile from a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and eBURST analysis were performed for these isolates and nine strains previously analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotyping. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for six antibiotics, and the bacterial resistance mechanisms were investigated. Ninety-five toxigenic strains (73 %), including seven tcdA-negative, tcdB-positive and cdtA/cdtB-negative strains ($ A^{−} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{−} $) and three $ A^{+} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{+} $ strains, and 35 (27 %) non-toxigenic strains, were classified into 23 and 12 sequence types, respectively. Of these, sequence type (ST)17 (21.8 %) was the most predominant. MLST and eBURST analysis showed that 139 strains belonged to seven groups and singletons, and most $ A^{+} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{−} $ strains (98 %, 89/91) were classified into group 1. All isolates were susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin and meropenem; the ceftriaxone, clindamycin and ciprofloxacin resistance rates were 49, 59 and 99 %, respectively. Resistance rates to ceftriaxone and clindamycin were higher in toxigenic strains than in non-toxigenic strains (P < 0.001). All ST17 and ST81 strains were resistant to these antibiotics. The clindamycin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant strains carried erm(B) and mutations in GyrA and/or GyrB, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first MLST-based study of the molecular epidemiology of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains in Japan, providing evidence that non-toxigenic and toxigenic strains exhibit high genetic diversity and that toxigenic strains are more likely than non-toxigenic strains to exhibit multidrug resistance. | ||
650 | 4 | |a Clindamycin |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
650 | 4 | |a Moxifloxacin |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
650 | 4 | |a Fluoroquinolone Resistance |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
650 | 4 | |a Toxigenic Strain |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
650 | 4 | |a Clindamycin Resistance |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
700 | 1 | |a Tanimoto, S. |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Sawabe, E. |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Shima, M. |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Takahashi, Y. |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Ushizawa, H. |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Fujie, T. |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Koike, R. |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Tojo, N. |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Kubota, T. |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Saito, R. |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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2014 |
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10.1007/s10096-014-2290-9 doi (DE-627)SPR00869625X (SPR)s10096-014-2290-9-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 ASE 44.43 bkl 44.75 bkl Kuwata, Y. verfasserin aut Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated from a university teaching hospital in Japan 2014 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Clostridium difficile infection control strategies require an understanding of its epidemiology. In this study, we analysed the toxin genotypes of 130 non-duplicate clinical isolates of C. difficile from a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and eBURST analysis were performed for these isolates and nine strains previously analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotyping. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for six antibiotics, and the bacterial resistance mechanisms were investigated. Ninety-five toxigenic strains (73 %), including seven tcdA-negative, tcdB-positive and cdtA/cdtB-negative strains ($ A^{−} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{−} $) and three $ A^{+} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{+} $ strains, and 35 (27 %) non-toxigenic strains, were classified into 23 and 12 sequence types, respectively. Of these, sequence type (ST)17 (21.8 %) was the most predominant. MLST and eBURST analysis showed that 139 strains belonged to seven groups and singletons, and most $ A^{+} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{−} $ strains (98 %, 89/91) were classified into group 1. All isolates were susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin and meropenem; the ceftriaxone, clindamycin and ciprofloxacin resistance rates were 49, 59 and 99 %, respectively. Resistance rates to ceftriaxone and clindamycin were higher in toxigenic strains than in non-toxigenic strains (P < 0.001). All ST17 and ST81 strains were resistant to these antibiotics. The clindamycin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant strains carried erm(B) and mutations in GyrA and/or GyrB, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first