Pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic environment in China: locally screening and environmental risk assessment
Abstract An environmental risk assessment was performed for pharmaceutical compounds present in the aquatic environment of China. Predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of the compounds were calculated according to European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) guidelines. Available ecotoxicologic...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Autor*in: |
Chen, Yongshan [verfasserIn] |
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Format: |
E-Artikel |
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Sprache: |
Englisch |
Erschienen: |
2014 |
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Schlagwörter: |
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Anmerkung: |
© Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Frontiers of environmental science & engineering in China - Beijing : Higher Education Press, 2007, 9(2014), 3 vom: 16. Feb., Seite 394-401 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:9 ; year:2014 ; number:3 ; day:16 ; month:02 ; pages:394-401 |
Links: |
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DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s11783-014-0653-1 |
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Katalog-ID: |
SPR022397183 |
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10.1007/s11783-014-0653-1 doi (DE-627)SPR022397183 (SPR)s11783-014-0653-1-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Chen, Yongshan verfasserin aut Pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic environment in China: locally screening and environmental risk assessment 2014 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract An environmental risk assessment was performed for pharmaceutical compounds present in the aquatic environment of China. Predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of the compounds were calculated according to European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) guidelines. Available ecotoxicological data compromised by applying a very conservative assessment factor (AF) were employed to calculate the predicted noeffect concentration (PNEC). The screening principle and the risk assessment were based on risk quotient (RQ), which derived from the PEC and related PNEC values. PEC results indicated that all the compounds except sulfadimethoxine and levocarnitine, should carry out phase II risk assessment in EMEA guideline. RQ values suggested that more than 36 pharmaceuticals may be imposed health threats to the aquatic environment; especially the antibiotic therapeutic class including amoxicillin, sulfasalazine, trimethoprim, oxytetracycline and erythromycin showed high RQ values. These substances with high RQ value (RQ⩾1) were regarded as toppriority pharmaceuticals for control in the aquatic environment of China. However, the antibiotic substances which had low risk quotient (RQ <1), should be reassessed by its potentially induced resistance under low concentration in future. pharmaceuticals (dpeaa)DE-He213 aquatic environment (dpeaa)DE-He213 risk assessment (dpeaa)DE-He213 aquatic toxicity (dpeaa)DE-He213 risk quotient (dpeaa)DE-He213 Xi, Xiuping aut Yu, Gang aut Cao, Qiming aut Wang, Bin aut Vince, François aut Hong, Youwei aut Enthalten in Frontiers of environmental science & engineering in China Beijing : Higher Education Press, 2007 9(2014), 3 vom: 16. Feb., Seite 394-401 (DE-627)545787661 (DE-600)2388869-6 1673-7520 nnns volume:9 year:2014 number:3 day:16 month:02 pages:394-401 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0653-1 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 AR 9 2014 3 16 02 394-401 |
spelling |
10.1007/s11783-014-0653-1 doi (DE-627)SPR022397183 (SPR)s11783-014-0653-1-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Chen, Yongshan verfasserin aut Pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic environment in China: locally screening and environmental risk assessment 2014 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract An environmental risk assessment was performed for pharmaceutical compounds present in the aquatic environment of China. Predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of the compounds were calculated according to European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) guidelines. Available ecotoxicological data compromised by applying a very conservative assessment factor (AF) were employed to calculate the predicted noeffect concentration (PNEC). The screening principle and the risk assessment were based on risk quotient (RQ), which derived from the PEC and related PNEC values. PEC results indicated that all the compounds except sulfadimethoxine and levocarnitine, should carry out phase II risk assessment in EMEA guideline. RQ values suggested that more than 36 pharmaceuticals may be imposed health threats to the aquatic environment; especially the antibiotic therapeutic class including