Factors influencing the major ion chemistry in the Tihama coastal plain of southern Saudi Arabia: evidences from hydrochemical facies analyses and ionic relationships
Abstract Coastal aquifers across the globe have been a subject of extensive research mainly because of problems related to saline water intrusion as a consequence of global climate changes and overabstraction of groundwater. The present work deals with the assessment of factors which affects the gro...
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| Autor*in: |
Zaidi, Faisal K. [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2017 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Anmerkung: |
© Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Environmental earth sciences - Berlin : Springer, 2009, 76(2017), 14 vom: 11. Juli |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:76 ; year:2017 ; number:14 ; day:11 ; month:07 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s12665-017-6817-0 |
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| Katalog-ID: |
SPR026734028 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Zaidi, Faisal K. |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Factors influencing the major ion chemistry in the Tihama coastal plain of southern Saudi Arabia: evidences from hydrochemical facies analyses and ionic relationships |
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| 520 | |a Abstract Coastal aquifers across the globe have been a subject of extensive research mainly because of problems related to saline water intrusion as a consequence of global climate changes and overabstraction of groundwater. The present work deals with the assessment of factors which affects the groundwater chemistry in parts of the Tihama coastal plains in the Jazan Province of southern Saudi Arabia. Hydrochemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, major ions, $ NO_{3} $ and $ SiO_{2} $) were obtained from 263 wells and were interpreted. Hydrochemical facies analyses revealed two main types of groundwater facies, i.e., the mixed groundwater facies predominantly confined to the eastern and central part of the study area (away from the coast) and groundwater facies dominated by $ SO_{4} $ + Cl + $ NO_{3} $ ions found mostly in the coastal zones in the western part of the study area. The average TDS value of the mixed groundwater facies is 945.7 mg/l, whereas the average TDS value is 3149.7 mg/l for the $ SO_{4} $ + Cl + $ NO_{3} $ anionic species. Greater influence of rainfall recharge can be observed in the mixed-water species, while saline water mixing or rock–water interaction can be seen in the $ SO_{4} $–Cl–$ NO_{3} $ type of anionic species. However, ionic ratios point more toward rock–water interaction rather than saline water mixing in the groundwater facies dominated by $ SO_{4} $–Cl–$ NO_{3} $ ions. This interpretation is also supported by the presence of sabkhas (salt flats) in the coastal zones where its interaction with the groundwater has resulted in high Cl and $ SO_{4} $ concentration. Cl/Br ratios which have often been used to detect saline water intrusion in coastal zones also do not support saline water intrusion in the study area. Ionic ratios point toward dissolution and base ion exchange as the main factors influencing the groundwater chemistry. Silicate weathering and silica dissolution are also found in the area. Saturation indices point toward gypsum and halite dissolution. The average $ NO_{3} $ concentration is 157.80 mg/l and is mostly attributed to the agricultural practices in the region. The presence of shallow unconfined aquifers facilitate the easy percolation of irrigation return flows enriched in $ NO_{3} $ concentration from the application of inorganic fertilizers on the agricultural farms. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Tihama coastal plain |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Jazan Province |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Hydrochemical facies |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Silicate weathering |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Al-Bassam, Abdulaziz M. |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kassem, Osama M. K. |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Alfaifi, Hussain J. |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Alhumidan, Saad M. |4 aut | |