MLST-based study of the molecular epidemiology of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains in Japan, providing evidence that non-toxigenic and toxigenic strains exhibit high genetic diversity and that toxigenic strains are more likely than non-toxigenic strains to exhibit multidrug resistance. Clindamycin (dpeaa)DE-He213 Moxifloxacin (dpeaa)DE-He213 Fluoroquinolone Resistance (dpeaa)DE-He213 Toxigenic Strain (dpeaa)DE-He213 Clindamycin Resistance (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tanimoto, S. verfasserin aut Sawabe, E. verfasserin aut Shima, M. verfasserin aut Takahashi, Y. verfasserin aut Ushizawa, H. verfasserin aut Fujie, T. verfasserin aut Koike, R. verfasserin aut Tojo, N. verfasserin aut Kubota, T. verfasserin aut Saito, R. verfasserin aut Enthalten in European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases Berlin : Springer, 1982 34(2014), 4 vom: 04. Dez., Seite 763-772 (DE-627)25372273X (DE-600)1459049-9 1435-4373 nnns volume:34 year:2014 number:4 day:04 month:12 pages:763-772 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-014-2290-9 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 44.43 ASE 44.75 ASE AR 34 2014 4 04 12 763-772 |
spelling |
10.1007/s10096-014-2290-9 doi (DE-627)SPR00869625X (SPR)s10096-014-2290-9-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 ASE 44.43 bkl 44.75 bkl Kuwata, Y. verfasserin aut Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated from a university teaching hospital in Japan 2014 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Clostridium difficile infection control strategies require an understanding of its epidemiology. In this study, we analysed the toxin genotypes of 130 non-duplicate clinical isolates of C. difficile from a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and eBURST analysis were performed for these isolates and nine strains previously analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotyping. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for six antibiotics, and the bacterial resistance mechanisms were investigated. Ninety-five toxigenic strains (73 %), including seven tcdA-negative, tcdB-positive and cdtA/cdtB-negative strains ($ A^{−} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{−} $) and three $ A^{+} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{+} $ strains, and 35 (27 %) non-toxigenic strains, were classified into 23 and 12 sequence types, respectively. Of these, sequence type (ST)17 (21.8 %) was the most predominant. MLST and eBURST analysis showed that 139 strains belonged to seven groups and singletons, and most $ A^{+} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{−} $ strains (98 %, 89/91) were classified into group 1. All isolates were susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin and meropenem; the ceftriaxone, clindamycin and ciprofloxacin resistance rates were 49, 59 and 99 %, respectively. Resistance rates to ceftriaxone and clindamycin were higher in toxigenic strains than in non-toxigenic strains (P < 0.001). All ST17 and ST81 strains were resistant to these antibiotics. The clindamycin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant strains carried erm(B) and mutations in GyrA and/or GyrB, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first MLST-based study of the molecular epidemiology of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains in Japan, providing evidence that non-toxigenic and toxigenic strains exhibit high genetic diversity and that toxigenic strains are more likely than non-toxigenic strains to exhibit multidrug resistance. Clindamycin (dpeaa)DE-He213 Moxifloxacin (dpeaa)DE-He213 Fluoroquinolone Resistance (dpeaa)DE-He213 Toxigenic Strain (dpeaa)DE-He213 Clindamycin Resistance (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tanimoto, S. verfasserin aut Sawabe, E. verfasserin aut Shima, M. verfasserin aut Takahashi, Y. verfasserin aut Ushizawa, H. verfasserin aut Fujie, T. verfasserin aut Koike, R. verfasserin aut Tojo, N. verfasserin aut Kubota, T. verfasserin aut Saito, R. verfasserin aut Enthalten in European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases Berlin : Springer, 1982 34(2014), 4 vom: 04. Dez., Seite 763-772 (DE-627)25372273X (DE-600)1459049-9 1435-4373 nnns volume:34 year:2014 number:4 day:04 month:12 pages:763-772 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-014-2290-9 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 44.43 ASE 44.75 ASE AR 34 2014 4 04 12 763-772 |
