A Millimeter-Wave Quasi-Optical Circuit for Compact Triple-Band Receiving System
Abstract A novel receiver optical system designed for Korean VLBI Network (KVN) has been used for conducting simultaneous millimeter-wave very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations at frequencies of 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz. This multi-frequency band receiver system has been effective in c...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
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| Autor*in: |
Han, Seog-Tae [verfasserIn] Lee, Jung-Won [verfasserIn] Lee, Bangwon [verfasserIn] Chung, Moon-Hee [verfasserIn] Lee, Sung-Mo [verfasserIn] Je, Do-Heung [verfasserIn] Wi, Seog-Oh [verfasserIn] Goldsmith, Paul F. [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2017 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: International journal of infrared and millimeter waves - Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1980, 38(2017), 12 vom: 22. Sept., Seite 1487-1501 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:38 ; year:2017 ; number:12 ; day:22 ; month:09 ; pages:1487-1501 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s10762-017-0438-2 |
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SPR013068776 |
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| 520 | |a Abstract A novel receiver optical system designed for Korean VLBI Network (KVN) has been used for conducting simultaneous millimeter-wave very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations at frequencies of 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz. This multi-frequency band receiver system has been effective in compensation of atmospheric phase fluctuation by unique phase referencing technique in mm-VLBI observations. However, because the original optics system incorporated individual cryogenic receivers in separate cryostats, a rather bulky optical bench of size about 2600 mm x 2300 mm x 60 mm was required. To circumvent difficulties in installation and beam alignment, an integrated quasi-optical circuit incorporating a more compact triple-band receiver in single cryostat is proposed in this paper. The recommended frequency bands of the improved triple-band receiver are K(18–26 GHz) band, Q(35–50 GHz) band, and W(85–115 GHz) band. A frequency-independent quasi-optical circuit for triple band is adopted to obtain constant aperture efficiency as a function of the observed frequencies. The simulation results show that total aperture efficiency of each recommended frequency band is maintained almost constant within 1%. We present the design details of the compact wideband quasi-optical circuit and the triple-band receiver optimized for simultaneous multi-frequency observations. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Frequency-independent design |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Antenna aperture efficiency |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
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10.1007/s10762-017-0438-2 doi (DE-627)SPR013068776 (SPR)s10762-017-0438-2-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 530 ASE 33.00 bkl Han, Seog-Tae verfasserin aut A Millimeter-Wave Quasi-Optical Circuit for Compact Triple-Band Receiving System 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract A novel receiver optical system designed for Korean VLBI Network (KVN) has been used for conducting simultaneous millimeter-wave very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations at frequencies of 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz. This multi-frequency band receiver system has been effective in compensation of atmospheric phase fluctuation by unique phase referencing technique in mm-VLBI observations. However, because the original optics system incorporated individual cryogenic receivers in separate cryostats, a rather bulky optical bench of size about 2600 mm x 2300 mm x 60 mm was required. To circumvent difficulties in installation and beam alignment, an integrated quasi-optical circuit incorporating a more compact triple-band receiver in single cryostat is proposed in this paper. The recommended frequency bands of the improved triple-band receiver are K(18–26 GHz) band, Q(35–50 GHz) band, and W(85–115 GHz) band. A frequency-independent quasi-optical circuit for triple band is adopted to obtain constant aperture efficiency as a function of the observed frequencies. The simulation results show that total aperture efficiency of each recommended frequency band is maintained almost constant within 1%. We present the design details of the compact wideband quasi-optical circuit and the triple-band receiver optimized for simultaneous multi-frequency observations. Triple-band receiver (dpeaa)DE-He213 Gaussian beam (dpeaa)DE-He213 Quasi-optical circuit (dpeaa)DE-He213 Frequency-independent design (dpeaa)DE-He213 Antenna aperture efficiency (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lee, Jung-Won verfasserin aut Lee, Bangwon verfasserin aut Chung, Moon-Hee verfasserin aut Lee, Sung-Mo verfasserin aut Je, Do-Heung verfasserin aut Wi, Seog-Oh verfasserin aut Goldsmith, Paul F. verfasserin aut Enthalten in International journal of infrared and millimeter waves Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1980 38(2017), 12 vom: 22. Sept., Seite 1487-1501 (DE-627)319583627 (DE-600)2016007-0 1572-9559 nnns volume:38 year:2017 number:12 day:22 month:09 pages:1487-1501 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10762-017-0438-2 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 33.00 ASE AR 38 2017 12 22 09 1487-1501 |
