Stabbing energy and force required for pocket-knives to pierce ribs

Purpose In addition to reconstructing the course of events, the medical examiner will often have to answer questions regarding the force necessary to inflict a certain injury in stabbing incidents. Several groups have examined the force needed to penetrate soft-tissue and clothing; however, no studi...
Ausführliche Beschreibung

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Autor*in:	Bolliger, Stephan A. [verfasserIn] Kneubuehl, Beat P. [verfasserIn] Thali, Michael J. [verfasserIn] Eggert, Sebastian [verfasserIn] Siegenthaler, Lea [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2016

Schlagwörter:	Stab energy Stab force Pocket-knife Rib piercing Forensic

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: Forensic science, medicine, and pathology - [S.l.] : Springer, 2005, 12(2016), 4 vom: 09. Aug., Seite 394-398
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:12 ; year:2016 ; number:4 ; day:09 ; month:08 ; pages:394-398

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1007/s12024-016-9803-z

Katalog-ID:	SPR023772573

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100	1		\|a Bolliger, Stephan A. \|e verfasserin \|4 aut
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520			\|a Purpose In addition to reconstructing the course of events, the medical examiner will often have to answer questions regarding the force necessary to inflict a certain injury in stabbing incidents. Several groups have examined the force needed to penetrate soft-tissue and clothing; however, no studies addressing the energy needed for penetrating ribs exist. Therefore, we decided to investigate this force on an animal model. Method Ribs from healthy, 8 to 10-month-old pigs were used as a substitute for human ribs. These ribs were then stabbed either transversely or longitudinally with two different pocket-knife blades, namely a Swiss Army pocket knife and a sturdier pocket knife (Classic Schnitzmesser, Herbertz Solingen) dropped from a drop-tower at defined heights and therefore defined energies. Results Longitudinally orientated stabs showed complete piercing of the ribs at approximately 11 Joules (J) or with a stabbing force in excess of 906 Newton (N) for both blade types. Transversely orientated stabs, however, displayed complete piercing between 11 and 16 J, or in excess of 1198 N, with the sturdy pocket knife tending to require a little more energy than the Swiss army pocket knife. Conclusions Young adult porcine ribs are completely pierced by pocket knife blades at energies between 11 and 16 J. Assuming the porcine ribs are comparable to those ribs of young adult humans, our results indicate that a complete penetration of the chest wall through the ribs by stabbing with a pocket knife is rather easily achieved.
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700	1		\|a Siegenthaler, Lea \|e verfasserin \|4 aut
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allfields	10.1007/s12024-016-9803-z doi (DE-627)SPR023772573 (SPR)s12024-016-9803-z-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 340 610 ASE 44.72 bkl Bolliger, Stephan A. verfasserin aut Stabbing energy and force required for pocket-knives to pierce ribs 2016 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Purpose In addition to reconstructing the course of events, the medical examiner will often have to answer questions regarding the force necessary to inflict a certain injury in stabbing incidents. Several groups have examined the force needed to penetrate soft-tissue and clothing; however, no studies addressing the energy needed for penetrating ribs exist. Therefore, we decided to investigate this force on an animal model. Method Ribs from healthy, 8 to 10-month-old pigs were used as a substitute for human ribs. These ribs were then stabbed either transversely or longitudinally with two different pocket-knife blades, namely a Swiss Army pocket knife and a sturdier pocket knife (Classic Schnitzmesser, Herbertz Solingen) dropped from a drop-tower at defined heights and therefore defined energies. Results Longitudinally orientated stabs showed complete piercing of the ribs at approximately 11 Joules (J) or with a stabbing force in excess of 906 Newton (N) for both blade types. Transversely orientated stabs, however, displayed complete piercing between 11 and 16 J, or in excess of 1198 N, with the sturdy pocket knife tending to require a little more energy than the