Influence of the physico-chemical properties of root mucilage and model substances on the microstructural stability of sand
Abstract Root mucilage (RM), a soil-born biohydrogel, affects the physical stability of the rhizosphere. One reason for this is attributed to the present polysaccharides which contribute to the formation of aggregates by acting as interparticulate glue. The aim of this study was to explore how physi...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Brax, Mathilde [verfasserIn] Buchmann, Christian [verfasserIn] Kenngott, Kilian [verfasserIn] Schaumann, Gabriele Ellen [verfasserIn] Diehl, Dörte [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2019 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Biogeochemistry - Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1984, 147(2019), 1 vom: 07. Dez., Seite 35-52 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:147 ; year:2019 ; number:1 ; day:07 ; month:12 ; pages:35-52 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s10533-019-00626-w |
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| Katalog-ID: |
SPR010960996 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Brax, Mathilde |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Influence of the physico-chemical properties of root mucilage and model substances on the microstructural stability of sand |
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| 520 | |a Abstract Root mucilage (RM), a soil-born biohydrogel, affects the physical stability of the rhizosphere. One reason for this is attributed to the present polysaccharides which contribute to the formation of aggregates by acting as interparticulate glue. The aim of this study was to explore how physico-chemical properties of polymers of interparticulate gels influence this gluing and thus soil microstructural stability. We hypothesized that the microstructural stability of sand increases with the viscosity of the amended biohydrogel, which depends on the content of carbohydrate polymers and non-esterified uronic acids which themselves determine the amount of absorbed calcium. Therefore, natural RM of maize and wheat were compared with higher viscous chia seed mucilage (SM) as a widely used model for RM, and with industrial pectin rich in uronic acids partially methylated. Results show that additionally to Ca binding by uronic acids, binding by proteins is a further possible mechanism of Ca adsorption in RM. Upon Ca addition, the viscosity increased upon intermolecular associations (pectin) and decreased upon suppression of intermolecular charge–charge repulsion (chia SM, maize RM). Amount of high-molecular weight material in the amendment affected strongly soil microstructural stability. Results further suggest the creation of gel micro-zones upon Ca addition, which increase the viscosity of interparticulate gel and sand microstructural stability. Finally, the study outlines several physico-chemical mechanisms through which interactions between biotic (roots and seed) and abiotic components (mineral particles) influence soil structure, which control the water, air and nutrient flow through the rhizosphere and is, thus, an important soil quality parameter. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Mucilage |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Rhizosphere |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Microstructural stability |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Gel effect |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Structure–property relationship |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Buchmann, Christian |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kenngott, Kilian |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Schaumann, Gabriele Ellen |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Diehl, Dörte |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 773 | 0 | 8 | |i Enthalten in |t Biogeochemistry |d Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1984 |g 147(2019), 1 vom: 07. Dez., Seite 35-52 |w (DE-627)270935096 |w (DE-600)1478541-9 |x 1573-515X |7 nnns |
| 773 | 1 | 8 | |g volume:147 |g year:2019 |g number:1 |g day:07 |g month:12 |g pages:35-52 |
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10.1007/s10533-019-00626-w doi (DE-627)SPR010960996 (SPR)s10533-019-00626-w-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 540 550 ASE 35.70 bkl 38.32 bkl Brax, Mathilde verfasserin aut Influence of the physico-chemical properties of root mucilage and model substances on the microstructural stability of sand 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Root mucilage (RM), a soil-born biohydrogel, affects the physical stability of the rhizosphere. One reason for this is attributed to the present polysaccharides which contribute to the formation of aggregates by acting as interparticulate glue. The aim of this study was to explore how physico-chemical properties of polymers of interparticulate gels influence this gluing and thus soil microstructural stability. We hypothesized that the microstructural stability of sand increases with the viscosity of the amended biohydrogel, which depends on the content of carbohydrate polymers and non-esterified uronic acids which themselves determine the amount of absorbed calcium. Therefore, natural RM of maize and wheat were compared with higher viscous chia seed mucilage (SM) as a widely used model for RM, and with industrial pectin rich in uronic acids partially methylated. Results