Lung metastases in metastatic gastric cancer: pattern of lung metastases and clinical outcome
Background There are only limited data regarding pulmonary metastasis from gastric cancer. Therefore, we analyzed large series of gastric cancer with pulmonary metastasis and analyzed their clinical characteristics and treatment outcome to enhance perception of metastatic gastric cancer. Methods Of...
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| Autor*in: |
Kong, Jee Hyun [verfasserIn] Lee, Jeeyun [verfasserIn] Yi, Chin-A [verfasserIn] Park, Se Hoon [verfasserIn] Park, Joon Oh [verfasserIn] Park, Young Suk [verfasserIn] Lim, Ho Yeong [verfasserIn] Park, Keon Woo [verfasserIn] Kang, Won Ki [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2011 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Gastric Cancer - Springer-Verlag, 2002, 15(2011), 3 vom: 29. Okt., Seite 292-298 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:15 ; year:2011 ; number:3 ; day:29 ; month:10 ; pages:292-298 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s10120-011-0104-7 |
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SPR009317791 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Lung metastases in metastatic gastric cancer: pattern of lung metastases and clinical outcome |
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| 520 | |a Background There are only limited data regarding pulmonary metastasis from gastric cancer. Therefore, we analyzed large series of gastric cancer with pulmonary metastasis and analyzed their clinical characteristics and treatment outcome to enhance perception of metastatic gastric cancer. Methods Of 20,187 advanced gastric cancer patients treated between 1995 and 2007, 193 (0.96%) were identified to have pulmonary metastasis from gastric cancer. The pulmonary lesions were detected at chest computed tomography (CT) scan or plain chest X-ray and/or abdominal pelvic CT scan covering the lower part of the lungs, and were divided into three patterns: lymphangitic, hematogenous, and pleural. Results The most frequently observed pattern of lung metastasis was hematogenous metastasis (52.3%) followed by pleural (35.2%) and lymphangitic (26.4%). Patients who had hematogenous pulmonary metastasis were significantly associated with hepatic metastasis (p = 0.004) and male sex (p = 0.012). Patients with lymphangitic metastasis were significantly associated with concomitant bone (p = 0.010) and bone marrow (p = 0.029) metastasis. In case of pleural metastasis, it was positively correlated with gastrectomy history (p = 0.015) and the presence of peritoneal metastasis (p = 0.020). After a median follow-up duration of 87 (9–162) months, the median survival after diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis was 4 (0–67) months. Conclusion The most frequently observed pattern of lung metastasis was hematogenous metastasis (52.3%) followed by pleural (35.2%) and lymphangitic (26.4%) in gastric cancer patients. Among gastric cancer patients with lung metastases, patients with pleural metastasis or lymphangitic metastasis had shorter survival with 1.5–2-fold increased risk of deaths. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Pulmonary metastasis |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Gastric cancer |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Hematogenous metastasis |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Lymphangitic metastasis |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pleural metastasis |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Lee, Jeeyun |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Park, Joon Oh |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Park, Young Suk |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Lim, Ho Yeong |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Park, Keon Woo |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kang, Won Ki |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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10.1007/s10120-011-0104-7 doi (DE-627)SPR009317791 (SPR)s10120-011-0104-7-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Kong, Jee Hyun verfasserin aut Lung metastases in metastatic gastric cancer: pattern of lung metastases and clinical outcome 2011 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background There are only limited data regarding pulmonary metastasis from gastric cancer. Therefore, we analyzed large series of gastric cancer with pulmonary metastasis and analyzed their clinical characteristics and treatment outcome to enhance perception of metastatic gastric cancer. Methods Of 20,187 advanced gastric cancer patients treated between 1995 and 2007, 193 (0.96%) were identified to have pulmonary metastasis from gastric cancer. The pulmonary lesions were detected at chest computed tomography (CT) scan or plain chest X-ray and/or abdominal pelvic CT scan covering the lower part of the lungs, and were divided into three patterns: lymphangitic, hematogenous, and pleural. Results The most frequently observed pattern of lung metastasis was hematogenous metastasis (52.3%) followed by pleural (35.2%) and lymphangitic (26.4%). Patients who had hematogenous pulmonary metastasis were significantly associated with hepatic metastasis (p = 0.004) and male sex (p = 0.012). Patients with lymphangitic metastasis were significantly associated with concomitant bone (p = 0.010) and bone marrow (p = 0.029) metastasis. In case of pleural metastasis, it was positively correlated with gastrectomy history (p = 0.015) and the presence of peritoneal metastasis (p = 0.020). After a median follow-up duration of 87 (9–162) months, the median survival after diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis was 4 (0–67) months. Conclusion The most frequently observed pattern of lung metastasis was hematogenous metastasis (52.3%) followed by pleural (35.2%) and lymphangitic (26.4%) in gastric cancer patients. Among gastric cancer patients with lung metastases, patients with pleural metastasis or lymphangitic metastasis had shorter survival with 1.5–2-fold increased risk of deaths. Pulmonary metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Gastric cancer (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hematogenous metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lymphangitic metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pleural metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lee, Jeeyun verfasserin aut Yi, Chin-A verfasserin aut Park, Se Hoon verfasserin aut Park, Joon Oh verfasserin aut Park, Young Suk verfasserin aut Lim, Ho Yeong verfasserin aut Park, Keon Woo verfasserin aut Kang, Won Ki verfasserin aut Enthalten in Gastric Cancer Springer-Verlag, 2002 15(2011), 3 vom: 29. Okt., Seite 292-298 (DE-627)SPR009286586 nnns volume:15 year:2011 number:3 day:29 month:10 pages:292-298 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10120-011-0104-7 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER AR 15 2011 3 29 10 292-298 |
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10.1007/s10120-011-0104-7 doi (DE-627)SPR009317791 (SPR)s10120-011-0104-7-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Kong, Jee Hyun verfasserin aut Lung metastases in metastatic gastric cancer: pattern of lung metastases and clinical outcome 2011 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background There are only limited data regarding pulmonary metastasis from gastric cancer. Therefore, we analyzed large series of gastric cancer with pulmonary metastasis and analyzed their clinical characteristics and treatment outcome to enhance perception of metastatic gastric cancer. Methods Of 20,187 advanced gastric cancer patients treated between 1995 and 2007, 193 (0.96%) were identified to have pulmonary metastasis from gastric cancer. The pulmonary lesions were detected at chest computed tomography (CT) scan or plain chest X-ray and/or abdominal pelvic CT scan covering the lower part of the lungs, and were divided into three patterns: lymphangitic, hematogenous, and pleural. Results The most frequently observed pattern of lung metastasis was hematogenous metastasis (52.3%) followed by pleural (35.2%) and lymphangitic (26.4%). Patients who had hematogenous pulmonary metastasis were significantly associated with hepatic metastasis (p = 0.004) and male sex (p = 0.012). Patients with lymphangitic metastasis were significantly associated with concomitant bone (p = 0.010) and bone marrow (p = 0.029) metastasis. In case of pleural metastasis, it was positively correlated with gastrectomy history (p = 0.015) and the presence of peritoneal metastasis (p = 0.020). After a median follow-up duration of 87 (9–162) months, the median survival after diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis was 4 (0–67) months. Conclusion The most frequently observed pattern of lung metastasis was hematogenous metastasis (52.3%) followed by pleural (35.2%) and lymphangitic (26.4%) in gastric cancer patients. Among gastric cancer patients with lung metastases, patients with pleural metastasis or lymphangitic metastasis had shorter survival with 1.5–2-fold increased risk of deaths. Pulmonary metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Gastric cancer (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hematogenous metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lymphangitic metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pleural metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lee, Jeeyun verfasserin aut Yi, Chin-A verfasserin aut Park, Se Hoon verfasserin aut Park, Joon Oh verfasserin aut Park, Young Suk verfasserin aut Lim, Ho Yeong verfasserin aut Park, Keon Woo verfasserin aut Kang, Won Ki verfasserin aut Enthalten in Gastric Cancer Springer-Verlag, 2002 15(2011), 3 vom: 29. Okt., Seite 292-298 (DE-627)SPR009286586 nnns volume:15 year:2011 number:3 day:29 month:10 pages:292-298 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10120-011-0104-7 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER AR 15 2011 3 29 10 292-298 |