amoxicillin, sulfasalazine, trimethoprim, oxytetracycline and erythromycin showed high RQ values. These substances with high RQ value (RQ⩾1) were regarded as toppriority pharmaceuticals for control in the aquatic environment of China. However, the antibiotic substances which had low risk quotient (RQ <1), should be reassessed by its potentially induced resistance under low concentration in future. pharmaceuticals (dpeaa)DE-He213 aquatic environment (dpeaa)DE-He213 risk assessment (dpeaa)DE-He213 aquatic toxicity (dpeaa)DE-He213 risk quotient (dpeaa)DE-He213 Xi, Xiuping aut Yu, Gang aut Cao, Qiming aut Wang, Bin aut Vince, François aut Hong, Youwei aut Enthalten in Frontiers of environmental science & engineering in China Beijing : Higher Education Press, 2007 9(2014), 3 vom: 16. Feb., Seite 394-401 (DE-627)545787661 (DE-600)2388869-6 1673-7520 nnns volume:9 year:2014 number:3 day:16 month:02 pages:394-401 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0653-1 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 AR 9 2014 3 16 02 394-401 |
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10.1007/s11783-014-0653-1 doi (DE-627)SPR022397183 (SPR)s11783-014-0653-1-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Chen, Yongshan verfasserin aut Pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic environment in China: locally screening and environmental risk assessment 2014 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract An environmental risk assessment was performed for pharmaceutical compounds present in the aquatic environment of China. Predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of the compounds were calculated according to European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) guidelines. Available ecotoxicological data compromised by applying a very conservative assessment factor (AF) were employed to calculate the predicted noeffect concentration (PNEC). The screening principle and the risk assessment were based on risk quotient (RQ), which derived from the PEC and related PNEC values. PEC results indicated that all the compounds except sulfadimethoxine and levocarnitine, should carry out phase II risk assessment in EMEA guideline. RQ values suggested that more than 36 pharmaceuticals may be imposed health threats to the aquatic environment; especially the antibiotic therapeutic class including amoxicillin, sulfasalazine, trimethoprim, oxytetracycline and erythromycin showed high RQ values. These substances with high RQ value (RQ⩾1) were regarded as toppriority pharmaceuticals for control in the aquatic environment of China. However, the antibiotic substances which had low risk quotient (RQ <1), should be reassessed by its potentially induced resistance under low concentration in future. pharmaceuticals (dpeaa)DE-He213 aquatic environment (dpeaa)DE-He213 risk assessment (dpeaa)DE-He213 aquatic toxicity (dpeaa)DE-He213 risk quotient (dpeaa)DE-He213 Xi, Xiuping aut Yu, Gang aut Cao, Qiming aut Wang, Bin aut Vince, François aut Hong, Youwei aut Enthalten in Frontiers of environmental science & engineering in China Beijing : Higher Education Press, 2007 9(2014), 3 vom: 16. Feb., Seite 394-401 (DE-627)545787661 (DE-600)2388869-6 1673-7520 nnns volume:9 year:2014 number:3 day:16 month:02 pages:394-401 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0653-1 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 AR 9 2014 3 16 02 394-401 |
allfieldsGer |
10.1007/s11783-014-0653-1 doi (DE-627)SPR022397183 (SPR)s11783-014-0653-1-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Chen, Yongshan verfasserin aut Pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic environment in China: locally screening and environmental risk assessment 2014 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract An environmental risk assessment was performed for pharmaceutical compounds present in the aquatic environment of China. Predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of the compounds were calculated according to European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) guidelines. Available ecotoxicological data compromised by applying a very conservative assessment factor (AF) were employed to calculate the predicted noeffect concentration (PNEC). The screening principle and the risk assessment were based on risk quotient (RQ), which derived from the PEC and related PNEC values. PEC results indicated that all the compounds except sulfadimethoxine and levocarnitine, should carry out phase II risk assessment in EMEA guideline. RQ values suggested that more than 36 pharmaceuticals may be imposed health threats to the aquatic environment; especially the antibiotic therapeutic class including amoxicillin, sulfasalazine, trimethoprim, oxytetracycline and erythromycin showed high RQ values. These substances with high RQ value (RQ⩾1) were regarded as toppriority pharmaceuticals for control in the aquatic environment of China. However, the antibiotic substances which had low risk quotient (RQ <1), should be reassessed by its potentially induced resistance under low concentration in future. pharmaceuticals (dpeaa)DE-He213 aquatic environment (dpeaa)DE-He213 risk assessment (dpeaa)DE-He213 aquatic toxicity (dpeaa)DE-He213 risk quotient (dpeaa)DE-He213 Xi, Xiuping aut Yu, Gang aut Cao, Qiming aut Wang, Bin aut Vince, François aut Hong, Youwei aut Enthalten in Frontiers of environmental science & engineering in China Beijing : Higher Education Press, 2007 9(2014), 3 vom: 16. Feb., Seite 394-401 (DE-627)545787661 (DE-600)2388869-6 1673-7520 nnns volume:9 year:2014 number:3 day:16 month:02 pages:394-401 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0653-1 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 AR 9 2014 3 16 02 394-401 |
