Estimating of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms in southeastern Finland
Summary Under northern conditions, coniferous trees provide versatile material for studies on variable effects caused by air pollutants. Pinus silvestris is a particularly suitable bioindicator, since it is widely distributed and sensitive to many air pollutants. In projects carried out by the Finni...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Jokinen, J. [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
1993 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: European journal of forest research - Berlin : Springer, 2004, 112(1993), 1 vom: 01. Dez., Seite 27-35 |
|---|---|
| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:112 ; year:1993 ; number:1 ; day:01 ; month:12 ; pages:27-35 |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/BF02742126 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Estimating of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms in southeastern Finland |
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| 520 | |a Summary Under northern conditions, coniferous trees provide versatile material for studies on variable effects caused by air pollutants. Pinus silvestris is a particularly suitable bioindicator, since it is widely distributed and sensitive to many air pollutants. In projects carried out by the Finnish Meteorological Institute, we have recently obtained results which support the so-called nitrogen-sulphur hypothesis. We suggest that the excess of nitrogen compounds like ammonia/ammonium, nitrogen oxides and nitrate deposited on forests, together with gaseous sulphur compounds and anthropogenic acids, trigger severe forest damages within large areas and distances around their emission sources. Around several urban areas, atmospheric concentrations of sulphur compounds have decreased due to the emission decrease of these compounds. In these cases, the total S(sulphur)-concentrations of the pine needles have decreased over large areas around the emission sources, while the total N(nitrogen)-concentrations of the needles have increased. On the other hand, there are many urban areas where the ambient air concentrations of S-compounds have stayed at rather high levels. In these situations, high total S-concentrations and low total N-concentrations have been noticed in the pine needles. The basis of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms seems to depend on the relationship of N- and S-compounds in ambient air as indicated by the different concentrations of total sulphur and nitrogen in the needles and the relationship thereof. If the total sulphur concentrations of the needles are high, it is conceivable that the sulphur compounds, especially sulphur dioxide in the air, are so high that, when concentrated in the needles, they stop the function of nitrite reductase enzyme and the needles cannot reduce nitrogen compounds (oxides). As a result, pines cannot use concentrated nitrogen as nutrient and nitrite-nitrogen causes toxic effects. It is also possible that sulphur compounds alone cause toxic effects. Damages caused in this way hinder the nitrogen compound uptake by plants from the air. Around those urban areas where the emissions of sulphur compounds have decreased and the total sulphur contents of the needles are not high, the needles can take in nitrogen compounds from the air and use them as nutrients. The effects on and damages of needles in these situations are caused by excess nitrogen. It is conceivable that the sulphur dioxide concentrations in the air are so low that they do not stop the function of nitrite reductase enzyme. In this situation, both compounds are used as nutrients and the damages are so-called wintering failures (i.e., winter or frost damages). The disturbances in nitrogen metabolism and the deficiencies of several mineral nutrients may be the main causes of those damages seen during cold periods. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Forest Damage |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
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10.1007/BF02742126 doi (DE-627)SPR009726446 (SPR)BF02742126-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 630 ASE 630 640 ASE 48.40 bkl Jokinen, J. verfasserin aut Estimating of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms in southeastern Finland 1993 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Summary Under northern conditions, coniferous trees provide versatile material for studies on variable effects caused by air pollutants. Pinus silvestris is a particularly suitable bioindicator, since it is widely distributed and sensitive to many air pollutants. In projects carried out by the Finnish Meteorological Institute, we have recently obtained results which support the so-called nitrogen-sulphur hypothesis. We suggest that the excess of nitrogen compounds like ammonia/ammonium, nitrogen oxides and nitrate deposited on forests, together with gaseous sulphur compounds and anthropogenic