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10.1007/s10762-017-0438-2 doi (DE-627)SPR013068776 (SPR)s10762-017-0438-2-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 530 ASE 33.00 bkl Han, Seog-Tae verfasserin aut A Millimeter-Wave Quasi-Optical Circuit for Compact Triple-Band Receiving System 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract A novel receiver optical system designed for Korean VLBI Network (KVN) has been used for conducting simultaneous millimeter-wave very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations at frequencies of 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz. This multi-frequency band receiver system has been effective in compensation of atmospheric phase fluctuation by unique phase referencing technique in mm-VLBI observations. However, because the original optics system incorporated individual cryogenic receivers in separate cryostats, a rather bulky optical bench of size about 2600 mm x 2300 mm x 60 mm was required. To circumvent difficulties in installation and beam alignment, an integrated quasi-optical circuit incorporating a more compact triple-band receiver in single cryostat is proposed in this paper. The recommended frequency bands of the improved triple-band receiver are K(18–26 GHz) band, Q(35–50 GHz) band, and W(85–115 GHz) band. A frequency-independent quasi-optical circuit for triple band is adopted to obtain constant aperture efficiency as a function of the observed frequencies. The simulation results show that total aperture efficiency of each recommended frequency band is maintained almost constant within 1%. We present the design details of the compact wideband quasi-optical circuit and the triple-band receiver optimized for simultaneous multi-frequency observations. Triple-band receiver (dpeaa)DE-He213 Gaussian beam (dpeaa)DE-He213 Quasi-optical circuit (dpeaa)DE-He213 Frequency-independent design (dpeaa)DE-He213 Antenna aperture efficiency (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lee, Jung-Won verfasserin aut Lee, Bangwon verfasserin aut Chung, Moon-Hee verfasserin aut Lee, Sung-Mo verfasserin aut Je, Do-Heung verfasserin aut Wi, Seog-Oh verfasserin aut Goldsmith, Paul F. verfasserin aut Enthalten in International journal of infrared and millimeter waves Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1980 38(2017), 12 vom: 22. Sept., Seite 1487-1501 (DE-627)319583627 (DE-600)2016007-0 1572-9559 nnns volume:38 year:2017 number:12 day:22 month:09 pages:1487-1501 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10762-017-0438-2 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 33.00 ASE AR 38 2017 12 22 09 1487-1501 |
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10.1007/s10762-017-0438-2 doi (DE-627)SPR013068776 (SPR)s10762-017-0438-2-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 530 ASE 33.00 bkl Han, Seog-Tae verfasserin aut A Millimeter-Wave Quasi-Optical Circuit for Compact Triple-Band Receiving System 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract A novel receiver optical system designed for Korean VLBI Network (KVN) has been used for conducting simultaneous millimeter-wave very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations at frequencies of 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz. This multi-frequency band receiver system has been effective in compensation of atmospheric phase fluctuation by unique phase referencing technique in mm-VLBI observations. However, because the original optics system incorporated individual cryogenic receivers in separate cryostats, a rather bulky optical bench of size about 2600 mm x 2300 mm x 60 mm was required. To circumvent difficulties in installation and beam alignment, an integrated quasi-optical circuit incorporating a more compact triple-band receiver in single cryostat is proposed in this paper. The recommended frequency bands of the improved triple-band receiver are K(18–26 GHz) band, Q(35–50 GHz) band, and W(85–115 GHz) band. A frequency-independent quasi-optical circuit for triple band is adopted to obtain constant aperture efficiency as a function of the observed frequencies. The simulation results show that total aperture efficiency of each recommended frequency band is maintained almost constant within 1%. We present the design details of the compact wideband quasi-optical circuit and the triple-band receiver optimized for simultaneous multi-frequency observations. Triple-band receiver (dpeaa)DE-He213 Gaussian beam (dpeaa)DE-He213 Quasi-optical circuit (dpeaa)DE-He213 Frequency-independent design (dpeaa)DE-He213 Antenna aperture efficiency (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lee, Jung-Won verfasserin aut Lee, Bangwon verfasserin aut Chung, Moon-Hee verfasserin aut Lee, Sung-Mo verfasserin aut Je, Do-Heung verfasserin aut Wi, Seog-Oh verfasserin aut Goldsmith, Paul F. verfasserin aut Enthalten in International journal of infrared and millimeter waves Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1980 38(2017), 12 vom: 22. Sept., Seite 1487-1501 (DE-627)319583627 (DE-600)2016007-0 1572-9559 nnns volume:38 year:2017 number:12 day:22 month:09 pages:1487-1501 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10762-017-0438-2 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 33.00 ASE AR 38 2017 12 22 09 1487-1501 |