show that additionally to Ca binding by uronic acids, binding by proteins is a further possible mechanism of Ca adsorption in RM. Upon Ca addition, the viscosity increased upon intermolecular associations (pectin) and decreased upon suppression of intermolecular charge–charge repulsion (chia SM, maize RM). Amount of high-molecular weight material in the amendment affected strongly soil microstructural stability. Results further suggest the creation of gel micro-zones upon Ca addition, which increase the viscosity of interparticulate gel and sand microstructural stability. Finally, the study outlines several physico-chemical mechanisms through which interactions between biotic (roots and seed) and abiotic components (mineral particles) influence soil structure, which control the water, air and nutrient flow through the rhizosphere and is, thus, an important soil quality parameter. Mucilage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Rhizosphere (dpeaa)DE-He213 Microstructural stability (dpeaa)DE-He213 Gel effect (dpeaa)DE-He213 Structure–property relationship (dpeaa)DE-He213 Buchmann, Christian verfasserin aut Kenngott, Kilian verfasserin aut Schaumann, Gabriele Ellen verfasserin aut Diehl, Dörte verfasserin aut Enthalten in Biogeochemistry Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1984 147(2019), 1 vom: 07. Dez., Seite 35-52 (DE-627)270935096 (DE-600)1478541-9 1573-515X nnns volume:147 year:2019 number:1 day:07 month:12 pages:35-52 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-019-00626-w lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-ASE GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_165 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_374 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_647 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_2939 GBV_ILN_2946 GBV_ILN_2949 GBV_ILN_2951 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4346 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 35.70 ASE 38.32 ASE AR 147 2019 1 07 12 35-52 |
| spelling |
10.1007/s10533-019-00626-w doi (DE-627)SPR010960996 (SPR)s10533-019-00626-w-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 540 550 ASE 35.70 bkl 38.32 bkl Brax, Mathilde verfasserin aut Influence of the physico-chemical properties of root mucilage and model substances on the microstructural stability of sand 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Root mucilage (RM), a soil-born biohydrogel, affects the physical stability of the rhizosphere. One reason for this is attributed to the present polysaccharides which contribute to the formation of aggregates by acting as interparticulate glue. The aim of this study was to explore how physico-chemical properties of polymers of interparticulate gels influence this gluing and thus soil microstructural stability. We hypothesized that the microstructural stability of sand increases with the viscosity of the amended biohydrogel, which depends on the content of carbohydrate polymers and non-esterified uronic acids which themselves determine the amount of absorbed calcium. Therefore, natural RM of maize and wheat were compared with higher viscous chia seed mucilage (SM) as a widely used model for RM, and with industrial pectin rich in uronic acids partially methylated. Results show that additionally to Ca binding by uronic acids, binding by proteins is a further possible mechanism of Ca adsorption in RM. Upon Ca addition, the viscosity increased upon intermolecular associations (pectin) and decreased upon suppression of intermolecular charge–charge repulsion (chia SM, maize RM). Amount of high-molecular weight material in the amendment affected strongly soil microstructural stability. Results further suggest the creation of gel micro-zones upon Ca addition, which increase the viscosity of interparticulate gel and sand microstructural stability. Finally, the study outlines several physico-chemical mechanisms through which interactions between biotic (roots and seed) and abiotic components (mineral particles) influence soil structure, which control the water, air and nutrient flow through the rhizosphere and is, thus, an important soil quality parameter. Mucilage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Rhizosphere (dpeaa)DE-He213 Microstructural stability (dpeaa)DE-He213 Gel effect (dpeaa)DE-He213 Structure–property relationship (dpeaa)DE-He213 Buchmann, Christian verfasserin aut Kenngott, Kilian verfasserin aut Schaumann, Gabriele Ellen verfasserin aut Diehl, Dörte verfasserin aut Enthalten in Biogeochemistry Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1984 147(2019), 1 vom: 07. Dez., Seite 35-52 (DE-627)270935096 (DE-600)1478541-9 1573-515X nnns volume:147 year:2019 number:1 day:07 month:12 pages:35-52 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-019-00626-w lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-ASE GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_165 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_374 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_647 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_2939 GBV_ILN_2946 GBV_ILN_2949 GBV_ILN_2951 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4346 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 35.70 ASE 38.32 ASE AR 147 2019 1 07 12 35-52 |
| allfields_unstemmed |