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10.1007/s12665-017-6817-0 doi (DE-627)SPR026734028 (SPR)s12665-017-6817-0-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Zaidi, Faisal K. verfasserin aut Factors influencing the major ion chemistry in the Tihama coastal plain of southern Saudi Arabia: evidences from hydrochemical facies analyses and ionic relationships 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017 Abstract Coastal aquifers across the globe have been a subject of extensive research mainly because of problems related to saline water intrusion as a consequence of global climate changes and overabstraction of groundwater. The present work deals with the assessment of factors which affects the groundwater chemistry in parts of the Tihama coastal plains in the Jazan Province of southern Saudi Arabia. Hydrochemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, major ions, $ NO_{3} $ and $ SiO_{2} $) were obtained from 263 wells and were interpreted. Hydrochemical facies analyses revealed two main types of groundwater facies, i.e., the mixed groundwater facies predominantly confined to the eastern and central part of the study area (away from the coast) and groundwater facies dominated by $ SO_{4} $ + Cl + $ NO_{3} $ ions found mostly in the coastal zones in the western part of the study area. The average TDS value of the mixed groundwater facies is 945.7 mg/l, whereas the average TDS value is 3149.7 mg/l for the $ SO_{4} $ + Cl + $ NO_{3} $ anionic species. Greater influence of rainfall recharge can be observed in the mixed-water species, while saline water mixing or rock–water interaction can be seen in the $ SO_{4} $–Cl–$ NO_{3} $ type of anionic species. However, ionic ratios point more toward rock–water interaction rather than saline water mixing in the groundwater facies dominated by $ SO_{4} $–Cl–$ NO_{3} $ ions. This interpretation is also supported by the presence of sabkhas (salt flats) in the coastal zones where its interaction with the groundwater has resulted in high Cl and $ SO_{4} $ concentration. Cl/Br ratios which have often been used to detect saline water intrusion in coastal zones also do not support saline water intrusion in the study area. Ionic ratios point toward dissolution and base ion exchange as the main factors influencing the groundwater chemistry. Silicate weathering and silica dissolution are also found in the area. Saturation indices point toward gypsum and halite dissolution. The average $ NO_{3} $ concentration is 157.80 mg/l and is mostly attributed to the agricultural practices in the region. The presence of shallow unconfined aquifers facilitate the easy percolation of irrigation return flows enriched in $ NO_{3} $ concentration from the application of inorganic fertilizers on the agricultural farms. Tihama coastal plain (dpeaa)DE-He213 Jazan Province (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hydrochemical facies (dpeaa)DE-He213 Silicate weathering (dpeaa)DE-He213 Al-Bassam, Abdulaziz M. aut Kassem, Osama M. K. aut Alfaifi, Hussain J. aut Alhumidan, Saad M. aut Enthalten in Environmental earth sciences Berlin : Springer, 2009 76(2017), 14 vom: 11. Juli (DE-627)599673451 (DE-600)2493699-6 1866-6299 nnns volume:76 year:2017 number:14 day:11 month:07 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6817-0 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2360 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 76 2017 14 11 07 |
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10.1007/s12665-017-6817-0 doi (DE-627)SPR026734028 (SPR)s12665-017-6817-0-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Zaidi, Faisal K. verfasserin aut Factors influencing the major ion chemistry in the Tihama coastal plain of southern Saudi Arabia: evidences from hydrochemical facies analyses and ionic relationships 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017 Abstract Coastal aquifers across the globe have been a subject of extensive research mainly because of problems related to saline water intrusion as a consequence of global climate changes and overabstraction of groundwater. The present work deals with the assessment of factors which affects the groundwater chemistry in parts of the Tihama coastal plains in the Jazan Province of southern Saudi Arabia. Hydrochemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, major ions, $ NO_{3} $ and $ SiO_{2} $) were obtained from 263 wells and were interpreted. Hydrochemical facies analyses revealed two main types of groundwater facies, i.e., the mixed groundwater facies predominantly confined to the eastern and central part of the study area (away from the coast) and groundwater facies dominated by $ SO_{4} $ + Cl + $ NO_{3} $ ions found mostly in the coastal zones in the western part of the study area. The average TDS value of the mixed groundwater facies is 945.7 mg/l, whereas the average TDS value is 3149.7 mg/l for the $ SO_{4} $ + Cl + $ NO_{3} $ anionic species. Greater influence of rainfall recharge can be observed in the mixed-water species, while saline water mixing or rock–water interaction can be seen in the $ SO_{4} $–Cl–$ NO_{3} $ type of anionic species. However, ionic ratios point more toward rock–water interaction rather than saline water mixing in the groundwater facies dominated by $ SO_{4} $–Cl–$ NO_{3} $ ions. This interpretation is also supported by the presence of sabkhas (salt flats) in the coastal zones where its interaction with the groundwater has resulted in high Cl and $ SO_{4} $ concentration. Cl/Br ratios which have often been used to detect saline water intrusion in coastal zones also do not support saline water intrusion in the study