Describing interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in community pharmacy: a qualitative study in England
Abstract Background There is growing evidence around interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in the community pharmacy setting. There is also evidence to suggest some of these practices may be associated with dispensing errors. Up to date, qualitative research on this subject is limited. Obj...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Lea, Victoria. M. [verfasserIn] Corlett, Sarah A. [verfasserIn] Rodgers, Ruth M. [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2015 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Pharmacy world & science - Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1979, 37(2015), 6 vom: 15. Juli, Seite 1086-1094 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:37 ; year:2015 ; number:6 ; day:15 ; month:07 ; pages:1086-1094 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s11096-015-0155-7 |
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SPR016606876 |
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| 520 | |a Abstract Background There is growing evidence around interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in the community pharmacy setting. There is also evidence to suggest some of these practices may be associated with dispensing errors. Up to date, qualitative research on this subject is limited. Objective To explore interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in the community setting; utilising an ethnographic approach to provide a detailed description of the circumstances surrounding such practices.Setting Community pharmacies in England, July–October 2011. Method An ethnographic approach was taken. Non participant, unstructured observations were utilised to make records of pharmacists’ every activity. Case studies were formed by combining field notes with detailed information on pharmacists and their respective pharmacy businesses. Content analysis was undertaken both manually and electronically, using NVivo 10. Main outcome measure To determine the factors influencing interruptions, multitasking and task-switching in the community pharmacy setting. Results Response rate was 12 % (n = 11). Over fifteen days, a total of 123 h and 58 min of observations were recorded in 11 separate pharmacies of 11 individual pharmacists. The sample was evenly split by gender (female n = 6; male n = 5) and pharmacy ownership (independent n = 5; multiple n = 6). Employment statuses included employee pharmacists (n = 6), owners (n = 4) and a locum (n = 1). Average period of registration as a pharmacist was 19 years (range 5–39 years). Average prescription busyness of pharmacies ranged from 2600 to 24,000 items dispensed per month. All observed pharmacists’ work was dominated by interruptions, task-switches, distractions and multi-tasking, often to manage a barrage of conflicting demands. These practices were observed to be part of a deep-rooted culture in the community setting. In particular, support staff regularly contributed to interruptions and distractions for pharmacists; pharmacists in turn continued to permit these. Novel directional work maps illustrated the extent and direction of task-switching and multi-tasking employed by pharmacists. Conclusions In this study pharmacists’ working practices were permeated by interruptions, distractions and multi-tasking. Task-switching was also frequently employed by pharmacists. Changes to working practices by both pharmacists and support staff would help to minimise these which in turn has the potential to lead to safer and more efficient methods of working. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Community pharmacy |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a England |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Interruptions |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Multi-tasking |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Task-switching |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Corlett, Sarah A. |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Rodgers, Ruth M. |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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10.1007/s11096-015-0155-7 doi (DE-627)SPR016606876 (SPR)s11096-015-0155-7-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 ASE 44.40 bkl Lea, Victoria. M. verfasserin aut Describing interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in community pharmacy: a qualitative study in England 2015 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Background There is growing evidence around interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in the community pharmacy setting. There is also evidence to suggest some of these practices may be associated with dispensing errors. Up to date, qualitative research on this subject is limited. Objective To explore interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in the community setting; utilising an ethnographic approach to provide a detailed description of the circumstances surrounding such