10.1007/s10533-019-00626-w doi (DE-627)SPR010960996 (SPR)s10533-019-00626-w-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 540 550 ASE 35.70 bkl 38.32 bkl Brax, Mathilde verfasserin aut Influence of the physico-chemical properties of root mucilage and model substances on the microstructural stability of sand 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Root mucilage (RM), a soil-born biohydrogel, affects the physical stability of the rhizosphere. One reason for this is attributed to the present polysaccharides which contribute to the formation of aggregates by acting as interparticulate glue. The aim of this study was to explore how physico-chemical properties of polymers of interparticulate gels influence this gluing and thus soil microstructural stability. We hypothesized that the microstructural stability of sand increases with the viscosity of the amended biohydrogel, which depends on the content of carbohydrate polymers and non-esterified uronic acids which themselves determine the amount of absorbed calcium. Therefore, natural RM of maize and wheat were compared with higher viscous chia seed mucilage (SM) as a widely used model for RM, and with industrial pectin rich in uronic acids partially methylated. Results show that additionally to Ca binding by uronic acids, binding by proteins is a further possible mechanism of Ca adsorption in RM. Upon Ca addition, the viscosity increased upon intermolecular associations (pectin) and decreased upon suppression of intermolecular charge–charge repulsion (chia SM, maize RM). Amount of high-molecular weight material in the amendment affected strongly soil microstructural stability. Results further suggest the creation of gel micro-zones upon Ca addition, which increase the viscosity of interparticulate gel and sand microstructural stability. Finally, the study outlines several physico-chemical mechanisms through which interactions between biotic (roots and seed) and abiotic components (mineral particles) influence soil structure, which control the water, air and nutrient flow through the rhizosphere and is, thus, an important soil quality parameter. Mucilage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Rhizosphere (dpeaa)DE-He213 Microstructural stability (dpeaa)DE-He213 Gel effect (dpeaa)DE-He213 Structure–property relationship (dpeaa)DE-He213 Buchmann, Christian verfasserin aut Kenngott, Kilian verfasserin aut Schaumann, Gabriele Ellen verfasserin aut Diehl, Dörte verfasserin aut Enthalten in Biogeochemistry Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1984 147(2019), 1 vom: 07. Dez., Seite 35-52 (DE-627)270935096 (DE-600)1478541-9 1573-515X nnns volume:147 year:2019 number:1 day:07 month:12 pages:35-52 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-019-00626-w lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-ASE GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_165 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_374 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_647 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_2939 GBV_ILN_2946 GBV_ILN_2949 GBV_ILN_2951 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4346 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 35.70 ASE 38.32 ASE AR 147 2019 1 07 12 35-52 |
| allfieldsGer |
10.1007/s10533-019-00626-w doi (DE-627)SPR010960996 (SPR)s10533-019-00626-w-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 540 550 ASE 35.70 bkl 38.32 bkl Brax, Mathilde verfasserin aut Influence of the physico-chemical properties of root mucilage and model substances on the microstructural stability of sand 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Root mucilage (RM), a soil-born biohydrogel, affects the physical stability of the rhizosphere. One reason for this is attributed to the present polysaccharides which contribute to the formation of aggregates by acting as interparticulate glue. The aim of this study was to explore how physico-chemical properties of polymers of interparticulate gels influence this gluing and thus soil microstructural stability. We hypothesized that the microstructural stability of sand increases with the viscosity of the amended biohydrogel, which depends on the content of carbohydrate polymers and non-esterified uronic acids which themselves determine the amount of absorbed calcium. Therefore, natural RM of maize and wheat were compared with higher viscous chia seed mucilage (SM) as a widely used model for RM, and with industrial pectin rich in uronic acids partially methylated. Results show that additionally to Ca binding by uronic acids, binding by proteins is a further possible mechanism of Ca adsorption in RM. Upon Ca addition, the viscosity increased upon intermolecular associations (pectin) and decreased upon suppression of intermolecular charge–charge repulsion (chia SM, maize RM). Amount of high-molecular weight material in the amendment affected strongly soil microstructural stability. Results further suggest the creation of gel micro-zones upon Ca addition, which increase the viscosity of interparticulate gel and sand microstructural stability. Finally, the study outlines several physico-chemical mechanisms through which interactions between biotic (roots and seed) and abiotic components (mineral particles) influence soil structure, which control the water, air and nutrient flow through the rhizosphere and is, thus, an important soil quality parameter. Mucilage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Rhizosphere (dpeaa)DE-He213 Microstructural stability (dpeaa)DE-He213 Gel effect (dpeaa)DE-He213 Structure–property relationship (dpeaa)DE-He213 Buchmann, Christian verfasserin aut Kenngott, Kilian verfasserin aut Schaumann, Gabriele