area. Ionic ratios point toward dissolution and base ion exchange as the main factors influencing the groundwater chemistry. Silicate weathering and silica dissolution are also found in the area. Saturation indices point toward gypsum and halite dissolution. The average $ NO_{3} $ concentration is 157.80 mg/l and is mostly attributed to the agricultural practices in the region. The presence of shallow unconfined aquifers facilitate the easy percolation of irrigation return flows enriched in $ NO_{3} $ concentration from the application of inorganic fertilizers on the agricultural farms. Tihama coastal plain (dpeaa)DE-He213 Jazan Province (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hydrochemical facies (dpeaa)DE-He213 Silicate weathering (dpeaa)DE-He213 Al-Bassam, Abdulaziz M. aut Kassem, Osama M. K. aut Alfaifi, Hussain J. aut Alhumidan, Saad M. aut Enthalten in Environmental earth sciences Berlin : Springer, 2009 76(2017), 14 vom: 11. Juli (DE-627)599673451 (DE-600)2493699-6 1866-6299 nnns volume:76 year:2017 number:14 day:11 month:07 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6817-0 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2360 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 76 2017 14 11 07 |
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10.1007/s12665-017-6817-0 doi (DE-627)SPR026734028 (SPR)s12665-017-6817-0-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Zaidi, Faisal K. verfasserin aut Factors influencing the major ion chemistry in the Tihama coastal plain of southern Saudi Arabia: evidences from hydrochemical facies analyses and ionic relationships 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017 Abstract Coastal aquifers across the globe have been a subject of extensive research mainly because of problems related to saline water intrusion as a consequence of global climate changes and overabstraction of groundwater. The present work deals with the assessment of factors which affects the groundwater chemistry in parts of the Tihama coastal plains in the Jazan Province of southern Saudi Arabia. Hydrochemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, major ions, $ NO_{3} $ and $ SiO_{2} $) were obtained from 263 wells and were interpreted. Hydrochemical facies analyses revealed two main types of groundwater facies, i.e., the mixed groundwater facies predominantly confined to the eastern and central part of the study area (away from the coast) and groundwater facies dominated by $ SO_{4} $ + Cl + $ NO_{3} $ ions found mostly in the coastal zones in the western part of the study area. The average TDS value of the mixed groundwater facies is 945.7 mg/l, whereas the average TDS value is 3149.7 mg/l for the $ SO_{4} $ + Cl + $ NO_{3} $ anionic species. Greater influence of rainfall recharge can be observed in the mixed-water species, while saline water mixing or rock–water interaction can be seen in the $ SO_{4} $–Cl–$ NO_{3} $ type of anionic species. However, ionic ratios point more toward rock–water interaction rather than saline water mixing in the groundwater facies dominated by $ SO_{4} $–Cl–$ NO_{3} $ ions. This interpretation is also supported by the presence of sabkhas (salt flats) in the coastal zones where its interaction with the groundwater has resulted in high Cl and $ SO_{4} $ concentration. Cl/Br ratios which have often been used to detect saline water intrusion in coastal zones also do not support saline water intrusion in the study area. Ionic ratios point toward dissolution and base ion exchange as the main factors influencing the groundwater chemistry. Silicate weathering and silica dissolution are also found in the area. Saturation indices point toward gypsum and halite dissolution. The average $ NO_{3} $ concentration is 157.80 mg/l and is mostly attributed to the agricultural practices in the region. The presence of shallow unconfined aquifers facilitate the easy percolation of irrigation return flows enriched in $ NO_{3} $ concentration from the application of inorganic fertilizers on the agricultural farms. Tihama coastal plain (dpeaa)DE-He213 Jazan Province (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hydrochemical facies (dpeaa)DE-He213 Silicate weathering (dpeaa)DE-He213 Al-Bassam, Abdulaziz M. aut Kassem, Osama M. K. aut Alfaifi, Hussain J. aut Alhumidan, Saad M. aut Enthalten in Environmental earth sciences Berlin : Springer, 2009 76(2017), 14 vom: 11. Juli (DE-627)599673451 (DE-600)2493699-6 1866-6299 nnns volume:76 year:2017 number:14 day:11 month:07 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6817-0 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2360 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 76 2017 14 11 07 |