practices.Setting Community pharmacies in England, July–October 2011. Method An ethnographic approach was taken. Non participant, unstructured observations were utilised to make records of pharmacists’ every activity. Case studies were formed by combining field notes with detailed information on pharmacists and their respective pharmacy businesses. Content analysis was undertaken both manually and electronically, using NVivo 10. Main outcome measure To determine the factors influencing interruptions, multitasking and task-switching in the community pharmacy setting. Results Response rate was 12 % (n = 11). Over fifteen days, a total of 123 h and 58 min of observations were recorded in 11 separate pharmacies of 11 individual pharmacists. The sample was evenly split by gender (female n = 6; male n = 5) and pharmacy ownership (independent n = 5; multiple n = 6). Employment statuses included employee pharmacists (n = 6), owners (n = 4) and a locum (n = 1). Average period of registration as a pharmacist was 19 years (range 5–39 years). Average prescription busyness of pharmacies ranged from 2600 to 24,000 items dispensed per month. All observed pharmacists’ work was dominated by interruptions, task-switches, distractions and multi-tasking, often to manage a barrage of conflicting demands. These practices were observed to be part of a deep-rooted culture in the community setting. In particular, support staff regularly contributed to interruptions and distractions for pharmacists; pharmacists in turn continued to permit these. Novel directional work maps illustrated the extent and direction of task-switching and multi-tasking employed by pharmacists. Conclusions In this study pharmacists’ working practices were permeated by interruptions, distractions and multi-tasking. Task-switching was also frequently employed by pharmacists. Changes to working practices by both pharmacists and support staff would help to minimise these which in turn has the potential to lead to safer and more efficient methods of working. Community pharmacy (dpeaa)DE-He213 England (dpeaa)DE-He213 Interruptions (dpeaa)DE-He213 Multi-tasking (dpeaa)DE-He213 Task-switching (dpeaa)DE-He213 Observations (dpeaa)DE-He213 Corlett, Sarah A. verfasserin aut Rodgers, Ruth M. verfasserin aut Enthalten in Pharmacy world & science Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1979 37(2015), 6 vom: 15. Juli, Seite 1086-1094 (DE-627)320474054 (DE-600)2008911-9 1573-739X nnns volume:37 year:2015 number:6 day:15 month:07 pages:1086-1094 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-015-0155-7 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OPC-PHA SSG-OPC-ASE GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 44.40 ASE AR 37 2015 6 15 07 1086-1094 |
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10.1007/s11096-015-0155-7 doi (DE-627)SPR016606876 (SPR)s11096-015-0155-7-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 ASE 44.40 bkl Lea, Victoria. M. verfasserin aut Describing interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in community pharmacy: a qualitative study in England 2015 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Background There is growing evidence around interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in the community pharmacy setting. There is also evidence to suggest some of these practices may be associated with dispensing errors. Up to date, qualitative research on this subject is limited. Objective To explore interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in the community setting; utilising an ethnographic approach to provide a detailed description of the circumstances surrounding such practices.Setting Community pharmacies in England, July–October 2011. Method An ethnographic approach was taken. Non participant, unstructured observations were utilised to make records of pharmacists’ every activity. Case studies were formed by combining field notes with detailed information on pharmacists and their respective pharmacy businesses. Content analysis was undertaken both manually and electronically, using NVivo 10. Main outcome measure To determine the factors influencing interruptions, multitasking and task-switching in the community pharmacy setting. Results Response rate was 12 % (n = 11). Over fifteen days, a total of 123 h and 58 min of observations were recorded in 11 separate pharmacies of 11 individual pharmacists. The sample was evenly split by gender (female n = 6; male n = 5) and pharmacy ownership (independent n = 5; multiple n = 6). Employment statuses included employee pharmacists (n = 6), owners (n = 4) and a locum (n = 1). Average period of registration as a pharmacist was 19 years (range 5–39 years). Average prescription busyness of pharmacies ranged from 2600 to 24,000 items dispensed per month. All observed pharmacists’ work was dominated by interruptions, task-switches, distractions and multi-tasking, often to manage a barrage of conflicting demands. These practices were observed to be part of a deep-rooted culture in the community setting. In particular, support staff regularly contributed to interruptions and distractions