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10.1007/s10120-011-0104-7 doi (DE-627)SPR009317791 (SPR)s10120-011-0104-7-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Kong, Jee Hyun verfasserin aut Lung metastases in metastatic gastric cancer: pattern of lung metastases and clinical outcome 2011 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background There are only limited data regarding pulmonary metastasis from gastric cancer. Therefore, we analyzed large series of gastric cancer with pulmonary metastasis and analyzed their clinical characteristics and treatment outcome to enhance perception of metastatic gastric cancer. Methods Of 20,187 advanced gastric cancer patients treated between 1995 and 2007, 193 (0.96%) were identified to have pulmonary metastasis from gastric cancer. The pulmonary lesions were detected at chest computed tomography (CT) scan or plain chest X-ray and/or abdominal pelvic CT scan covering the lower part of the lungs, and were divided into three patterns: lymphangitic, hematogenous, and pleural. Results The most frequently observed pattern of lung metastasis was hematogenous metastasis (52.3%) followed by pleural (35.2%) and lymphangitic (26.4%). Patients who had hematogenous pulmonary metastasis were significantly associated with hepatic metastasis (p = 0.004) and male sex (p = 0.012). Patients with lymphangitic metastasis were significantly associated with concomitant bone (p = 0.010) and bone marrow (p = 0.029) metastasis. In case of pleural metastasis, it was positively correlated with gastrectomy history (p = 0.015) and the presence of peritoneal metastasis (p = 0.020). After a median follow-up duration of 87 (9–162) months, the median survival after diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis was 4 (0–67) months. Conclusion The most frequently observed pattern of lung metastasis was hematogenous metastasis (52.3%) followed by pleural (35.2%) and lymphangitic (26.4%) in gastric cancer patients. Among gastric cancer patients with lung metastases, patients with pleural metastasis or lymphangitic metastasis had shorter survival with 1.5–2-fold increased risk of deaths. Pulmonary metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Gastric cancer (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hematogenous metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lymphangitic metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pleural metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lee, Jeeyun verfasserin aut Yi, Chin-A verfasserin aut Park, Se Hoon verfasserin aut Park, Joon Oh verfasserin aut Park, Young Suk verfasserin aut Lim, Ho Yeong verfasserin aut Park, Keon Woo verfasserin aut Kang, Won Ki verfasserin aut Enthalten in Gastric Cancer Springer-Verlag, 2002 15(2011), 3 vom: 29. Okt., Seite 292-298 (DE-627)SPR009286586 nnns volume:15 year:2011 number:3 day:29 month:10 pages:292-298 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10120-011-0104-7 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER AR 15 2011 3 29 10 292-298 |
| allfieldsGer |
10.1007/s10120-011-0104-7 doi (DE-627)SPR009317791 (SPR)s10120-011-0104-7-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Kong, Jee Hyun verfasserin aut Lung metastases in metastatic gastric cancer: pattern of lung metastases and clinical outcome 2011 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background There are only limited data regarding pulmonary metastasis from gastric cancer. Therefore, we analyzed large series of gastric cancer with pulmonary metastasis and analyzed their clinical characteristics and treatment outcome to enhance perception of metastatic gastric cancer. Methods Of 20,187 advanced gastric cancer patients treated between 1995 and 2007, 193 (0.96%) were identified to have pulmonary metastasis from gastric cancer. The pulmonary lesions were detected at chest computed tomography (CT) scan or plain chest X-ray and/or abdominal pelvic CT scan covering the lower part of the lungs, and were divided into three patterns: lymphangitic, hematogenous, and pleural. Results The most frequently observed pattern of lung metastasis was hematogenous metastasis (52.3%) followed by pleural (35.2%) and lymphangitic (26.4%). Patients who had hematogenous pulmonary metastasis were significantly associated with hepatic metastasis (p = 0.004) and male sex (p = 0.012). Patients with lymphangitic metastasis were significantly associated with concomitant bone (p = 0.010) and bone marrow (p = 0.029) metastasis. In case of pleural metastasis, it was positively correlated with gastrectomy history (p = 0.015) and the presence of peritoneal metastasis (p = 0.020). After a median follow-up duration of 87 (9–162) months, the median survival after diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis was 4 (0–67) months. Conclusion The most frequently observed pattern of lung metastasis was hematogenous metastasis (52.3%) followed by pleural (35.2%) and lymphangitic (26.4%) in gastric cancer patients. Among gastric cancer patients with lung metastases, patients with pleural metastasis or lymphangitic metastasis had shorter survival with 1.5–2-fold increased risk of deaths. Pulmonary metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Gastric cancer (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hematogenous metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lymphangitic metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pleural metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lee, Jeeyun verfasserin aut Yi, Chin-A verfasserin aut Park, Se Hoon verfasserin aut Park, Joon Oh verfasserin aut Park, Young Suk verfasserin aut Lim, Ho Yeong verfasserin aut Park, Keon Woo verfasserin aut Kang, Won Ki verfasserin aut Enthalten in Gastric Cancer Springer-Verlag, 2002 15(2011), 3 vom: 29. Okt., Seite 292-298 (DE-627)SPR009286586 nnns volume:15 year:2011 number:3 day:29 month:10 pages:292-298 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10120-011-0104-7 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER AR 15 2011 3 29 10 292-298 |