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10.1007/s10096-014-2290-9 doi (DE-627)SPR00869625X (SPR)s10096-014-2290-9-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 ASE 44.43 bkl 44.75 bkl Kuwata, Y. verfasserin aut Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated from a university teaching hospital in Japan 2014 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Clostridium difficile infection control strategies require an understanding of its epidemiology. In this study, we analysed the toxin genotypes of 130 non-duplicate clinical isolates of C. difficile from a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and eBURST analysis were performed for these isolates and nine strains previously analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotyping. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for six antibiotics, and the bacterial resistance mechanisms were investigated. Ninety-five toxigenic strains (73 %), including seven tcdA-negative, tcdB-positive and cdtA/cdtB-negative strains ($ A^{−} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{−} $) and three $ A^{+} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{+} $ strains, and 35 (27 %) non-toxigenic strains, were classified into 23 and 12 sequence types, respectively. Of these, sequence type (ST)17 (21.8 %) was the most predominant. MLST and eBURST analysis showed that 139 strains belonged to seven groups and singletons, and most $ A^{+} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{−} $ strains (98 %, 89/91) were classified into group 1. All isolates were susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin and meropenem; the ceftriaxone, clindamycin and ciprofloxacin resistance rates were 49, 59 and 99 %, respectively. Resistance rates to ceftriaxone and clindamycin were higher in toxigenic strains than in non-toxigenic strains (P < 0.001). All ST17 and ST81 strains were resistant to these antibiotics. The clindamycin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant strains carried erm(B) and mutations in GyrA and/or GyrB, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first MLST-based study of the molecular epidemiology of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains in Japan, providing evidence that non-toxigenic and toxigenic strains exhibit high genetic diversity and that toxigenic strains are more likely than non-toxigenic strains to exhibit multidrug resistance. Clindamycin (dpeaa)DE-He213 Moxifloxacin (dpeaa)DE-He213 Fluoroquinolone Resistance (dpeaa)DE-He213 Toxigenic Strain (dpeaa)DE-He213 Clindamycin Resistance (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tanimoto, S. verfasserin aut Sawabe, E. verfasserin aut Shima, M. verfasserin aut Takahashi, Y. verfasserin aut Ushizawa, H. verfasserin aut Fujie, T. verfasserin aut Koike, R. verfasserin aut Tojo, N. verfasserin aut Kubota, T. verfasserin aut Saito, R. verfasserin aut Enthalten in European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases Berlin : Springer, 1982 34(2014), 4 vom: 04. Dez., Seite 763-772 (DE-627)25372273X (DE-600)1459049-9 1435-4373 nnns volume:34 year:2014 number:4 day:04 month:12 pages:763-772 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-014-2290-9 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 44.43 ASE 44.75 ASE AR 34 2014 4 04 12 763-772 |
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10.1007/s10096-014-2290-9 doi (DE-627)SPR00869625X (SPR)s10096-014-2290-9-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 ASE 44.43 bkl 44.75 bkl Kuwata, Y. verfasserin aut Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated from a university teaching hospital in Japan 2014 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Clostridium difficile infection control strategies require an understanding of its epidemiology. In this study, we analysed the toxin genotypes of 130 non-duplicate clinical isolates of C. difficile from a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and eBURST analysis were performed for these isolates and nine strains previously analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotyping. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for six antibiotics, and the bacterial resistance mechanisms were investigated. Ninety-five toxigenic strains (73 %), including seven tcdA-negative, tcdB-positive and cdtA/cdtB-negative strains ($ A^{−} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{−} $) and three $ A^{+} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{+} $ strains, and 35 (27 %) non-toxigenic strains, were classified into 23 and 12 sequence types, respectively. Of these, sequence type (ST)17 (21.8 %) was the most predominant. MLST and eBURST analysis showed that 139 strains belonged to seven groups and singletons, and most $ A^{+} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{−} $ strains (98 %, 89/91) were classified into group 1. All isolates were susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin and meropenem; the ceftriaxone, clindamycin and ciprofloxacin resistance rates were 49, 59 and 99 %, respectively. Resistance rates to ceftriaxone and clindamycin were higher in toxigenic strains than in non-toxigenic strains (P < 0.001). All ST17 and ST81 strains were resistant to these antibiotics. The clindamycin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant strains carried erm(B) and mutations in GyrA and/or GyrB, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first MLST-based study of the molecular epidemiology of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains in Japan, providing evidence that non-toxigenic and toxigenic strains exhibit high genetic diversity and that toxigenic strains are more likely than non-toxigenic