Ellen verfasserin aut Diehl, Dörte verfasserin aut Enthalten in Biogeochemistry Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1984 147(2019), 1 vom: 07. Dez., Seite 35-52 (DE-627)270935096 (DE-600)1478541-9 1573-515X nnns volume:147 year:2019 number:1 day:07 month:12 pages:35-52 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-019-00626-w lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-ASE GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_165 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_374 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_647 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_2939 GBV_ILN_2946 GBV_ILN_2949 GBV_ILN_2951 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4346 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 35.70 ASE 38.32 ASE AR 147 2019 1 07 12 35-52 |
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10.1007/s10533-019-00626-w doi (DE-627)SPR010960996 (SPR)s10533-019-00626-w-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 540 550 ASE 35.70 bkl 38.32 bkl Brax, Mathilde verfasserin aut Influence of the physico-chemical properties of root mucilage and model substances on the microstructural stability of sand 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Root mucilage (RM), a soil-born biohydrogel, affects the physical stability of the rhizosphere. One reason for this is attributed to the present polysaccharides which contribute to the formation of aggregates by acting as interparticulate glue. The aim of this study was to explore how physico-chemical properties of polymers of interparticulate gels influence this gluing and thus soil microstructural stability. We hypothesized that the microstructural stability of sand increases with the viscosity of the amended biohydrogel, which depends on the content of carbohydrate polymers and non-esterified uronic acids which themselves determine the amount of absorbed calcium. Therefore, natural RM of maize and wheat were compared with higher viscous chia seed mucilage (SM) as a widely used model for RM, and with industrial pectin rich in uronic acids partially methylated. Results show that additionally to Ca binding by uronic acids, binding by proteins is a further possible mechanism of Ca adsorption in RM. Upon Ca addition, the viscosity increased upon intermolecular associations (pectin) and decreased upon suppression of intermolecular charge–charge repulsion (chia SM, maize RM). Amount of high-molecular weight material in the amendment affected strongly soil microstructural stability. Results further suggest the creation of gel micro-zones upon Ca addition, which increase the viscosity of interparticulate gel and sand microstructural stability. Finally, the study outlines several physico-chemical mechanisms through which interactions between biotic (roots and seed) and abiotic components (mineral particles) influence soil structure, which control the water, air and nutrient flow through the rhizosphere and is, thus, an important soil quality parameter. Mucilage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Rhizosphere (dpeaa)DE-He213 Microstructural stability (dpeaa)DE-He213 Gel effect (dpeaa)DE-He213 Structure–property relationship (dpeaa)DE-He213 Buchmann, Christian verfasserin aut Kenngott, Kilian verfasserin aut Schaumann, Gabriele Ellen verfasserin aut Diehl, Dörte verfasserin aut Enthalten in Biogeochemistry Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1984 147(2019), 1 vom: 07. Dez., Seite 35-52 (DE-627)270935096 (DE-600)1478541-9 1573-515X nnns volume:147 year:2019 number:1 day:07 month:12 pages:35-52 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-019-00626-w lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-ASE GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_165 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_374 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_647 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_2939 GBV_ILN_2946 GBV_ILN_2949 GBV_ILN_2951 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4346 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 35.70 ASE 38.32 ASE AR 147 2019 1 07 12 35-52 |
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Enthalten in Biogeochemistry 147(2019), 1 vom: 07. Dez., Seite 35-52 volume:147 year:2019 number:1 day:07 month:12 pages:35-52 |
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Enthalten in Biogeochemistry 147(2019), 1 vom: 07. Dez., Seite 35-52 volume:147 year:2019 number:1 day:07 month:12 pages:35-52 |
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Biogeochemistry |
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Brax, Mathilde @@aut@@ Buchmann, Christian @@aut@@ Kenngott, Kilian @@aut@@ Schaumann, Gabriele Ellen @@aut@@ Diehl, Dörte @@aut@@ |
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Brax, Mathilde |
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Brax, Mathilde ddc 540 bkl 35.70 bkl 38.32 misc Mucilage misc Rhizosphere misc Microstructural stability misc Gel effect misc Structure–property relationship Influence of the physico-chemical properties of root mucilage and model substances on the microstructural stability of sand |
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540 550 ASE 35.70 bkl 38.32 bkl Influence of the physico-chemical properties of root mucilage and model substances on the microstructural stability of sand Mucilage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Rhizosphere (dpeaa)DE-He213 Microstructural stability (dpeaa)DE-He213 Gel effect (dpeaa)DE-He213 Structure–property relationship (dpeaa)DE-He213 |