acids, trigger severe forest damages within large areas and distances around their emission sources. Around several urban areas, atmospheric concentrations of sulphur compounds have decreased due to the emission decrease of these compounds. In these cases, the total S(sulphur)-concentrations of the pine needles have decreased over large areas around the emission sources, while the total N(nitrogen)-concentrations of the needles have increased. On the other hand, there are many urban areas where the ambient air concentrations of S-compounds have stayed at rather high levels. In these situations, high total S-concentrations and low total N-concentrations have been noticed in the pine needles. The basis of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms seems to depend on the relationship of N- and S-compounds in ambient air as indicated by the different concentrations of total sulphur and nitrogen in the needles and the relationship thereof. If the total sulphur concentrations of the needles are high, it is conceivable that the sulphur compounds, especially sulphur dioxide in the air, are so high that, when concentrated in the needles, they stop the function of nitrite reductase enzyme and the needles cannot reduce nitrogen compounds (oxides). As a result, pines cannot use concentrated nitrogen as nutrient and nitrite-nitrogen causes toxic effects. It is also possible that sulphur compounds alone cause toxic effects. Damages caused in this way hinder the nitrogen compound uptake by plants from the air. Around those urban areas where the emissions of sulphur compounds have decreased and the total sulphur contents of the needles are not high, the needles can take in nitrogen compounds from the air and use them as nutrients. The effects on and damages of needles in these situations are caused by excess nitrogen. It is conceivable that the sulphur dioxide concentrations in the air are so low that they do not stop the function of nitrite reductase enzyme. In this situation, both compounds are used as nutrients and the damages are so-called wintering failures (i.e., winter or frost damages). The disturbances in nitrogen metabolism and the deficiencies of several mineral nutrients may be the main causes of those damages seen during cold periods. Sulphur Compound (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nitrogen Oxide (dpeaa)DE-He213 Total Sulphur (dpeaa)DE-He213 Total Sulphur Content (dpeaa)DE-He213 Forest Damage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Enthalten in European journal of forest research Berlin : Springer, 2004 112(1993), 1 vom: 01. Dez., Seite 27-35 (DE-627)378132512 (DE-600)2134019-5 1612-4677 nnns volume:112 year:1993 number:1 day:01 month:12 pages:27-35 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02742126 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OPC-FOR SSG-OPC-ASE GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_4367 48.40 ASE AR 112 1993 1 01 12 27-35 |
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10.1007/BF02742126 doi (DE-627)SPR009726446 (SPR)BF02742126-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 630 ASE 630 640 ASE 48.40 bkl Jokinen, J. verfasserin aut Estimating of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms in southeastern Finland 1993 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Summary Under northern conditions, coniferous trees provide versatile material for studies on variable effects caused by air pollutants. Pinus silvestris is a particularly suitable bioindicator, since it is widely distributed and sensitive to many air pollutants. In projects carried out by the Finnish Meteorological Institute, we have recently obtained results which support the so-called nitrogen-sulphur hypothesis. We suggest that the excess of nitrogen compounds like ammonia/ammonium, nitrogen oxides and nitrate deposited on forests, together with gaseous sulphur compounds and anthropogenic acids, trigger severe forest damages within large areas and distances around their emission sources. Around several urban areas, atmospheric concentrations of sulphur compounds have decreased due to the emission decrease of these compounds. In these cases, the total S(sulphur)-concentrations of the pine needles have decreased over large areas around the emission sources, while the total N(nitrogen)-concentrations of the needles have increased. On the other hand, there are many urban areas where the ambient air concentrations of S-compounds have stayed at rather high levels. In these situations, high total S-concentrations and low total N-concentrations have been noticed in the pine needles. The basis of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms seems to depend on the relationship of N- and S-compounds in ambient air as indicated by the different concentrations of total sulphur and nitrogen in the needles and the relationship thereof. If the total sulphur concentrations of the needles are high, it is conceivable that the sulphur compounds, especially sulphur dioxide in the air, are