strains to exhibit multidrug resistance. Clindamycin (dpeaa)DE-He213 Moxifloxacin (dpeaa)DE-He213 Fluoroquinolone Resistance (dpeaa)DE-He213 Toxigenic Strain (dpeaa)DE-He213 Clindamycin Resistance (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tanimoto, S. verfasserin aut Sawabe, E. verfasserin aut Shima, M. verfasserin aut Takahashi, Y. verfasserin aut Ushizawa, H. verfasserin aut Fujie, T. verfasserin aut Koike, R. verfasserin aut Tojo, N. verfasserin aut Kubota, T. verfasserin aut Saito, R. verfasserin aut Enthalten in European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases Berlin : Springer, 1982 34(2014), 4 vom: 04. Dez., Seite 763-772 (DE-627)25372273X (DE-600)1459049-9 1435-4373 nnns volume:34 year:2014 number:4 day:04 month:12 pages:763-772 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-014-2290-9 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 44.43 ASE 44.75 ASE AR 34 2014 4 04 12 763-772 |
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10.1007/s10096-014-2290-9 doi (DE-627)SPR00869625X (SPR)s10096-014-2290-9-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 ASE 44.43 bkl 44.75 bkl Kuwata, Y. verfasserin aut Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated from a university teaching hospital in Japan 2014 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Clostridium difficile infection control strategies require an understanding of its epidemiology. In this study, we analysed the toxin genotypes of 130 non-duplicate clinical isolates of C. difficile from a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and eBURST analysis were performed for these isolates and nine strains previously analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotyping. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for six antibiotics, and the bacterial resistance mechanisms were investigated. Ninety-five toxigenic strains (73 %), including seven tcdA-negative, tcdB-positive and cdtA/cdtB-negative strains ($ A^{−} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{−} $) and three $ A^{+} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{+} $ strains, and 35 (27 %) non-toxigenic strains, were classified into 23 and 12 sequence types, respectively. Of these, sequence type (ST)17 (21.8 %) was the most predominant. MLST and eBURST analysis showed that 139 strains belonged to seven groups and singletons, and most $ A^{+} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{−} $ strains (98 %, 89/91) were classified into group 1. All isolates were susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin and meropenem; the ceftriaxone, clindamycin and ciprofloxacin resistance rates were 49, 59 and 99 %, respectively. Resistance rates to ceftriaxone and clindamycin were higher in toxigenic strains than in non-toxigenic strains (P < 0.001). All ST17 and ST81 strains were resistant to these antibiotics. The clindamycin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant strains carried erm(B) and mutations in GyrA and/or GyrB, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first MLST-based study of the molecular epidemiology of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains in Japan, providing evidence that non-toxigenic and toxigenic strains exhibit high genetic diversity and that toxigenic strains are more likely than non-toxigenic strains to exhibit multidrug resistance. Clindamycin (dpeaa)DE-He213 Moxifloxacin (dpeaa)DE-He213 Fluoroquinolone Resistance (dpeaa)DE-He213 Toxigenic Strain (dpeaa)DE-He213 Clindamycin Resistance (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tanimoto, S. verfasserin aut Sawabe, E. verfasserin aut Shima, M. verfasserin aut Takahashi, Y. verfasserin aut Ushizawa, H. verfasserin aut Fujie, T. verfasserin aut Koike, R. verfasserin aut Tojo, N. verfasserin aut Kubota, T. verfasserin aut Saito, R. verfasserin aut Enthalten in European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases Berlin : Springer, 1982 34(2014), 4 vom: 04. Dez., Seite 763-772 (DE-627)25372273X (DE-600)1459049-9 1435-4373 nnns volume:34 year:2014 number:4 day:04 month:12 pages:763-772 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-014-2290-9 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_267 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 44.43 ASE 44.75 ASE AR 34 2014 4 04 12 763-772 |
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Enthalten in European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 34(2014), 4 vom: 04. Dez., Seite 763-772 volume:34 year:2014 number:4 day:04 month:12 pages:763-772 |
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Clindamycin Moxifloxacin Fluoroquinolone Resistance Toxigenic Strain Clindamycin Resistance |
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European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases |
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Kuwata, Y. @@aut@@ Tanimoto, S. @@aut@@ Sawabe, E. @@aut@@ Shima, M. @@aut@@ Takahashi, Y. @@aut@@ Ushizawa, H. @@aut@@ Fujie, T. @@aut@@ Koike, R. @@aut@@ Tojo, N. @@aut@@ Kubota, T. @@aut@@ Saito, R. @@aut@@ |
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2014-12-04T00:00:00Z |