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ddc 540 bkl 35.70 bkl 38.32 misc Mucilage misc Rhizosphere misc Microstructural stability misc Gel effect misc Structure–property relationship |
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Influence of the physico-chemical properties of root mucilage and model substances on the microstructural stability of sand |
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Influence of the physico-chemical properties of root mucilage and model substances on the microstructural stability of sand |
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Brax, Mathilde Buchmann, Christian Kenngott, Kilian Schaumann, Gabriele Ellen Diehl, Dörte |
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influence of the physico-chemical properties of root mucilage and model substances on the microstructural stability of sand |
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Influence of the physico-chemical properties of root mucilage and model substances on the microstructural stability of sand |
| abstract |
Abstract Root mucilage (RM), a soil-born biohydrogel, affects the physical stability of the rhizosphere. One reason for this is attributed to the present polysaccharides which contribute to the formation of aggregates by acting as interparticulate glue. The aim of this study was to explore how physico-chemical properties of polymers of interparticulate gels influence this gluing and thus soil microstructural stability. We hypothesized that the microstructural stability of sand increases with the viscosity of the amended biohydrogel, which depends on the content of carbohydrate polymers and non-esterified uronic acids which themselves determine the amount of absorbed calcium. Therefore, natural RM of maize and wheat were compared with higher viscous chia seed mucilage (SM) as a widely used model for RM, and with industrial pectin rich in uronic acids partially methylated. Results show that additionally to Ca binding by uronic acids, binding by proteins is a further possible mechanism of Ca adsorption in RM. Upon Ca addition, the viscosity increased upon intermolecular associations (pectin) and decreased upon suppression of intermolecular charge–charge repulsion (chia SM, maize RM). Amount of high-molecular weight material in the amendment affected strongly soil microstructural stability. Results further suggest the creation of gel micro-zones upon Ca addition, which increase the viscosity of interparticulate gel and sand microstructural stability. Finally, the study outlines several physico-chemical mechanisms through which interactions between biotic (roots and seed) and abiotic components (mineral particles) influence soil structure, which control the water, air and nutrient flow through the rhizosphere and is, thus, an important soil quality parameter. |
| abstractGer |
Abstract Root mucilage (RM), a soil-born biohydrogel, affects the physical stability of the rhizosphere. One reason for this is attributed to the present polysaccharides which contribute to the formation of aggregates by acting as interparticulate glue. The aim of this study was to explore how physico-chemical properties of polymers of interparticulate gels influence this gluing and thus soil microstructural stability. We hypothesized that the microstructural stability of sand increases with the viscosity of the amended biohydrogel, which depends on the content of carbohydrate polymers and non-esterified uronic acids which themselves determine the amount of absorbed calcium. Therefore, natural RM of maize and wheat were compared with higher viscous chia seed mucilage (SM) as a widely used model for RM, and with industrial pectin rich in uronic acids partially methylated. Results show that additionally to Ca binding by uronic acids, binding by proteins is a further possible mechanism of Ca adsorption in RM. Upon Ca addition, the viscosity increased upon intermolecular associations (pectin) and decreased upon suppression of intermolecular charge–charge repulsion (chia SM, maize RM). Amount of high-molecular weight material in the amendment affected strongly soil microstructural stability. Results further suggest the creation of gel micro-zones upon Ca addition, which increase the viscosity of interparticulate gel and sand microstructural stability. Finally, the study outlines several physico-chemical mechanisms through which interactions between biotic (roots and seed) and abiotic components (mineral particles) influence soil structure, which control the water, air and nutrient flow through the rhizosphere and is, thus, an important soil quality parameter. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Abstract Root mucilage (RM), a soil-born biohydrogel, affects the physical stability of the rhizosphere. One reason for this is attributed to the present polysaccharides which contribute to the formation of aggregates by acting as interparticulate glue. The aim of this study was to explore how physico-chemical properties of polymers of interparticulate gels influence this gluing and thus soil microstructural stability. We hypothesized that the microstructural stability of sand increases with the viscosity of the amended biohydrogel, which depends on the content of carbohydrate polymers and non-esterified uronic acids which themselves determine the amount of absorbed calcium. Therefore, natural RM of maize and wheat were compared with higher viscous chia seed mucilage (SM) as a widely used model for RM, and with industrial pectin rich in uronic acids partially methylated. Results show that additionally to Ca binding by uronic acids, binding by proteins is a further possible mechanism of Ca adsorption in RM. Upon Ca addition, the viscosity increased upon intermolecular associations (pectin) and decreased upon suppression of intermolecular charge–charge repulsion (chia SM, maize RM). Amount of high-molecular weight material in the amendment affected strongly soil microstructural stability. Results further suggest the creation of gel micro-zones upon Ca addition, which increase the viscosity of interparticulate gel and sand microstructural stability. Finally, the study outlines several physico-chemical mechanisms through which interactions between biotic (roots and seed) and abiotic components (mineral particles) influence soil structure, which control the water, air and nutrient flow through the rhizosphere and is, thus, an important soil quality parameter. |
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01000caa a22002652 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">SPR010960996</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-627</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20230519142917.0</controlfield><controlfield tag="007">cr uuu---uuuuu</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">201005s2019 xx |||||o 00| ||eng c</controlfield><datafield tag="024" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">10.1007/s10533-019-00626-w</subfield><subfield code="2">doi</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-627)SPR010960996</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(SPR)s10533-019-00626-w-e</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-627</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="c">DE-627</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2="4"><subfield code="a">540</subfield><subfield code="a">550</subfield><subfield code="q">ASE</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">35.70</subfield><subfield code="2">bkl</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">38.32</subfield><subfield code="2">bkl</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Brax, Mathilde</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Influence of the physico-chemical properties of root mucilage and model substances on the microstructural stability of sand</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="c">2019</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Text</subfield><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Computermedien</subfield><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Online-Ressource</subfield><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Abstract Root mucilage (RM), a soil-born biohydrogel, affects the physical stability of the rhizosphere. One reason for this is attributed to the present polysaccharides which contribute to the formation of aggregates by acting as interparticulate glue. The aim of this study was to explore how physico-chemical properties of polymers of interparticulate gels influence this gluing and thus soil microstructural stability. We hypothesized that the microstructural stability of sand increases with the viscosity of the amended biohydrogel, which depends on the content of carbohydrate polymers and non-esterified uronic acids which themselves determine the amount of absorbed calcium. Therefore, natural RM of maize and wheat were compared with higher viscous chia seed mucilage (SM) as a widely used model for RM, and with industrial pectin rich in uronic acids partially methylated. Results show that additionally to Ca binding by uronic acids, binding by proteins is a further possible mechanism of Ca adsorption in RM. Upon Ca addition, the viscosity increased upon intermolecular associations (pectin) and decreased upon suppression of intermolecular charge–charge repulsion (chia SM, maize RM). Amount of high-molecular weight material in the amendment affected strongly soil microstructural stability. Results further suggest the creation of gel micro-zones upon Ca addition, which increase the viscosity of interparticulate gel and sand microstructural stability. Finally, the study outlines several physico-chemical mechanisms through which interactions between biotic (roots and seed) and abiotic components (mineral particles) influence soil structure, which control the water, air and nutrient flow through the rhizosphere and is, thus, an important soil quality parameter.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Mucilage</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Rhizosphere</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Microstructural stability</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Gel effect</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Structure–property relationship</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Buchmann, Christian</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Kenngott, Kilian</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Schaumann, Gabriele Ellen</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Diehl, Dörte</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Enthalten in</subfield><subfield code="t">Biogeochemistry</subfield><subfield code="d">Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1984</subfield><subfield code="g">147(2019), 1 vom: 07. 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