so high that, when concentrated in the needles, they stop the function of nitrite reductase enzyme and the needles cannot reduce nitrogen compounds (oxides). As a result, pines cannot use concentrated nitrogen as nutrient and nitrite-nitrogen causes toxic effects. It is also possible that sulphur compounds alone cause toxic effects. Damages caused in this way hinder the nitrogen compound uptake by plants from the air. Around those urban areas where the emissions of sulphur compounds have decreased and the total sulphur contents of the needles are not high, the needles can take in nitrogen compounds from the air and use them as nutrients. The effects on and damages of needles in these situations are caused by excess nitrogen. It is conceivable that the sulphur dioxide concentrations in the air are so low that they do not stop the function of nitrite reductase enzyme. In this situation, both compounds are used as nutrients and the damages are so-called wintering failures (i.e., winter or frost damages). The disturbances in nitrogen metabolism and the deficiencies of several mineral nutrients may be the main causes of those damages seen during cold periods. Sulphur Compound (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nitrogen Oxide (dpeaa)DE-He213 Total Sulphur (dpeaa)DE-He213 Total Sulphur Content (dpeaa)DE-He213 Forest Damage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Enthalten in European journal of forest research Berlin : Springer, 2004 112(1993), 1 vom: 01. Dez., Seite 27-35 (DE-627)378132512 (DE-600)2134019-5 1612-4677 nnns volume:112 year:1993 number:1 day:01 month:12 pages:27-35 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02742126 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OPC-FOR SSG-OPC-ASE GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_4367 48.40 ASE AR 112 1993 1 01 12 27-35 |
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10.1007/BF02742126 doi (DE-627)SPR009726446 (SPR)BF02742126-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 630 ASE 630 640 ASE 48.40 bkl Jokinen, J. verfasserin aut Estimating of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms in southeastern Finland 1993 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Summary Under northern conditions, coniferous trees provide versatile material for studies on variable effects caused by air pollutants. Pinus silvestris is a particularly suitable bioindicator, since it is widely distributed and sensitive to many air pollutants. In projects carried out by the Finnish Meteorological Institute, we have recently obtained results which support the so-called nitrogen-sulphur hypothesis. We suggest that the excess of nitrogen compounds like ammonia/ammonium, nitrogen oxides and nitrate deposited on forests, together with gaseous sulphur compounds and anthropogenic acids, trigger severe forest damages within large areas and distances around their emission sources. Around several urban areas, atmospheric concentrations of sulphur compounds have decreased due to the emission decrease of these compounds. In these cases, the total S(sulphur)-concentrations of the pine needles have decreased over large areas around the emission sources, while the total N(nitrogen)-concentrations of the needles have increased. On the other hand, there are many urban areas where the ambient air concentrations of S-compounds have stayed at rather high levels. In these situations, high total S-concentrations and low total N-concentrations have been noticed in the pine needles. The basis of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms seems to depend on the relationship of N- and S-compounds in ambient air as indicated by the different concentrations of total sulphur and nitrogen in the needles and the relationship thereof. If the total sulphur concentrations of the needles are high, it is conceivable that the sulphur compounds, especially sulphur dioxide in the air, are so high that, when concentrated in the needles, they stop the function of nitrite reductase enzyme and the needles cannot reduce nitrogen compounds (oxides). As a result, pines cannot use concentrated nitrogen as nutrient and nitrite-nitrogen causes toxic effects. It is also possible that sulphur compounds alone cause toxic effects. Damages caused in this way hinder the nitrogen compound uptake by plants from the air. Around those urban areas where the emissions of sulphur compounds have decreased and the total sulphur contents of the needles are not high, the needles can take in nitrogen compounds from the air and use them as nutrients. The effects on and damages of needles in these situations are caused by excess nitrogen. It is conceivable that the sulphur dioxide concentrations in the air are so low that they do not stop the function of nitrite reductase enzyme. In this situation, both compounds are used as nutrients and the damages are so-called wintering failures (i.e., winter or frost damages). The disturbances in nitrogen metabolism and the deficiencies of several mineral nutrients may be the main causes of those damages seen during cold periods. Sulphur Compound (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nitrogen Oxide (dpeaa)DE-He213 Total Sulphur (dpeaa)DE-He213 Total Sulphur Content (dpeaa)DE-He213 Forest Damage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Enthalten in European journal of forest research Berlin : Springer, 2004 112(1993), 1 vom: 01. Dez., Seite 27-35 (DE-627)378132512 (DE-600)2134019-5 1612-4677 nnns volume:112 year:1993 number:1 day:01 month:12 pages:27-35 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02742126 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OPC-FOR SSG-OPC-ASE GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_4367 48.40 ASE AR 112 1993 1 01 12 27-35 |