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10.1007/s10120-011-0104-7 doi (DE-627)SPR009317791 (SPR)s10120-011-0104-7-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Kong, Jee Hyun verfasserin aut Lung metastases in metastatic gastric cancer: pattern of lung metastases and clinical outcome 2011 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Background There are only limited data regarding pulmonary metastasis from gastric cancer. Therefore, we analyzed large series of gastric cancer with pulmonary metastasis and analyzed their clinical characteristics and treatment outcome to enhance perception of metastatic gastric cancer. Methods Of 20,187 advanced gastric cancer patients treated between 1995 and 2007, 193 (0.96%) were identified to have pulmonary metastasis from gastric cancer. The pulmonary lesions were detected at chest computed tomography (CT) scan or plain chest X-ray and/or abdominal pelvic CT scan covering the lower part of the lungs, and were divided into three patterns: lymphangitic, hematogenous, and pleural. Results The most frequently observed pattern of lung metastasis was hematogenous metastasis (52.3%) followed by pleural (35.2%) and lymphangitic (26.4%). Patients who had hematogenous pulmonary metastasis were significantly associated with hepatic metastasis (p = 0.004) and male sex (p = 0.012). Patients with lymphangitic metastasis were significantly associated with concomitant bone (p = 0.010) and bone marrow (p = 0.029) metastasis. In case of pleural metastasis, it was positively correlated with gastrectomy history (p = 0.015) and the presence of peritoneal metastasis (p = 0.020). After a median follow-up duration of 87 (9–162) months, the median survival after diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis was 4 (0–67) months. Conclusion The most frequently observed pattern of lung metastasis was hematogenous metastasis (52.3%) followed by pleural (35.2%) and lymphangitic (26.4%) in gastric cancer patients. Among gastric cancer patients with lung metastases, patients with pleural metastasis or lymphangitic metastasis had shorter survival with 1.5–2-fold increased risk of deaths. Pulmonary metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Gastric cancer (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hematogenous metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lymphangitic metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pleural metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lee, Jeeyun verfasserin aut Yi, Chin-A verfasserin aut Park, Se Hoon verfasserin aut Park, Joon Oh verfasserin aut Park, Young Suk verfasserin aut Lim, Ho Yeong verfasserin aut Park, Keon Woo verfasserin aut Kang, Won Ki verfasserin aut Enthalten in Gastric Cancer Springer-Verlag, 2002 15(2011), 3 vom: 29. Okt., Seite 292-298 (DE-627)SPR009286586 nnns volume:15 year:2011 number:3 day:29 month:10 pages:292-298 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10120-011-0104-7 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER AR 15 2011 3 29 10 292-298 |
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Kong, Jee Hyun @@aut@@ Lee, Jeeyun @@aut@@ Yi, Chin-A @@aut@@ Park, Se Hoon @@aut@@ Park, Joon Oh @@aut@@ Park, Young Suk @@aut@@ Lim, Ho Yeong @@aut@@ Park, Keon Woo @@aut@@ Kang, Won Ki @@aut@@ |
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Lung metastases in metastatic gastric cancer: pattern of lung metastases and clinical outcome Pulmonary metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Gastric cancer (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hematogenous metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lymphangitic metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pleural metastasis (dpeaa)DE-He213 |
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lung metastases in metastatic gastric cancer: pattern of lung metastases and clinical outcome |
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Lung metastases in metastatic gastric cancer: pattern of lung metastases and clinical outcome |