for pharmacists; pharmacists in turn continued to permit these. Novel directional work maps illustrated the extent and direction of task-switching and multi-tasking employed by pharmacists. Conclusions In this study pharmacists’ working practices were permeated by interruptions, distractions and multi-tasking. Task-switching was also frequently employed by pharmacists. Changes to working practices by both pharmacists and support staff would help to minimise these which in turn has the potential to lead to safer and more efficient methods of working. Community pharmacy (dpeaa)DE-He213 England (dpeaa)DE-He213 Interruptions (dpeaa)DE-He213 Multi-tasking (dpeaa)DE-He213 Task-switching (dpeaa)DE-He213 Observations (dpeaa)DE-He213 Corlett, Sarah A. verfasserin aut Rodgers, Ruth M. verfasserin aut Enthalten in Pharmacy world & science Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1979 37(2015), 6 vom: 15. Juli, Seite 1086-1094 (DE-627)320474054 (DE-600)2008911-9 1573-739X nnns volume:37 year:2015 number:6 day:15 month:07 pages:1086-1094 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-015-0155-7 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OPC-PHA SSG-OPC-ASE GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 44.40 ASE AR 37 2015 6 15 07 1086-1094 |
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10.1007/s11096-015-0155-7 doi (DE-627)SPR016606876 (SPR)s11096-015-0155-7-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 ASE 44.40 bkl Lea, Victoria. M. verfasserin aut Describing interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in community pharmacy: a qualitative study in England 2015 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Background There is growing evidence around interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in the community pharmacy setting. There is also evidence to suggest some of these practices may be associated with dispensing errors. Up to date, qualitative research on this subject is limited. Objective To explore interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in the community setting; utilising an ethnographic approach to provide a detailed description of the circumstances surrounding such practices.Setting Community pharmacies in England, July–October 2011. Method An ethnographic approach was taken. Non participant, unstructured observations were utilised to make records of pharmacists’ every activity. Case studies were formed by combining field notes with detailed information on pharmacists and their respective pharmacy businesses. Content analysis was undertaken both manually and electronically, using NVivo 10. Main outcome measure To determine the factors influencing interruptions, multitasking and task-switching in the community pharmacy setting. Results Response rate was 12 % (n = 11). Over fifteen days, a total of 123 h and 58 min of observations were recorded in 11 separate pharmacies of 11 individual pharmacists. The sample was evenly split by gender (female n = 6; male n = 5) and pharmacy ownership (independent n = 5; multiple n = 6). Employment statuses included employee pharmacists (n = 6), owners (n = 4) and a locum (n = 1). Average period of registration as a pharmacist was 19 years (range 5–39 years). Average prescription busyness of pharmacies ranged from 2600 to 24,000 items dispensed per month. All observed pharmacists’ work was dominated by interruptions, task-switches, distractions and multi-tasking, often to manage a barrage of conflicting demands. These practices were observed to be part of a deep-rooted culture in the community setting. In particular, support staff regularly contributed to interruptions and distractions for pharmacists; pharmacists in turn continued to permit these. Novel directional work maps illustrated the extent and direction of task-switching and multi-tasking employed by pharmacists. Conclusions In this study pharmacists’ working practices were permeated by interruptions, distractions and multi-tasking. Task-switching was also frequently employed by pharmacists. Changes to working practices by both pharmacists and support staff would help to minimise these which in turn has the potential to lead to safer and more efficient methods of working. Community pharmacy (dpeaa)DE-He213 England (dpeaa)DE-He213 Interruptions (dpeaa)DE-He213 Multi-tasking (dpeaa)DE-He213 Task-switching (dpeaa)DE-He213 Observations (dpeaa)DE-He213 Corlett, Sarah A. verfasserin aut Rodgers, Ruth M. verfasserin aut Enthalten in Pharmacy world & science Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1979 37(2015), 6 vom: 15. Juli, Seite 1086-1094 (DE-627)320474054 (DE-600)2008911-9 1573-739X nnns volume:37 year:2015 number:6 day:15 month:07 pages:1086-1094 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-015-0155-7 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OPC-PHA SSG-OPC-ASE GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 44.40 ASE AR 37 2015 6 15 07 1086-1094 |