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10.1007/BF02742126 doi (DE-627)SPR009726446 (SPR)BF02742126-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 630 ASE 630 640 ASE 48.40 bkl Jokinen, J. verfasserin aut Estimating of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms in southeastern Finland 1993 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Summary Under northern conditions, coniferous trees provide versatile material for studies on variable effects caused by air pollutants. Pinus silvestris is a particularly suitable bioindicator, since it is widely distributed and sensitive to many air pollutants. In projects carried out by the Finnish Meteorological Institute, we have recently obtained results which support the so-called nitrogen-sulphur hypothesis. We suggest that the excess of nitrogen compounds like ammonia/ammonium, nitrogen oxides and nitrate deposited on forests, together with gaseous sulphur compounds and anthropogenic acids, trigger severe forest damages within large areas and distances around their emission sources. Around several urban areas, atmospheric concentrations of sulphur compounds have decreased due to the emission decrease of these compounds. In these cases, the total S(sulphur)-concentrations of the pine needles have decreased over large areas around the emission sources, while the total N(nitrogen)-concentrations of the needles have increased. On the other hand, there are many urban areas where the ambient air concentrations of S-compounds have stayed at rather high levels. In these situations, high total S-concentrations and low total N-concentrations have been noticed in the pine needles. The basis of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms seems to depend on the relationship of N- and S-compounds in ambient air as indicated by the different concentrations of total sulphur and nitrogen in the needles and the relationship thereof. If the total sulphur concentrations of the needles are high, it is conceivable that the sulphur compounds, especially sulphur dioxide in the air, are so high that, when concentrated in the needles, they stop the function of nitrite reductase enzyme and the needles cannot reduce nitrogen compounds (oxides). As a result, pines cannot use concentrated nitrogen as nutrient and nitrite-nitrogen causes toxic effects. It is also possible that sulphur compounds alone cause toxic effects. Damages caused in this way hinder the nitrogen compound uptake by plants from the air. Around those urban areas where the emissions of sulphur compounds have decreased and the total sulphur contents of the needles are not high, the needles can take in nitrogen compounds from the air and use them as nutrients. The effects on and damages of needles in these situations are caused by excess nitrogen. It is conceivable that the sulphur dioxide concentrations in the air are so low that they do not stop the function of nitrite reductase enzyme. In this situation, both compounds are used as nutrients and the damages are so-called wintering failures (i.e., winter or frost damages). The disturbances in nitrogen metabolism and the deficiencies of several mineral nutrients may be the main causes of those damages seen during cold periods. Sulphur Compound (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nitrogen Oxide (dpeaa)DE-He213 Total Sulphur (dpeaa)DE-He213 Total Sulphur Content (dpeaa)DE-He213 Forest Damage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Enthalten in European journal of forest research Berlin : Springer, 2004 112(1993), 1 vom: 01. Dez., Seite 27-35 (DE-627)378132512 (DE-600)2134019-5 1612-4677 nnns volume:112 year:1993 number:1 day:01 month:12 pages:27-35 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02742126 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OPC-FOR SSG-OPC-ASE GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_4367 48.40 ASE AR 112 1993 1 01 12 27-35 |
| allfieldsSound |