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10.1007/s11783-014-0653-1 doi (DE-627)SPR022397183 (SPR)s11783-014-0653-1-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Chen, Yongshan verfasserin aut Pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic environment in China: locally screening and environmental risk assessment 2014 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract An environmental risk assessment was performed for pharmaceutical compounds present in the aquatic environment of China. Predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of the compounds were calculated according to European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) guidelines. Available ecotoxicological data compromised by applying a very conservative assessment factor (AF) were employed to calculate the predicted noeffect concentration (PNEC). The screening principle and the risk assessment were based on risk quotient (RQ), which derived from the PEC and related PNEC values. PEC results indicated that all the compounds except sulfadimethoxine and levocarnitine, should carry out phase II risk assessment in EMEA guideline. RQ values suggested that more than 36 pharmaceuticals may be imposed health threats to the aquatic environment; especially the antibiotic therapeutic class including amoxicillin, sulfasalazine, trimethoprim, oxytetracycline and erythromycin showed high RQ values. These substances with high RQ value (RQ⩾1) were regarded as toppriority pharmaceuticals for control in the aquatic environment of China. However, the antibiotic substances which had low risk quotient (RQ <1), should be reassessed by its potentially induced resistance under low concentration in future. pharmaceuticals (dpeaa)DE-He213 aquatic environment (dpeaa)DE-He213 risk assessment (dpeaa)DE-He213 aquatic toxicity (dpeaa)DE-He213 risk quotient (dpeaa)DE-He213 Xi, Xiuping aut Yu, Gang aut Cao, Qiming aut Wang, Bin aut Vince, François aut Hong, Youwei aut Enthalten in Frontiers of environmental science & engineering in China Beijing : Higher Education Press, 2007 9(2014), 3 vom: 16. Feb., Seite 394-401 (DE-627)545787661 (DE-600)2388869-6 1673-7520 nnns volume:9 year:2014 number:3 day:16 month:02 pages:394-401 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11783-014-0653-1 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2018 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2190 AR 9 2014 3 16 02 394-401 |
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Enthalten in Frontiers of environmental science & engineering in China 9(2014), 3 vom: 16. Feb., Seite 394-401 volume:9 year:2014 number:3 day:16 month:02 pages:394-401 |
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Pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic environment in China: locally screening and environmental risk assessment |
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Abstract An environmental risk assessment was performed for pharmaceutical compounds present in the aquatic environment of China. Predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of the compounds were calculated according to European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) guidelines. Available ecotoxicological data compromised by applying a very conservative assessment factor (AF) were employed to calculate the predicted noeffect concentration (PNEC). The screening principle and the risk assessment were based on risk quotient (RQ), which derived from the PEC and related PNEC values. PEC results indicated that all the compounds except sulfadimethoxine and levocarnitine, should carry out phase II risk assessment in EMEA guideline. RQ values suggested that more than 36 pharmaceuticals may be imposed health threats to the aquatic environment; especially the antibiotic therapeutic class including amoxicillin, sulfasalazine, trimethoprim, oxytetracycline and erythromycin showed high RQ values. These substances with high RQ value (RQ⩾1) were regarded as toppriority pharmaceuticals for control in the aquatic environment of China. However, the antibiotic substances which had low risk quotient (RQ <1), should be reassessed by its potentially induced resistance under low concentration in future. © Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 |