Swiss army pocket knife. Conclusions Young adult porcine ribs are completely pierced by pocket knife blades at energies between 11 and 16 J. Assuming the porcine ribs are comparable to those ribs of young adult humans, our results indicate that a complete penetration of the chest wall through the ribs by stabbing with a pocket knife is rather easily achieved. Stab energy (dpeaa)DE-He213 Stab force (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pocket-knife (dpeaa)DE-He213 Rib piercing (dpeaa)DE-He213 Forensic (dpeaa)DE-He213 Kneubuehl, Beat P. verfasserin aut Thali, Michael J. verfasserin aut Eggert, Sebastian verfasserin aut Siegenthaler, Lea verfasserin aut Enthalten in Forensic science, medicine, and pathology [S.l.] : Springer, 2005 12(2016), 4 vom: 09. Aug., Seite 394-398 (DE-627)49432130X (DE-600)2195904-3 1556-2891 nnns volume:12 year:2016 number:4 day:09 month:08 pages:394-398 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-016-9803-z lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 44.72 ASE AR 12 2016 4 09 08 394-398
spelling	10.1007/s12024-016-9803-z doi (DE-627)SPR023772573 (SPR)s12024-016-9803-z-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 340 610 ASE 44.72 bkl Bolliger, Stephan A. verfasserin aut Stabbing energy and force required for pocket-knives to pierce ribs 2016 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Purpose In addition to reconstructing the course of events, the medical examiner will often have to answer questions regarding the force necessary to inflict a certain injury in stabbing incidents. Several groups have examined the force needed to penetrate soft-tissue and clothing; however, no studies addressing the energy needed for penetrating ribs exist. Therefore, we decided to investigate this force on an animal model. Method Ribs from healthy, 8 to 10-month-old pigs were used as a substitute for human ribs. These ribs were then stabbed either transversely or longitudinally with two different pocket-knife blades, namely a Swiss Army pocket knife and a sturdier pocket knife (Classic Schnitzmesser, Herbertz Solingen) dropped from a drop-tower at defined heights and therefore defined energies. Results Longitudinally orientated stabs showed complete piercing of the ribs at approximately 11 Joules (J) or with a stabbing force in excess of 906 Newton (N) for both blade types. Transversely orientated stabs, however, displayed complete piercing between 11 and 16 J, or in excess of 1198 N, with the sturdy pocket knife tending to require a little more energy than the Swiss army pocket knife. Conclusions Young adult porcine ribs are completely pierced by pocket knife blades at energies between 11 and 16 J. Assuming the porcine ribs are comparable to those ribs of young adult humans, our results indicate that a complete penetration of the chest wall through the ribs by stabbing with a pocket knife is rather easily achieved. Stab energy (dpeaa)DE-He213 Stab force (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pocket-knife (dpeaa)DE-He213 Rib piercing (dpeaa)DE-He213 Forensic (dpeaa)DE-He213 Kneubuehl, Beat P. verfasserin aut Thali, Michael J. verfasserin aut Eggert, Sebastian verfasserin aut Siegenthaler, Lea verfasserin aut Enthalten in Forensic science, medicine, and pathology [S.l.] : Springer, 2005 12(2016), 4 vom: 09. Aug., Seite 394-398 (DE-627)49432130X (DE-600)2195904-3 1556-2891 nnns volume:12 year:2016 number:4 day:09 month:08 pages:394-398 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-016-9803-z lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 44.72 ASE AR 12 2016 4 09 08 394-398
allfields_unstemmed	10.1007/s12024-016-9803-z doi (DE-627)SPR023772573 (SPR)s12024-016-9803-z-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 340 610 ASE 44.72 bkl Bolliger, Stephan A. verfasserin aut Stabbing energy and force required for pocket-knives to pierce ribs 2016 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Purpose In addition to reconstructing the course of events, the medical examiner will often have to answer questions regarding the force necessary to inflict a certain injury in stabbing incidents. Several groups have examined the force needed to penetrate soft-tissue and clothing; however, no studies addressing the energy needed for penetrating ribs exist. Therefore, we decided to investigate this force on an animal model. Method Ribs from healthy, 8 to 10-month-old pigs were used as a substitute for human ribs. These ribs were then stabbed