10.1007/BF02742126 doi (DE-627)SPR009726446 (SPR)BF02742126-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 630 ASE 630 640 ASE 48.40 bkl Jokinen, J. verfasserin aut Estimating of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms in southeastern Finland 1993 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Summary Under northern conditions, coniferous trees provide versatile material for studies on variable effects caused by air pollutants. Pinus silvestris is a particularly suitable bioindicator, since it is widely distributed and sensitive to many air pollutants. In projects carried out by the Finnish Meteorological Institute, we have recently obtained results which support the so-called nitrogen-sulphur hypothesis. We suggest that the excess of nitrogen compounds like ammonia/ammonium, nitrogen oxides and nitrate deposited on forests, together with gaseous sulphur compounds and anthropogenic acids, trigger severe forest damages within large areas and distances around their emission sources. Around several urban areas, atmospheric concentrations of sulphur compounds have decreased due to the emission decrease of these compounds. In these cases, the total S(sulphur)-concentrations of the pine needles have decreased over large areas around the emission sources, while the total N(nitrogen)-concentrations of the needles have increased. On the other hand, there are many urban areas where the ambient air concentrations of S-compounds have stayed at rather high levels. In these situations, high total S-concentrations and low total N-concentrations have been noticed in the pine needles. The basis of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms seems to depend on the relationship of N- and S-compounds in ambient air as indicated by the different concentrations of total sulphur and nitrogen in the needles and the relationship thereof. If the total sulphur concentrations of the needles are high, it is conceivable that the sulphur compounds, especially sulphur dioxide in the air, are so high that, when concentrated in the needles, they stop the function of nitrite reductase enzyme and the needles cannot reduce nitrogen compounds (oxides). As a result, pines cannot use concentrated nitrogen as nutrient and nitrite-nitrogen causes toxic effects. It is also possible that sulphur compounds alone cause toxic effects. Damages caused in this way hinder the nitrogen compound uptake by plants from the air. Around those urban areas where the emissions of sulphur compounds have decreased and the total sulphur contents of the needles are not high, the needles can take in nitrogen compounds from the air and use them as nutrients. The effects on and damages of needles in these situations are caused by excess nitrogen. It is conceivable that the sulphur dioxide concentrations in the air are so low that they do not stop the function of nitrite reductase enzyme. In this situation, both compounds are used as nutrients and the damages are so-called wintering failures (i.e., winter or frost damages). The disturbances in nitrogen metabolism and the deficiencies of several mineral nutrients may be the main causes of those damages seen during cold periods. Sulphur Compound (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nitrogen Oxide (dpeaa)DE-He213 Total Sulphur (dpeaa)DE-He213 Total Sulphur Content (dpeaa)DE-He213 Forest Damage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Enthalten in European journal of forest research Berlin : Springer, 2004 112(1993), 1 vom: 01. Dez., Seite 27-35 (DE-627)378132512 (DE-600)2134019-5 1612-4677 nnns volume:112 year:1993 number:1 day:01 month:12 pages:27-35 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02742126 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OPC-FOR SSG-OPC-ASE GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_4367 48.40 ASE AR 112 1993 1 01 12 27-35 |
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Enthalten in European journal of forest research 112(1993), 1 vom: 01. Dez., Seite 27-35 volume:112 year:1993 number:1 day:01 month:12 pages:27-35 |
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Pinus silvestris is a particularly suitable bioindicator, since it is widely distributed and sensitive to many air pollutants. In projects carried out by the Finnish Meteorological Institute, we have recently obtained results which support the so-called nitrogen-sulphur hypothesis. We suggest that the excess of nitrogen compounds like ammonia/ammonium, nitrogen oxides and nitrate deposited on forests, together with gaseous sulphur compounds and anthropogenic acids, trigger severe forest damages within large areas and distances around their emission sources. Around several urban areas, atmospheric concentrations of sulphur compounds have decreased due to the emission decrease of these compounds. In these cases, the total S(sulphur)-concentrations of the pine needles have decreased over large areas around the emission sources, while the total N(nitrogen)-concentrations of the needles have increased. On the other hand, there are many urban areas where the ambient air concentrations of S-compounds have stayed at rather high levels. In these situations, high total S-concentrations and low total N-concentrations have been noticed in the pine needles. The basis of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms seems to depend on the relationship of N- and S-compounds in ambient air as indicated by the different concentrations of total sulphur and nitrogen in the needles and the relationship thereof. If the total sulphur concentrations of the needles are high, it is conceivable that the sulphur compounds, especially sulphur dioxide in the air, are so high that, when concentrated in the needles, they stop the function of nitrite reductase enzyme and the needles cannot reduce nitrogen compounds (oxides). As a result, pines cannot use concentrated nitrogen as nutrient and nitrite-nitrogen causes toxic effects. It is also possible that sulphur compounds alone cause toxic effects. 