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Background There are only limited data regarding pulmonary metastasis from gastric cancer. Therefore, we analyzed large series of gastric cancer with pulmonary metastasis and analyzed their clinical characteristics and treatment outcome to enhance perception of metastatic gastric cancer. Methods Of 20,187 advanced gastric cancer patients treated between 1995 and 2007, 193 (0.96%) were identified to have pulmonary metastasis from gastric cancer. The pulmonary lesions were detected at chest computed tomography (CT) scan or plain chest X-ray and/or abdominal pelvic CT scan covering the lower part of the lungs, and were divided into three patterns: lymphangitic, hematogenous, and pleural. Results The most frequently observed pattern of lung metastasis was hematogenous metastasis (52.3%) followed by pleural (35.2%) and lymphangitic (26.4%). Patients who had hematogenous pulmonary metastasis were significantly associated with hepatic metastasis (p = 0.004) and male sex (p = 0.012). Patients with lymphangitic metastasis were significantly associated with concomitant bone (p = 0.010) and bone marrow (p = 0.029) metastasis. In case of pleural metastasis, it was positively correlated with gastrectomy history (p = 0.015) and the presence of peritoneal metastasis (p = 0.020). After a median follow-up duration of 87 (9–162) months, the median survival after diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis was 4 (0–67) months. Conclusion The most frequently observed pattern of lung metastasis was hematogenous metastasis (52.3%) followed by pleural (35.2%) and lymphangitic (26.4%) in gastric cancer patients. Among gastric cancer patients with lung metastases, patients with pleural metastasis or lymphangitic metastasis had shorter survival with 1.5–2-fold increased risk of deaths. |
| abstractGer |
Background There are only limited data regarding pulmonary metastasis from gastric cancer. Therefore, we analyzed large series of gastric cancer with pulmonary metastasis and analyzed their clinical characteristics and treatment outcome to enhance perception of metastatic gastric cancer. Methods Of 20,187 advanced gastric cancer patients treated between 1995 and 2007, 193 (0.96%) were identified to have pulmonary metastasis from gastric cancer. The pulmonary lesions were detected at chest computed tomography (CT) scan or plain chest X-ray and/or abdominal pelvic CT scan covering the lower part of the lungs, and were divided into three patterns: lymphangitic, hematogenous, and pleural. Results The most frequently observed pattern of lung metastasis was hematogenous metastasis (52.3%) followed by pleural (35.2%) and lymphangitic (26.4%). Patients who had hematogenous pulmonary metastasis were significantly associated with hepatic metastasis (p = 0.004) and male sex (p = 0.012). Patients with lymphangitic metastasis were significantly associated with concomitant bone (p = 0.010) and bone marrow (p = 0.029) metastasis. In case of pleural metastasis, it was positively correlated with gastrectomy history (p = 0.015) and the presence of peritoneal metastasis (p = 0.020). After a median follow-up duration of 87 (9–162) months, the median survival after diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis was 4 (0–67) months. Conclusion The most frequently observed pattern of lung metastasis was hematogenous metastasis (52.3%) followed by pleural (35.2%) and lymphangitic (26.4%) in gastric cancer patients. Among gastric cancer patients with lung metastases, patients with pleural metastasis or lymphangitic metastasis had shorter survival with 1.5–2-fold increased risk of deaths. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Background There are only limited data regarding pulmonary metastasis from gastric cancer. Therefore, we analyzed large series of gastric cancer with pulmonary metastasis and analyzed their clinical characteristics and treatment outcome to enhance perception of metastatic gastric cancer. Methods Of 20,187 advanced gastric cancer patients treated between 1995 and 2007, 193 (0.96%) were identified to have pulmonary metastasis from gastric cancer. The pulmonary lesions were detected at chest computed tomography (CT) scan or plain chest X-ray and/or abdominal pelvic CT scan covering the lower part of the lungs, and were divided into three patterns: lymphangitic, hematogenous, and pleural. Results The most frequently observed pattern of lung metastasis was hematogenous metastasis (52.3%) followed by pleural (35.2%) and lymphangitic (26.4%). Patients who had hematogenous pulmonary metastasis were significantly associated with hepatic metastasis (p = 0.004) and male sex (p = 0.012). Patients with lymphangitic metastasis were significantly associated with concomitant bone (p = 0.010) and bone marrow (p = 0.029) metastasis. In case of pleural metastasis, it was positively correlated with gastrectomy history (p = 0.015) and the presence of peritoneal metastasis (p = 0.020). After a median follow-up duration of 87 (9–162) months, the median survival after diagnosis of pulmonary metastasis was 4 (0–67) months. Conclusion The most frequently observed pattern of lung metastasis was hematogenous metastasis (52.3%) followed by pleural (35.2%) and lymphangitic (26.4%) in gastric cancer patients. Among gastric cancer patients with lung metastases, patients with pleural metastasis or lymphangitic metastasis had shorter survival with 1.5–2-fold increased risk of deaths. |
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