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10.1007/s10762-017-0438-2 doi (DE-627)SPR013068776 (SPR)s10762-017-0438-2-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 530 ASE 33.00 bkl Han, Seog-Tae verfasserin aut A Millimeter-Wave Quasi-Optical Circuit for Compact Triple-Band Receiving System 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract A novel receiver optical system designed for Korean VLBI Network (KVN) has been used for conducting simultaneous millimeter-wave very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations at frequencies of 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz. This multi-frequency band receiver system has been effective in compensation of atmospheric phase fluctuation by unique phase referencing technique in mm-VLBI observations. However, because the original optics system incorporated individual cryogenic receivers in separate cryostats, a rather bulky optical bench of size about 2600 mm x 2300 mm x 60 mm was required. To circumvent difficulties in installation and beam alignment, an integrated quasi-optical circuit incorporating a more compact triple-band receiver in single cryostat is proposed in this paper. The recommended frequency bands of the improved triple-band receiver are K(18–26 GHz) band, Q(35–50 GHz) band, and W(85–115 GHz) band. A frequency-independent quasi-optical circuit for triple band is adopted to obtain constant aperture efficiency as a function of the observed frequencies. The simulation results show that total aperture efficiency of each recommended frequency band is maintained almost constant within 1%. We present the design details of the compact wideband quasi-optical circuit and the triple-band receiver optimized for simultaneous multi-frequency observations. Triple-band receiver (dpeaa)DE-He213 Gaussian beam (dpeaa)DE-He213 Quasi-optical circuit (dpeaa)DE-He213 Frequency-independent design (dpeaa)DE-He213 Antenna aperture efficiency (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lee, Jung-Won verfasserin aut Lee, Bangwon verfasserin aut Chung, Moon-Hee verfasserin aut Lee, Sung-Mo verfasserin aut Je, Do-Heung verfasserin aut Wi, Seog-Oh verfasserin aut Goldsmith, Paul F. verfasserin aut Enthalten in International journal of infrared and millimeter waves Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1980 38(2017), 12 vom: 22. Sept., Seite 1487-1501 (DE-627)319583627 (DE-600)2016007-0 1572-9559 nnns volume:38 year:2017 number:12 day:22 month:09 pages:1487-1501 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10762-017-0438-2 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 33.00 ASE AR 38 2017 12 22 09 1487-1501 |
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10.1007/s10762-017-0438-2 doi (DE-627)SPR013068776 (SPR)s10762-017-0438-2-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 530 ASE 33.00 bkl Han, Seog-Tae verfasserin aut A Millimeter-Wave Quasi-Optical Circuit for Compact Triple-Band Receiving System 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract A novel receiver optical system designed for Korean VLBI Network (KVN) has been used for conducting simultaneous millimeter-wave very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations at frequencies of 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz. This multi-frequency band receiver system has been effective in compensation of atmospheric phase fluctuation by unique phase referencing technique in mm-VLBI observations. However, because the original optics system incorporated individual cryogenic receivers in separate cryostats, a rather bulky optical bench of size about 2600 mm x 2300 mm x 60 mm was required. To circumvent difficulties in installation and beam alignment, an integrated quasi-optical circuit incorporating a more compact triple-band receiver in single cryostat is proposed in this paper. The recommended frequency bands of the improved triple-band receiver are K(18–26 GHz) band, Q(35–50 GHz) band, and W(85–115 GHz) band. A frequency-independent quasi-optical circuit for triple band is adopted to obtain constant aperture efficiency as a function of the observed frequencies. The simulation results show that total aperture efficiency of each recommended frequency band is maintained almost constant within 1%. We present the design details of the compact wideband quasi-optical circuit and the triple-band receiver optimized for simultaneous multi-frequency observations. Triple-band receiver (dpeaa)DE-He213 Gaussian beam (dpeaa)DE-He213 Quasi-optical circuit (dpeaa)DE-He213 Frequency-independent design (dpeaa)DE-He213 Antenna aperture efficiency (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lee, Jung-Won verfasserin aut Lee, Bangwon verfasserin aut Chung, Moon-Hee verfasserin aut Lee, Sung-Mo verfasserin aut Je, Do-Heung verfasserin aut Wi, Seog-Oh verfasserin aut Goldsmith, Paul F. verfasserin aut Enthalten in International journal of infrared and millimeter waves Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1980 38(2017), 12 vom: 22. Sept., Seite 1487-1501 (DE-627)319583627 (DE-600)2016007-0 1572-9559 nnns volume:38 year:2017 number:12 day:22 month:09 pages:1487-1501 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10762-017-0438-2 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 33.00 ASE AR 38 2017 12 22 09 1487-1501 |
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Han, Seog-Tae @@aut@@ Lee, Jung-Won @@aut@@ Lee, Bangwon @@aut@@ Chung, Moon-Hee @@aut@@ Lee, Sung-Mo @@aut@@ Je, Do-Heung @@aut@@ Wi, Seog-Oh @@aut@@ Goldsmith, Paul F. @@aut@@ |
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Han, Seog-Tae |