either transversely or longitudinally with two different pocket-knife blades, namely a Swiss Army pocket knife and a sturdier pocket knife (Classic Schnitzmesser, Herbertz Solingen) dropped from a drop-tower at defined heights and therefore defined energies. Results Longitudinally orientated stabs showed complete piercing of the ribs at approximately 11 Joules (J) or with a stabbing force in excess of 906 Newton (N) for both blade types. Transversely orientated stabs, however, displayed complete piercing between 11 and 16 J, or in excess of 1198 N, with the sturdy pocket knife tending to require a little more energy than the Swiss army pocket knife. Conclusions Young adult porcine ribs are completely pierced by pocket knife blades at energies between 11 and 16 J. Assuming the porcine ribs are comparable to those ribs of young adult humans, our results indicate that a complete penetration of the chest wall through the ribs by stabbing with a pocket knife is rather easily achieved. Stab energy (dpeaa)DE-He213 Stab force (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pocket-knife (dpeaa)DE-He213 Rib piercing (dpeaa)DE-He213 Forensic (dpeaa)DE-He213 Kneubuehl, Beat P. verfasserin aut Thali, Michael J. verfasserin aut Eggert, Sebastian verfasserin aut Siegenthaler, Lea verfasserin aut Enthalten in Forensic science, medicine, and pathology [S.l.] : Springer, 2005 12(2016), 4 vom: 09. Aug., Seite 394-398 (DE-627)49432130X (DE-600)2195904-3 1556-2891 nnns volume:12 year:2016 number:4 day:09 month:08 pages:394-398 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-016-9803-z lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 44.72 ASE AR 12 2016 4 09 08 394-398
allfieldsGer	10.1007/s12024-016-9803-z doi (DE-627)SPR023772573 (SPR)s12024-016-9803-z-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 340 610 ASE 44.72 bkl Bolliger, Stephan A. verfasserin aut Stabbing energy and force required for pocket-knives to pierce ribs 2016 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Purpose In addition to reconstructing the course of events, the medical examiner will often have to answer questions regarding the force necessary to inflict a certain injury in stabbing incidents. Several groups have examined the force needed to penetrate soft-tissue and clothing; however, no studies addressing the energy needed for penetrating ribs exist. Therefore, we decided to investigate this force on an animal model. Method Ribs from healthy, 8 to 10-month-old pigs were used as a substitute for human ribs. These ribs were then stabbed either transversely or longitudinally with two different pocket-knife blades, namely a Swiss Army pocket knife and a sturdier pocket knife (Classic Schnitzmesser, Herbertz Solingen) dropped from a drop-tower at defined heights and therefore defined energies. Results Longitudinally orientated stabs showed complete piercing of the ribs at approximately 11 Joules (J) or with a stabbing force in excess of 906 Newton (N) for both blade types. Transversely orientated stabs, however, displayed complete piercing between 11 and 16 J, or in excess of 1198 N, with the sturdy pocket knife tending to require a little more energy than the Swiss army pocket knife. Conclusions Young adult porcine ribs are completely pierced by pocket knife blades at energies between 11 and 16 J. Assuming the porcine ribs are comparable to those ribs of young adult humans, our results indicate that a complete penetration of the chest wall through the ribs by stabbing with a pocket knife is rather easily achieved. Stab energy (dpeaa)DE-He213 Stab force (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pocket-knife (dpeaa)DE-He213 Rib piercing (dpeaa)DE-He213 Forensic (dpeaa)DE-He213 Kneubuehl, Beat P. verfasserin aut Thali, Michael J. verfasserin aut Eggert, Sebastian verfasserin aut Siegenthaler, Lea verfasserin aut Enthalten in Forensic science, medicine, and pathology [S.l.] : Springer, 2005 12(2016), 4 vom: 09. Aug., Seite 394-398 (DE-627)49432130X (DE-600)2195904-3 1556-2891 nnns volume:12 year:2016 number:4 day:09 month:08 pages:394-398 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-016-9803-z lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 44.72 ASE AR 12 2016 4 09 08 394-398