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Abstract An environmental risk assessment was performed for pharmaceutical compounds present in the aquatic environment of China. Predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of the compounds were calculated according to European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) guidelines. Available ecotoxicological data compromised by applying a very conservative assessment factor (AF) were employed to calculate the predicted noeffect concentration (PNEC). The screening principle and the risk assessment were based on risk quotient (RQ), which derived from the PEC and related PNEC values. PEC results indicated that all the compounds except sulfadimethoxine and levocarnitine, should carry out phase II risk assessment in EMEA guideline. RQ values suggested that more than 36 pharmaceuticals may be imposed health threats to the aquatic environment; especially the antibiotic therapeutic class including amoxicillin, sulfasalazine, trimethoprim, oxytetracycline and erythromycin showed high RQ values. These substances with high RQ value (RQ⩾1) were regarded as toppriority pharmaceuticals for control in the aquatic environment of China. However, the antibiotic substances which had low risk quotient (RQ <1), should be reassessed by its potentially induced resistance under low concentration in future. © Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 |
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Abstract An environmental risk assessment was performed for pharmaceutical compounds present in the aquatic environment of China. Predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of the compounds were calculated according to European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) guidelines. Available ecotoxicological data compromised by applying a very conservative assessment factor (AF) were employed to calculate the predicted noeffect concentration (PNEC). The screening principle and the risk assessment were based on risk quotient (RQ), which derived from the PEC and related PNEC values. PEC results indicated that all the compounds except sulfadimethoxine and levocarnitine, should carry out phase II risk assessment in EMEA guideline. RQ values suggested that more than 36 pharmaceuticals may be imposed health threats to the aquatic environment; especially the antibiotic therapeutic class including amoxicillin, sulfasalazine, trimethoprim, oxytetracycline and erythromycin showed high RQ values. These substances with high RQ value (RQ⩾1) were regarded as toppriority pharmaceuticals for control in the aquatic environment of China. However, the antibiotic substances which had low risk quotient (RQ <1), should be reassessed by its potentially induced resistance under low concentration in future. © Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 |
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Predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of the compounds were calculated according to European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) guidelines. Available ecotoxicological data compromised by applying a very conservative assessment factor (AF) were employed to calculate the predicted noeffect concentration (PNEC). The screening principle and the risk assessment were based on risk quotient (RQ), which derived from the PEC and related PNEC values. PEC results indicated that all the compounds except sulfadimethoxine and levocarnitine, should carry out phase II risk assessment in EMEA guideline. RQ values suggested that more than 36 pharmaceuticals may be imposed health threats to the aquatic environment; especially the antibiotic therapeutic class including amoxicillin, sulfasalazine, trimethoprim, oxytetracycline and erythromycin showed high RQ values. These substances with high RQ value (RQ⩾1) were regarded as toppriority pharmaceuticals for control in the aquatic environment of China. However, the antibiotic substances which had low risk quotient (RQ <1), should be reassessed by its potentially induced resistance under low concentration in future.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">pharmaceuticals</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">aquatic environment</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">risk assessment</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">aquatic toxicity</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">risk quotient</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Xi, Xiuping</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Yu, Gang</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Cao, Qiming</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Wang, Bin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Vince, François</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hong, Youwei</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Enthalten in</subfield><subfield code="t">Frontiers of environmental science & engineering in China</subfield><subfield code="d">Beijing : Higher Education Press, 2007</subfield><subfield code="g">9(2014), 3 vom: 16. 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