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Jokinen, J. ddc 630 bkl 48.40 misc Sulphur Compound misc Nitrogen Oxide misc Total Sulphur misc Total Sulphur Content misc Forest Damage Estimating of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms in southeastern Finland |
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Estimating of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms in southeastern Finland |
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estimating of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms in southeastern finland |
| title_auth |
Estimating of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms in southeastern Finland |
| abstract |
Summary Under northern conditions, coniferous trees provide versatile material for studies on variable effects caused by air pollutants. Pinus silvestris is a particularly suitable bioindicator, since it is widely distributed and sensitive to many air pollutants. In projects carried out by the Finnish Meteorological Institute, we have recently obtained results which support the so-called nitrogen-sulphur hypothesis. We suggest that the excess of nitrogen compounds like ammonia/ammonium, nitrogen oxides and nitrate deposited on forests, together with gaseous sulphur compounds and anthropogenic acids, trigger severe forest damages within large areas and distances around their emission sources. Around several urban areas, atmospheric concentrations of sulphur compounds have decreased due to the emission decrease of these compounds. In these cases, the total S(sulphur)-concentrations of the pine needles have decreased over large areas around the emission sources, while the total N(nitrogen)-concentrations of the needles have increased. On the other hand, there are many urban areas where the ambient air concentrations of S-compounds have stayed at rather high levels. In these situations, high total S-concentrations and low total N-concentrations have been noticed in the pine needles. The basis of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms seems to depend on the relationship of N- and S-compounds in ambient air as indicated by the different concentrations of total sulphur and nitrogen in the needles and the relationship thereof. If the total sulphur concentrations of the needles are high, it is conceivable that the sulphur compounds, especially sulphur dioxide in the air, are so high that, when concentrated in the needles, they stop the function of nitrite reductase enzyme and the needles cannot reduce nitrogen compounds (oxides). As a result, pines cannot use concentrated nitrogen as nutrient and nitrite-nitrogen causes toxic effects. It is also possible that sulphur compounds alone cause toxic effects. Damages caused in this way hinder the nitrogen compound uptake by plants from the air. Around those urban areas where the emissions of sulphur compounds have decreased and the total sulphur contents of the needles are not high, the needles can take in nitrogen compounds from the air and use them as nutrients. The effects on and damages of needles in these situations are caused by excess nitrogen. It is conceivable that the sulphur dioxide concentrations in the air are so low that they do not stop the function of nitrite reductase enzyme. In this situation, both compounds are used as nutrients and the damages are so-called wintering failures (i.e., winter or frost damages). The disturbances in nitrogen metabolism and the deficiencies of several mineral nutrients may be the main causes of those damages seen during cold periods. |
| abstractGer |
Summary Under northern conditions, coniferous trees provide versatile material for studies on variable effects caused by air pollutants. Pinus silvestris is a particularly suitable bioindicator, since it is widely distributed and sensitive to many air pollutants. In projects carried out by the Finnish Meteorological Institute, we have recently obtained results which support the so-called nitrogen-sulphur hypothesis. We suggest that the excess of nitrogen compounds like ammonia/ammonium, nitrogen oxides and nitrate deposited on forests, together with gaseous sulphur compounds and anthropogenic acids, trigger severe forest damages within large areas and distances around their emission sources. Around several urban areas, atmospheric concentrations of sulphur compounds have decreased due to the