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10.1007/s11096-015-0155-7 doi (DE-627)SPR016606876 (SPR)s11096-015-0155-7-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 ASE 44.40 bkl Lea, Victoria. M. verfasserin aut Describing interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in community pharmacy: a qualitative study in England 2015 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Background There is growing evidence around interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in the community pharmacy setting. There is also evidence to suggest some of these practices may be associated with dispensing errors. Up to date, qualitative research on this subject is limited. Objective To explore interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in the community setting; utilising an ethnographic approach to provide a detailed description of the circumstances surrounding such practices.Setting Community pharmacies in England, July–October 2011. Method An ethnographic approach was taken. Non participant, unstructured observations were utilised to make records of pharmacists’ every activity. Case studies were formed by combining field notes with detailed information on pharmacists and their respective pharmacy businesses. Content analysis was undertaken both manually and electronically, using NVivo 10. Main outcome measure To determine the factors influencing interruptions, multitasking and task-switching in the community pharmacy setting. Results Response rate was 12 % (n = 11). Over fifteen days, a total of 123 h and 58 min of observations were recorded in 11 separate pharmacies of 11 individual pharmacists. The sample was evenly split by gender (female n = 6; male n = 5) and pharmacy ownership (independent n = 5; multiple n = 6). Employment statuses included employee pharmacists (n = 6), owners (n = 4) and a locum (n = 1). Average period of registration as a pharmacist was 19 years (range 5–39 years). Average prescription busyness of pharmacies ranged from 2600 to 24,000 items dispensed per month. All observed pharmacists’ work was dominated by interruptions, task-switches, distractions and multi-tasking, often to manage a barrage of conflicting demands. These practices were observed to be part of a deep-rooted culture in the community setting. In particular, support staff regularly contributed to interruptions and distractions for pharmacists; pharmacists in turn continued to permit these. Novel directional work maps illustrated the extent and direction of task-switching and multi-tasking employed by pharmacists. Conclusions In this study pharmacists’ working practices were permeated by interruptions, distractions and multi-tasking. Task-switching was also frequently employed by pharmacists. Changes to working practices by both pharmacists and support staff would help to minimise these which in turn has the potential to lead to safer and more efficient methods of working. Community pharmacy (dpeaa)DE-He213 England (dpeaa)DE-He213 Interruptions (dpeaa)DE-He213 Multi-tasking (dpeaa)DE-He213 Task-switching (dpeaa)DE-He213 Observations (dpeaa)DE-He213 Corlett, Sarah A. verfasserin aut Rodgers, Ruth M. verfasserin aut Enthalten in Pharmacy world & science Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1979 37(2015), 6 vom: 15. Juli, Seite 1086-1094 (DE-627)320474054 (DE-600)2008911-9 1573-739X nnns volume:37 year:2015 number:6 day:15 month:07 pages:1086-1094 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-015-0155-7 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OPC-PHA SSG-OPC-ASE GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 44.40 ASE AR 37 2015 6 15 07 1086-1094 |
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10.1007/s11096-015-0155-7 doi (DE-627)SPR016606876 (SPR)s11096-015-0155-7-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 ASE 44.40 bkl Lea, Victoria. M. verfasserin aut Describing interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in community pharmacy: a qualitative study in England 2015 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Abstract Background There is growing evidence around interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in the community pharmacy setting. There is also evidence to suggest some of these practices may be associated with dispensing errors. Up to date, qualitative research on this subject is limited. Objective To explore interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in the community setting; utilising an ethnographic approach to provide a detailed description of the circumstances surrounding such practices.Setting Community pharmacies in England, July–October 2011. Method An ethnographic approach was taken. Non participant, unstructured observations were utilised to make records of pharmacists’ every activity. Case studies were formed by combining field notes with detailed information on pharmacists and their respective pharmacy businesses. Content analysis was undertaken both manually and electronically, using NVivo 10. Main outcome measure To determine the factors influencing interruptions, multitasking and task-switching in the community pharmacy setting. Results Response rate was 12 % (n = 11). Over fifteen days, a total of 123 h and 58 min of observations were recorded in 11 separate pharmacies