allfieldsSound	10.1007/s12024-016-9803-z doi (DE-627)SPR023772573 (SPR)s12024-016-9803-z-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 340 610 ASE 44.72 bkl Bolliger, Stephan A. verfasserin aut Stabbing energy and force required for pocket-knives to pierce ribs 2016 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Purpose In addition to reconstructing the course of events, the medical examiner will often have to answer questions regarding the force necessary to inflict a certain injury in stabbing incidents. Several groups have examined the force needed to penetrate soft-tissue and clothing; however, no studies addressing the energy needed for penetrating ribs exist. Therefore, we decided to investigate this force on an animal model. Method Ribs from healthy, 8 to 10-month-old pigs were used as a substitute for human ribs. These ribs were then stabbed either transversely or longitudinally with two different pocket-knife blades, namely a Swiss Army pocket knife and a sturdier pocket knife (Classic Schnitzmesser, Herbertz Solingen) dropped from a drop-tower at defined heights and therefore defined energies. Results Longitudinally orientated stabs showed complete piercing of the ribs at approximately 11 Joules (J) or with a stabbing force in excess of 906 Newton (N) for both blade types. Transversely orientated stabs, however, displayed complete piercing between 11 and 16 J, or in excess of 1198 N, with the sturdy pocket knife tending to require a little more energy than the Swiss army pocket knife. Conclusions Young adult porcine ribs are completely pierced by pocket knife blades at energies between 11 and 16 J. Assuming the porcine ribs are comparable to those ribs of young adult humans, our results indicate that a complete penetration of the chest wall through the ribs by stabbing with a pocket knife is rather easily achieved. Stab energy (dpeaa)DE-He213 Stab force (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pocket-knife (dpeaa)DE-He213 Rib piercing (dpeaa)DE-He213 Forensic (dpeaa)DE-He213 Kneubuehl, Beat P. verfasserin aut Thali, Michael J. verfasserin aut Eggert, Sebastian verfasserin aut Siegenthaler, Lea verfasserin aut Enthalten in Forensic science, medicine, and pathology [S.l.] : Springer, 2005 12(2016), 4 vom: 09. Aug., Seite 394-398 (DE-627)49432130X (DE-600)2195904-3 1556-2891 nnns volume:12 year:2016 number:4 day:09 month:08 pages:394-398 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-016-9803-z lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_101 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 44.72 ASE AR 12 2016 4 09 08 394-398
language	English
source	Enthalten in Forensic science, medicine, and pathology 12(2016), 4 vom: 09. Aug., Seite 394-398 volume:12 year:2016 number:4 day:09 month:08 pages:394-398
sourceStr	Enthalten in Forensic science, medicine, and pathology 12(2016), 4 vom: 09. Aug., Seite 394-398 volume:12 year:2016 number:4 day:09 month:08 pages:394-398
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	Stab energy Stab force Pocket-knife Rib piercing Forensic
dewey-raw	340
isfreeaccess_bool	false
container_title	Forensic science, medicine, and pathology
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Bolliger, Stephan A. @@aut@@ Kneubuehl, Beat P. @@aut@@ Thali, Michael J. @@aut@@ Eggert, Sebastian @@aut@@ Siegenthaler, Lea @@aut@@
publishDateDaySort_date	2016-08-09T00:00:00Z
hierarchy_top_id	49432130X
dewey-sort	3340
id	SPR023772573
language_de	englisch
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Several groups have examined the force needed to penetrate soft-tissue and clothing; however, no studies addressing the energy needed for penetrating ribs exist. Therefore, we decided to investigate this force on an animal model. Method Ribs from healthy, 8 to 10-month-old pigs were used as a substitute for human ribs. These ribs were then stabbed either transversely or longitudinally with two different pocket-knife blades, namely a Swiss Army pocket knife and a sturdier pocket knife (Classic Schnitzmesser, Herbertz Solingen) dropped from a drop-tower at defined heights and therefore defined energies. Results Longitudinally orientated stabs showed complete piercing of the ribs at approximately 11 Joules (J) or with a stabbing force in excess of 906 Newton (N) for both blade types. Transversely orientated stabs, however, displayed complete piercing between 11 and 16 J, or in excess of 1198 N, with the sturdy pocket knife tending to require a little more energy than the Swiss army pocket knife. Conclusions Young adult porcine ribs are completely pierced by pocket knife blades at energies between 11 and 16 J. 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author	Bolliger, Stephan A.