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10.1007/s12665-017-6817-0 doi (DE-627)SPR026734028 (SPR)s12665-017-6817-0-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Zaidi, Faisal K. verfasserin aut Factors influencing the major ion chemistry in the Tihama coastal plain of southern Saudi Arabia: evidences from hydrochemical facies analyses and ionic relationships 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017 Abstract Coastal aquifers across the globe have been a subject of extensive research mainly because of problems related to saline water intrusion as a consequence of global climate changes and overabstraction of groundwater. The present work deals with the assessment of factors which affects the groundwater chemistry in parts of the Tihama coastal plains in the Jazan Province of southern Saudi Arabia. Hydrochemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, major ions, $ NO_{3} $ and $ SiO_{2} $) were obtained from 263 wells and were interpreted. Hydrochemical facies analyses revealed two main types of groundwater facies, i.e., the mixed groundwater facies predominantly confined to the eastern and central part of the study area (away from the coast) and groundwater facies dominated by $ SO_{4} $ + Cl + $ NO_{3} $ ions found mostly in the coastal zones in the western part of the study area. The average TDS value of the mixed groundwater facies is 945.7 mg/l, whereas the average TDS value is 3149.7 mg/l for the $ SO_{4} $ + Cl + $ NO_{3} $ anionic species. Greater influence of rainfall recharge can be observed in the mixed-water species, while saline water mixing or rock–water interaction can be seen in the $ SO_{4} $–Cl–$ NO_{3} $ type of anionic species. However, ionic ratios point more toward rock–water interaction rather than saline water mixing in the groundwater facies dominated by $ SO_{4} $–Cl–$ NO_{3} $ ions. This interpretation is also supported by the presence of sabkhas (salt flats) in the coastal zones where its interaction with the groundwater has resulted in high Cl and $ SO_{4} $ concentration. Cl/Br ratios which have often been used to detect saline water intrusion in coastal zones also do not support saline water intrusion in the study area. Ionic ratios point toward dissolution and base ion exchange as the main factors influencing the groundwater chemistry. Silicate weathering and silica dissolution are also found in the area. Saturation indices point toward gypsum and halite dissolution. The average $ NO_{3} $ concentration is 157.80 mg/l and is mostly attributed to the agricultural practices in the region. The presence of shallow unconfined aquifers facilitate the easy percolation of irrigation return flows enriched in $ NO_{3} $ concentration from the application of inorganic fertilizers on the agricultural farms. Tihama coastal plain (dpeaa)DE-He213 Jazan Province (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hydrochemical facies (dpeaa)DE-He213 Silicate weathering (dpeaa)DE-He213 Al-Bassam, Abdulaziz M. aut Kassem, Osama M. K. aut Alfaifi, Hussain J. aut Alhumidan, Saad M. aut Enthalten in Environmental earth sciences Berlin : Springer, 2009 76(2017), 14 vom: 11. Juli (DE-627)599673451 (DE-600)2493699-6 1866-6299 nnns volume:76 year:2017 number:14 day:11 month:07 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6817-0 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2360 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 76 2017 14 11 07 |
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10.1007/s12665-017-6817-0 doi (DE-627)SPR026734028 (SPR)s12665-017-6817-0-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Zaidi, Faisal K. verfasserin aut Factors influencing the major ion chemistry in the Tihama coastal plain of southern Saudi Arabia: evidences from hydrochemical facies analyses and ionic relationships 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017 Abstract Coastal aquifers across the globe have been a subject of extensive research mainly because of problems related to saline water intrusion as a consequence of global climate changes and overabstraction of groundwater. The present work deals with the assessment of factors which affects the groundwater chemistry in parts of the Tihama coastal plains in the Jazan Province of southern Saudi Arabia. Hydrochemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, major ions, $ NO_{3} $ and $ SiO_{2} $) were obtained from 263 wells and were interpreted. Hydrochemical facies analyses revealed two main types of groundwater facies, i.e., the mixed groundwater facies predominantly confined to the eastern and central part of the study area (away from the coast) and groundwater facies dominated by $ SO_{4} $ + Cl + $ NO_{3} $ ions found mostly in the coastal zones in the western part of the study area. The average TDS value of the mixed groundwater facies is 945.7 mg/l, whereas the average TDS value is 3149.7 mg/l for the $ SO_{4} $ + Cl + $ NO_{3} $ anionic species. Greater influence of rainfall recharge can be observed in the mixed-water species, while saline water mixing or rock–water interaction can be seen in the $ SO_{4} $–Cl–$ NO_{3} $ type of anionic species. However, ionic ratios point more toward rock–water interaction rather than saline water mixing in the groundwater facies dominated by $ SO_{4} $–Cl–$ NO_{3} $ ions. This interpretation is