emission decrease of these compounds. In these cases, the total S(sulphur)-concentrations of the pine needles have decreased over large areas around the emission sources, while the total N(nitrogen)-concentrations of the needles have increased. On the other hand, there are many urban areas where the ambient air concentrations of S-compounds have stayed at rather high levels. In these situations, high total S-concentrations and low total N-concentrations have been noticed in the pine needles. The basis of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms seems to depend on the relationship of N- and S-compounds in ambient air as indicated by the different concentrations of total sulphur and nitrogen in the needles and the relationship thereof. If the total sulphur concentrations of the needles are high, it is conceivable that the sulphur compounds, especially sulphur dioxide in the air, are so high that, when concentrated in the needles, they stop the function of nitrite reductase enzyme and the needles cannot reduce nitrogen compounds (oxides). As a result, pines cannot use concentrated nitrogen as nutrient and nitrite-nitrogen causes toxic effects. It is also possible that sulphur compounds alone cause toxic effects. Damages caused in this way hinder the nitrogen compound uptake by plants from the air. Around those urban areas where the emissions of sulphur compounds have decreased and the total sulphur contents of the needles are not high, the needles can take in nitrogen compounds from the air and use them as nutrients. The effects on and damages of needles in these situations are caused by excess nitrogen. It is conceivable that the sulphur dioxide concentrations in the air are so low that they do not stop the function of nitrite reductase enzyme. In this situation, both compounds are used as nutrients and the damages are so-called wintering failures (i.e., winter or frost damages). The disturbances in nitrogen metabolism and the deficiencies of several mineral nutrients may be the main causes of those damages seen during cold periods. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Summary Under northern conditions, coniferous trees provide versatile material for studies on variable effects caused by air pollutants. Pinus silvestris is a particularly suitable bioindicator, since it is widely distributed and sensitive to many air pollutants. In projects carried out by the Finnish Meteorological Institute, we have recently obtained results which support the so-called nitrogen-sulphur hypothesis. We suggest that the excess of nitrogen compounds like ammonia/ammonium, nitrogen oxides and nitrate deposited on forests, together with gaseous sulphur compounds and anthropogenic acids, trigger severe forest damages within large areas and distances around their emission sources. Around several urban areas, atmospheric concentrations of sulphur compounds have decreased due to the emission decrease of these compounds. In these cases, the total S(sulphur)-concentrations of the pine needles have decreased over large areas around the emission sources, while the total N(nitrogen)-concentrations of the needles have increased. On the other hand, there are many urban areas where the ambient air concentrations of S-compounds have stayed at rather high levels. In these situations, high total S-concentrations and low total N-concentrations have been noticed in the pine needles. The basis of two different kinds of forest damage mechanisms seems to depend on the relationship of N- and S-compounds in ambient air as indicated by the different concentrations of total sulphur and nitrogen in the needles and the relationship thereof. If the total sulphur concentrations of the needles are high, it is conceivable that the sulphur compounds, especially sulphur dioxide in the air, are so high that, when concentrated in the needles, they stop the function of nitrite reductase enzyme and the needles cannot reduce nitrogen compounds (oxides). As a result, pines cannot use concentrated nitrogen as nutrient and nitrite-nitrogen causes toxic effects. It is also possible that sulphur compounds alone cause toxic effects. Damages caused in this way hinder the nitrogen compound uptake by plants from the air. Around those urban areas where the emissions of sulphur compounds have decreased and the total sulphur contents of the needles are not high, the needles can take in nitrogen compounds from the air and use them as nutrients. The effects on and damages of needles in these situations are caused by excess nitrogen. It is conceivable that the sulphur dioxide concentrations in the air are so low that they do not stop the function of nitrite reductase enzyme. In this situation, both compounds are used as nutrients and the damages are so-called wintering failures (i.e., winter or frost damages). The disturbances in nitrogen metabolism and the deficiencies of several mineral nutrients may be the main causes of those damages seen during cold periods. |
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