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25372273X |
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3610 |
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SPR00869625X |
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englisch |
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In this study, we analysed the toxin genotypes of 130 non-duplicate clinical isolates of C. difficile from a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and eBURST analysis were performed for these isolates and nine strains previously analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotyping. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for six antibiotics, and the bacterial resistance mechanisms were investigated. Ninety-five toxigenic strains (73 %), including seven tcdA-negative, tcdB-positive and cdtA/cdtB-negative strains ($ A^{−} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{−} $) and three $ A^{+} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{+} $ strains, and 35 (27 %) non-toxigenic strains, were classified into 23 and 12 sequence types, respectively. Of these, sequence type (ST)17 (21.8 %) was the most predominant. MLST and eBURST analysis showed that 139 strains belonged to seven groups and singletons, and most $ A^{+} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{−} $ strains (98 %, 89/91) were classified into group 1. All isolates were susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin and meropenem; the ceftriaxone, clindamycin and ciprofloxacin resistance rates were 49, 59 and 99 %, respectively. Resistance rates to ceftriaxone and clindamycin were higher in toxigenic strains than in non-toxigenic strains (P < 0.001). All ST17 and ST81 strains were resistant to these antibiotics. The clindamycin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant strains carried erm(B) and mutations in GyrA and/or GyrB, respectively. 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|
author |
Kuwata, Y. |
spellingShingle |
Kuwata, Y. ddc 610 bkl 44.43 bkl 44.75 misc Clindamycin misc Moxifloxacin misc Fluoroquinolone Resistance misc Toxigenic Strain misc Clindamycin Resistance Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated from a university teaching hospital in Japan |
authorStr |
Kuwata, Y. |
ppnlink_with_tag_str_mv |
@@773@@(DE-627)25372273X |
format |
electronic Article |
dewey-ones |
610 - Medicine & health |
delete_txt_mv |
keep |
author_role |
aut aut aut aut aut aut aut aut aut aut aut |
collection |
springer |
remote_str |
true |
illustrated |
Not Illustrated |
issn |
1435-4373 |
topic_title |
610 ASE 44.43 bkl 44.75 bkl Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated from a university teaching hospital in Japan Clindamycin (dpeaa)DE-He213 Moxifloxacin (dpeaa)DE-He213 Fluoroquinolone Resistance (dpeaa)DE-He213 Toxigenic Strain (dpeaa)DE-He213 Clindamycin Resistance (dpeaa)DE-He213 |
topic |
ddc 610 bkl 44.43 bkl 44.75 misc Clindamycin misc Moxifloxacin misc Fluoroquinolone Resistance misc Toxigenic Strain misc Clindamycin Resistance |
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Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated from a university teaching hospital in Japan |
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Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated from a university teaching hospital in Japan |
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Kuwata, Y. |
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Kuwata, Y. Tanimoto, S. Sawabe, E. Shima, M. Takahashi, Y. Ushizawa, H. Fujie, T. Koike, R. Tojo, N. Kubota, T. Saito, R. |
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molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolated from a university teaching hospital in japan |
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Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolated from a university teaching hospital in Japan |
abstract |
Abstract Clostridium difficile infection control strategies require an understanding of its epidemiology. In this study, we analysed the toxin genotypes of 130 non-duplicate clinical isolates of C. difficile from a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and eBURST analysis were performed for these isolates and nine strains previously analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotyping. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for six antibiotics, and the bacterial resistance mechanisms were investigated. Ninety-five toxigenic strains (73 %), including seven tcdA-negative, tcdB-positive and cdtA/cdtB-negative strains ($ A^{−} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{−} $) and three $ A^{+} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{+} $ strains, and 35 (27 %) non-toxigenic strains, were classified into 23 and 12 sequence types, respectively. Of these, sequence type (ST)17 (21.8 %) was the most predominant. MLST and eBURST analysis showed that 139 strains belonged to seven groups and singletons, and most $ A^{+} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{−} $ strains (98 %, 89/91) were classified into group 1. All isolates were susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin and meropenem; the ceftriaxone, clindamycin and ciprofloxacin resistance rates were 49, 59 and 99 %, respectively. Resistance rates to ceftriaxone and clindamycin were higher in toxigenic strains than in non-toxigenic strains (P < 0.001). All ST17 and ST81 strains were resistant to these antibiotics. The clindamycin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant strains carried erm(B) and mutations in GyrA and/or GyrB, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first MLST-based study of the molecular epidemiology of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains in Japan, providing evidence that non-toxigenic and toxigenic strains exhibit high genetic diversity and that toxigenic strains are more likely than non-toxigenic strains to exhibit multidrug resistance. |
abstractGer |
Abstract Clostridium difficile infection control strategies require an understanding of its epidemiology. In this study, we analysed the toxin genotypes of 130 non-duplicate clinical isolates of C. difficile from a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and eBURST analysis were performed for these isolates and nine strains previously analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotyping. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for six antibiotics, and the bacterial resistance mechanisms were investigated. Ninety-five toxigenic strains (73 %), including seven tcdA-negative, tcdB-positive and cdtA/cdtB-negative strains ($ A^{−} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{−} $) and three $ A^{+} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{+} $ strains, and 35 (27 %) non-toxigenic strains, were classified into 23 and 12 sequence types, respectively. Of these, sequence type (ST)17 (21.8 %) was the most predominant. MLST and eBURST analysis showed that 139 strains belonged to seven groups and singletons, and most $ A^{+} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{−} $ strains (98 %, 89/91) were classified into group 1. All isolates were susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin and meropenem; the ceftriaxone, clindamycin and ciprofloxacin resistance rates were 49, 59 and 99 %, respectively. Resistance rates to ceftriaxone and clindamycin were higher in toxigenic strains than in non-toxigenic strains (P < 0.001). All ST17 and ST81 strains were resistant to these antibiotics. The clindamycin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant strains carried erm(B) and mutations in GyrA and/or GyrB, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first MLST-based study of the molecular epidemiology of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains in Japan, providing evidence that non-toxigenic and toxigenic strains exhibit high genetic diversity and that toxigenic strains are more likely than non-toxigenic strains to exhibit multidrug resistance. |
abstract_unstemmed |
Abstract Clostridium difficile infection control strategies require an understanding of its epidemiology. In this study, we analysed the toxin genotypes of 130 non-duplicate clinical isolates of C. difficile from a university hospital in Tokyo, Japan. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and eBURST analysis were performed for these isolates and nine strains previously analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotyping. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined for six antibiotics, and the bacterial resistance mechanisms were investigated. Ninety-five toxigenic strains (73 %), including seven tcdA-negative, tcdB-positive and cdtA/cdtB-negative strains ($ A^{−} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{−} $) and three $ A^{+} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{+} $ strains, and 35 (27 %) non-toxigenic strains, were classified into 23 and 12 sequence types, respectively. Of these, sequence type (ST)17 (21.8 %) was the most predominant. MLST and eBURST analysis showed that 139 strains belonged to seven groups and singletons, and most $ A^{+} %$ B^{+} %$ CDT^{−} $ strains (98 %, 89/91) were classified into group 1. All isolates were susceptible to metronidazole, vancomycin and meropenem; the ceftriaxone, clindamycin and ciprofloxacin resistance rates were 49, 59 and 99 %, respectively. Resistance rates to ceftriaxone and clindamycin were higher in toxigenic strains than in non-toxigenic strains (P < 0.001). All ST17 and ST81 strains were resistant to these antibiotics. The clindamycin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant strains carried erm(B) and mutations in GyrA and/or GyrB, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first MLST-based study of the molecular epidemiology of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains in Japan, providing evidence that non-toxigenic and toxigenic strains exhibit high genetic diversity and that toxigenic strains are more likely than non-toxigenic strains to exhibit multidrug resistance. |
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score |
7.4013214 |