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A Millimeter-Wave Quasi-Optical Circuit for Compact Triple-Band Receiving System |
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Abstract A novel receiver optical system designed for Korean VLBI Network (KVN) has been used for conducting simultaneous millimeter-wave very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations at frequencies of 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz. This multi-frequency band receiver system has been effective in compensation of atmospheric phase fluctuation by unique phase referencing technique in mm-VLBI observations. However, because the original optics system incorporated individual cryogenic receivers in separate cryostats, a rather bulky optical bench of size about 2600 mm x 2300 mm x 60 mm was required. To circumvent difficulties in installation and beam alignment, an integrated quasi-optical circuit incorporating a more compact triple-band receiver in single cryostat is proposed in this paper. The recommended frequency bands of the improved triple-band receiver are K(18–26 GHz) band, Q(35–50 GHz) band, and W(85–115 GHz) band. A frequency-independent quasi-optical circuit for triple band is adopted to obtain constant aperture efficiency as a function of the observed frequencies. The simulation results show that total aperture efficiency of each recommended frequency band is maintained almost constant within 1%. We present the design details of the compact wideband quasi-optical circuit and the triple-band receiver optimized for simultaneous multi-frequency observations. |
| abstractGer |
Abstract A novel receiver optical system designed for Korean VLBI Network (KVN) has been used for conducting simultaneous millimeter-wave very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations at frequencies of 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz. This multi-frequency band receiver system has been effective in compensation of atmospheric phase fluctuation by unique phase referencing technique in mm-VLBI observations. However, because the original optics system incorporated individual cryogenic receivers in separate cryostats, a rather bulky optical bench of size about 2600 mm x 2300 mm x 60 mm was required. To circumvent difficulties in installation and beam alignment, an integrated quasi-optical circuit incorporating a more compact triple-band receiver in single cryostat is proposed in this paper. The recommended frequency bands of the improved triple-band receiver are K(18–26 GHz) band, Q(35–50 GHz) band, and W(85–115 GHz) band. A frequency-independent quasi-optical circuit for triple band is adopted to obtain constant aperture efficiency as a function of the observed frequencies. The simulation results show that total aperture efficiency of each recommended frequency band is maintained almost constant within 1%. We present the design details of the compact wideband quasi-optical circuit and the triple-band receiver optimized for simultaneous multi-frequency observations. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Abstract A novel receiver optical system designed for Korean VLBI Network (KVN) has been used for conducting simultaneous millimeter-wave very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations at frequencies of 22, 43, 86, and 129 GHz. This multi-frequency band receiver system has been effective in compensation of atmospheric phase fluctuation by unique phase referencing technique in mm-VLBI observations. However, because the original optics system incorporated individual cryogenic receivers in separate cryostats, a rather bulky optical bench of size about 2600 mm x 2300 mm x 60 mm was required. To circumvent difficulties in installation and beam alignment, an integrated quasi-optical circuit incorporating a more compact triple-band receiver in single cryostat is proposed in this paper. The recommended frequency bands of the improved triple-band receiver are K(18–26 GHz) band, Q(35–50 GHz) band, and W(85–115 GHz) band. A frequency-independent quasi-optical circuit for triple band is adopted to obtain constant aperture efficiency as a function of the observed frequencies. The simulation results show that total aperture efficiency of each recommended frequency band is maintained almost constant within 1%. We present the design details of the compact wideband quasi-optical circuit and the triple-band receiver optimized for simultaneous multi-frequency observations. |
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This multi-frequency band receiver system has been effective in compensation of atmospheric phase fluctuation by unique phase referencing technique in mm-VLBI observations. However, because the original optics system incorporated individual cryogenic receivers in separate cryostats, a rather bulky optical bench of size about 2600 mm x 2300 mm x 60 mm was required. To circumvent difficulties in installation and beam alignment, an integrated quasi-optical circuit incorporating a more compact triple-band receiver in single cryostat is proposed in this paper. The recommended frequency bands of the improved triple-band receiver are K(18–26 GHz) band, Q(35–50 GHz) band, and W(85–115 GHz) band. A frequency-independent quasi-optical circuit for triple band is adopted to obtain constant aperture efficiency as a function of the observed frequencies. The simulation results show that total aperture efficiency of each recommended frequency band is maintained almost constant within 1%. 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