spellingShingle	Bolliger, Stephan A. ddc 340 bkl 44.72 misc Stab energy misc Stab force misc Pocket-knife misc Rib piercing misc Forensic Stabbing energy and force required for pocket-knives to pierce ribs
authorStr	Bolliger, Stephan A.
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topic_title	340 610 ASE 44.72 bkl Stabbing energy and force required for pocket-knives to pierce ribs Stab energy (dpeaa)DE-He213 Stab force (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pocket-knife (dpeaa)DE-He213 Rib piercing (dpeaa)DE-He213 Forensic (dpeaa)DE-He213
topic	ddc 340 bkl 44.72 misc Stab energy misc Stab force misc Pocket-knife misc Rib piercing misc Forensic
topic_unstemmed	ddc 340 bkl 44.72 misc Stab energy misc Stab force misc Pocket-knife misc Rib piercing misc Forensic
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title	Stabbing energy and force required for pocket-knives to pierce ribs
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title_full	Stabbing energy and force required for pocket-knives to pierce ribs
author_sort	Bolliger, Stephan A.
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author_browse	Bolliger, Stephan A. Kneubuehl, Beat P. Thali, Michael J. Eggert, Sebastian Siegenthaler, Lea
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title_sort	stabbing energy and force required for pocket-knives to pierce ribs
title_auth	Stabbing energy and force required for pocket-knives to pierce ribs
abstract	Purpose In addition to reconstructing the course of events, the medical examiner will often have to answer questions regarding the force necessary to inflict a certain injury in stabbing incidents. Several groups have examined the force needed to penetrate soft-tissue and clothing; however, no studies addressing the energy needed for penetrating ribs exist. Therefore, we decided to investigate this force on an animal model. Method Ribs from healthy, 8 to 10-month-old pigs were used as a substitute for human ribs. These ribs were then stabbed either transversely or longitudinally with two different pocket-knife blades, namely a Swiss Army pocket knife and a sturdier pocket knife (Classic Schnitzmesser, Herbertz Solingen) dropped from a drop-tower at defined heights and therefore defined energies. Results Longitudinally orientated stabs showed complete piercing of the ribs at approximately 11 Joules (J) or with a stabbing force in excess of 906 Newton (N) for both blade types. Transversely orientated stabs, however, displayed complete piercing between 11 and 16 J, or in excess of 1198 N, with the sturdy pocket knife tending to require a little more energy than the Swiss army pocket knife. Conclusions Young adult porcine ribs are completely pierced by pocket knife blades at energies between 11 and 16 J. Assuming the porcine ribs are comparable to those ribs of young adult humans, our results indicate that a complete penetration of the chest wall through the ribs by stabbing with a pocket knife is rather easily achieved.