of 11 individual pharmacists. The sample was evenly split by gender (female n = 6; male n = 5) and pharmacy ownership (independent n = 5; multiple n = 6). Employment statuses included employee pharmacists (n = 6), owners (n = 4) and a locum (n = 1). Average period of registration as a pharmacist was 19 years (range 5–39 years). Average prescription busyness of pharmacies ranged from 2600 to 24,000 items dispensed per month. All observed pharmacists’ work was dominated by interruptions, task-switches, distractions and multi-tasking, often to manage a barrage of conflicting demands. These practices were observed to be part of a deep-rooted culture in the community setting. In particular, support staff regularly contributed to interruptions and distractions for pharmacists; pharmacists in turn continued to permit these. Novel directional work maps illustrated the extent and direction of task-switching and multi-tasking employed by pharmacists. Conclusions In this study pharmacists’ working practices were permeated by interruptions, distractions and multi-tasking. Task-switching was also frequently employed by pharmacists. Changes to working practices by both pharmacists and support staff would help to minimise these which in turn has the potential to lead to safer and more efficient methods of working. Community pharmacy (dpeaa)DE-He213 England (dpeaa)DE-He213 Interruptions (dpeaa)DE-He213 Multi-tasking (dpeaa)DE-He213 Task-switching (dpeaa)DE-He213 Observations (dpeaa)DE-He213 Corlett, Sarah A. verfasserin aut Rodgers, Ruth M. verfasserin aut Enthalten in Pharmacy world & science Dordrecht [u.a.] : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1979 37(2015), 6 vom: 15. Juli, Seite 1086-1094 (DE-627)320474054 (DE-600)2008911-9 1573-739X nnns volume:37 year:2015 number:6 day:15 month:07 pages:1086-1094 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-015-0155-7 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA SSG-OPC-PHA SSG-OPC-ASE GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 44.40 ASE AR 37 2015 6 15 07 1086-1094 |
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Describing interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in community pharmacy: a qualitative study in England |
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Abstract Background There is growing evidence around interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in the community pharmacy setting. There is also evidence to suggest some of these practices may be associated with dispensing errors. Up to date, qualitative research on this subject is limited. Objective To explore interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in the community setting; utilising an ethnographic approach to provide a detailed description of the circumstances surrounding such practices.Setting Community pharmacies in England, July–October 2011. Method An ethnographic approach was taken. Non participant, unstructured observations were utilised to make records of pharmacists’ every activity. Case studies were formed by combining field notes with detailed information on pharmacists and their respective pharmacy businesses. Content analysis was undertaken both manually and electronically, using NVivo 10. Main outcome measure To determine the factors influencing interruptions, multitasking and task-switching in the community pharmacy setting. Results Response rate was 12 % (n = 11). Over fifteen days, a total of 123 h and 58 min of observations were recorded in 11 separate pharmacies of 11 individual pharmacists. The sample was evenly split by gender (female n = 6; male n = 5) and pharmacy ownership (independent n = 5; multiple n = 6). Employment statuses included employee pharmacists (n = 6), owners (n = 4) and a locum (n = 1). Average period of registration as a pharmacist was 19 years (range 5–39 years). Average prescription busyness of pharmacies ranged from 2600 to 24,000 items dispensed per month. All observed pharmacists’ work was dominated by interruptions, task-switches, distractions and multi-tasking, often to manage a barrage of conflicting demands. These practices were observed to be part of a deep-rooted culture in the community setting. In particular, support staff regularly contributed to interruptions and distractions for pharmacists; pharmacists in turn continued to permit these. Novel directional work maps illustrated the extent and direction of task-switching and multi-tasking employed by pharmacists. Conclusions In this study pharmacists’ working practices were permeated by interruptions, distractions and multi-tasking. Task-switching was also frequently employed by pharmacists. Changes to working practices by both pharmacists and support staff would help to minimise these which in turn has the potential to lead to safer and more efficient methods of working. |