abstractGer	Purpose In addition to reconstructing the course of events, the medical examiner will often have to answer questions regarding the force necessary to inflict a certain injury in stabbing incidents. Several groups have examined the force needed to penetrate soft-tissue and clothing; however, no studies addressing the energy needed for penetrating ribs exist. Therefore, we decided to investigate this force on an animal model. Method Ribs from healthy, 8 to 10-month-old pigs were used as a substitute for human ribs. These ribs were then stabbed either transversely or longitudinally with two different pocket-knife blades, namely a Swiss Army pocket knife and a sturdier pocket knife (Classic Schnitzmesser, Herbertz Solingen) dropped from a drop-tower at defined heights and therefore defined energies. Results Longitudinally orientated stabs showed complete piercing of the ribs at approximately 11 Joules (J) or with a stabbing force in excess of 906 Newton (N) for both blade types. Transversely orientated stabs, however, displayed complete piercing between 11 and 16 J, or in excess of 1198 N, with the sturdy pocket knife tending to require a little more energy than the Swiss army pocket knife. Conclusions Young adult porcine ribs are completely pierced by pocket knife blades at energies between 11 and 16 J. Assuming the porcine ribs are comparable to those ribs of young adult humans, our results indicate that a complete penetration of the chest wall through the ribs by stabbing with a pocket knife is rather easily achieved.
abstract_unstemmed	Purpose In addition to reconstructing the course of events, the medical examiner will often have to answer questions regarding the force necessary to inflict a certain injury in stabbing incidents. Several groups have examined the force needed to penetrate soft-tissue and clothing; however, no studies addressing the energy needed for penetrating ribs exist. Therefore, we decided to investigate this force on an animal model. Method Ribs from healthy, 8 to 10-month-old pigs were used as a substitute for human ribs. These ribs were then stabbed either transversely or longitudinally with two different pocket-knife blades, namely a Swiss Army pocket knife and a sturdier pocket knife (Classic Schnitzmesser, Herbertz Solingen) dropped from a drop-tower at defined heights and therefore defined energies. Results Longitudinally orientated stabs showed complete piercing of the ribs at approximately 11 Joules (J) or with a stabbing force in excess of 906 Newton (N) for both blade types. Transversely orientated stabs, however, displayed complete piercing between 11 and 16 J, or in excess of 1198 N, with the sturdy pocket knife tending to require a little more energy than the Swiss army pocket knife. Conclusions Young adult porcine ribs are completely pierced by pocket knife blades at energies between 11 and 16 J. Assuming the porcine ribs are comparable to those ribs of young adult humans, our results indicate that a complete penetration of the chest wall through the ribs by stabbing with a pocket knife is rather easily achieved.
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container_issue	4
title_short	Stabbing energy and force required for pocket-knives to pierce ribs
url	https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-016-9803-z
remote_bool	true
author2	Kneubuehl, Beat P. Thali, Michael J. Eggert, Sebastian Siegenthaler, Lea
author2Str	Kneubuehl, Beat P. Thali, Michael J. Eggert, Sebastian Siegenthaler, Lea
ppnlink	49432130X
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doi_str	10.1007/s12024-016-9803-z
up_date	2024-07-03T21:16:24.083Z
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Several groups have examined the force needed to penetrate soft-tissue and clothing; however, no studies addressing the energy needed for penetrating ribs exist. Therefore, we decided to investigate this force on an animal model. Method Ribs from healthy, 8 to 10-month-old pigs were used as a substitute for human ribs. These ribs were then stabbed either transversely or longitudinally with two different pocket-knife blades, namely a Swiss Army pocket knife and a sturdier pocket knife (Classic Schnitzmesser, Herbertz Solingen) dropped from a drop-tower at defined heights and therefore defined energies. Results Longitudinally orientated stabs showed complete piercing of the ribs at approximately 11 Joules (J) or with a stabbing force in excess of 906 Newton (N) for both blade types. Transversely orientated stabs, however, displayed complete piercing between 11 and 16 J, or in excess of 1198 N, with the sturdy pocket knife tending to require a little more energy than the Swiss army pocket knife. Conclusions Young adult porcine ribs are completely pierced by pocket knife blades at energies between 11 and 16 J. 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