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Abstract Background There is growing evidence around interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in the community pharmacy setting. There is also evidence to suggest some of these practices may be associated with dispensing errors. Up to date, qualitative research on this subject is limited. Objective To explore interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in the community setting; utilising an ethnographic approach to provide a detailed description of the circumstances surrounding such practices.Setting Community pharmacies in England, July–October 2011. Method An ethnographic approach was taken. Non participant, unstructured observations were utilised to make records of pharmacists’ every activity. Case studies were formed by combining field notes with detailed information on pharmacists and their respective pharmacy businesses. Content analysis was undertaken both manually and electronically, using NVivo 10. Main outcome measure To determine the factors influencing interruptions, multitasking and task-switching in the community pharmacy setting. Results Response rate was 12 % (n = 11). Over fifteen days, a total of 123 h and 58 min of observations were recorded in 11 separate pharmacies of 11 individual pharmacists. The sample was evenly split by gender (female n = 6; male n = 5) and pharmacy ownership (independent n = 5; multiple n = 6). Employment statuses included employee pharmacists (n = 6), owners (n = 4) and a locum (n = 1). Average period of registration as a pharmacist was 19 years (range 5–39 years). Average prescription busyness of pharmacies ranged from 2600 to 24,000 items dispensed per month. All observed pharmacists’ work was dominated by interruptions, task-switches, distractions and multi-tasking, often to manage a barrage of conflicting demands. These practices were observed to be part of a deep-rooted culture in the community setting. In particular, support staff regularly contributed to interruptions and distractions for pharmacists; pharmacists in turn continued to permit these. Novel directional work maps illustrated the extent and direction of task-switching and multi-tasking employed by pharmacists. Conclusions In this study pharmacists’ working practices were permeated by interruptions, distractions and multi-tasking. Task-switching was also frequently employed by pharmacists. Changes to working practices by both pharmacists and support staff would help to minimise these which in turn has the potential to lead to safer and more efficient methods of working. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Abstract Background There is growing evidence around interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in the community pharmacy setting. There is also evidence to suggest some of these practices may be associated with dispensing errors. Up to date, qualitative research on this subject is limited. Objective To explore interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in the community setting; utilising an ethnographic approach to provide a detailed description of the circumstances surrounding such practices.Setting Community pharmacies in England, July–October 2011. Method An ethnographic approach was taken. Non participant, unstructured observations were utilised to make records of pharmacists’ every activity. Case studies were formed by combining field notes with detailed information on pharmacists and their respective pharmacy businesses. Content analysis was undertaken both manually and electronically, using NVivo 10. Main outcome measure To determine the factors influencing interruptions, multitasking and task-switching in the community pharmacy setting. Results Response rate was 12 % (n = 11). Over fifteen days, a total of 123 h and 58 min of observations were recorded in 11 separate pharmacies of 11 individual pharmacists. The sample was evenly split by gender (female n = 6; male n = 5) and pharmacy ownership (independent n = 5; multiple n = 6). Employment statuses included employee pharmacists (n = 6), owners (n = 4) and a locum (n = 1). Average period of registration as a pharmacist was 19 years (range 5–39 years). Average prescription busyness of pharmacies ranged from 2600 to 24,000 items dispensed per month. All observed pharmacists’ work was dominated by interruptions, task-switches, distractions and multi-tasking, often to manage a barrage of conflicting demands. These practices were observed to be part of a deep-rooted culture in the community setting. In particular, support staff regularly contributed to interruptions and distractions for pharmacists; pharmacists in turn continued to permit these. Novel directional work maps illustrated the extent and direction of task-switching and multi-tasking employed by pharmacists. Conclusions In this study pharmacists’ working practices were permeated by interruptions, distractions and multi-tasking. Task-switching was also frequently employed by pharmacists. Changes to working practices by both pharmacists and support staff would help to minimise these which in turn has the potential to lead to safer and more efficient methods of working. |
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Describing interruptions, multi-tasking and task-switching in community pharmacy: a qualitative study in England |
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