also supported by the presence of sabkhas (salt flats) in the coastal zones where its interaction with the groundwater has resulted in high Cl and $ SO_{4} $ concentration. Cl/Br ratios which have often been used to detect saline water intrusion in coastal zones also do not support saline water intrusion in the study area. Ionic ratios point toward dissolution and base ion exchange as the main factors influencing the groundwater chemistry. Silicate weathering and silica dissolution are also found in the area. Saturation indices point toward gypsum and halite dissolution. The average $ NO_{3} $ concentration is 157.80 mg/l and is mostly attributed to the agricultural practices in the region. The presence of shallow unconfined aquifers facilitate the easy percolation of irrigation return flows enriched in $ NO_{3} $ concentration from the application of inorganic fertilizers on the agricultural farms. Tihama coastal plain (dpeaa)DE-He213 Jazan Province (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hydrochemical facies (dpeaa)DE-He213 Silicate weathering (dpeaa)DE-He213 Al-Bassam, Abdulaziz M. aut Kassem, Osama M. K. aut Alfaifi, Hussain J. aut Alhumidan, Saad M. aut Enthalten in Environmental earth sciences Berlin : Springer, 2009 76(2017), 14 vom: 11. Juli (DE-627)599673451 (DE-600)2493699-6 1866-6299 nnns volume:76 year:2017 number:14 day:11 month:07 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6817-0 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2360 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 76 2017 14 11 07 |
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Zaidi, Faisal K. @@aut@@ Al-Bassam, Abdulaziz M. @@aut@@ Kassem, Osama M. K. @@aut@@ Alfaifi, Hussain J. @@aut@@ Alhumidan, Saad M. @@aut@@ |
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The present work deals with the assessment of factors which affects the groundwater chemistry in parts of the Tihama coastal plains in the Jazan Province of southern Saudi Arabia. Hydrochemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, major ions, $ NO_{3} $ and $ SiO_{2} $) were obtained from 263 wells and were interpreted. Hydrochemical facies analyses revealed two main types of groundwater facies, i.e., the mixed groundwater facies predominantly confined to the eastern and central part of the study area (away from the coast) and groundwater facies dominated by $ SO_{4} $ + Cl + $ NO_{3} $ ions found mostly in the coastal zones in the western part of the study area. The average TDS value of the mixed groundwater facies is 945.7 mg/l, whereas the average TDS value is 3149.7 mg/l for the $ SO_{4} $ + Cl + $ NO_{3} $ anionic species. Greater influence of rainfall recharge can be observed in the mixed-water species, while saline water mixing or rock–water interaction can be seen in the $ SO_{4} $–Cl–$ NO_{3} $ type of anionic species. However, ionic ratios point more toward rock–water interaction rather than saline water mixing in the groundwater facies dominated by $ SO_{4} $–Cl–$ NO_{3} $ ions. This interpretation is also supported by the presence of sabkhas (salt flats) in the coastal zones where its interaction with the groundwater has resulted in high Cl and $ SO_{4} $ concentration. Cl/Br ratios which have often been used to detect saline water intrusion in coastal zones also do not support saline water intrusion in the study area. Ionic ratios point toward dissolution and base ion exchange as the main factors influencing the groundwater chemistry. Silicate weathering and silica dissolution are also found in the area. Saturation indices point toward gypsum and halite dissolution. The average $ NO_{3} $ concentration is 157.80 mg/l and is mostly attributed to the agricultural practices in the region. The presence of shallow unconfined aquifers facilitate the easy percolation of irrigation return flows enriched in $ NO_{3} $ concentration from the application of inorganic fertilizers on the agricultural farms.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Tihama coastal plain</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Jazan Province</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Hydrochemical facies</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Silicate weathering</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Al-Bassam, Abdulaziz M.</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Kassem, Osama M. 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Zaidi, Faisal K. |
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Zaidi, Faisal K. misc Tihama coastal plain misc Jazan Province misc Hydrochemical facies misc Silicate weathering Factors influencing the major ion chemistry in the Tihama coastal plain of southern Saudi Arabia: evidences from hydrochemical facies analyses and ionic relationships |
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Factors influencing the major ion chemistry in the Tihama coastal plain of southern Saudi Arabia: evidences from hydrochemical facies analyses and ionic relationships Tihama coastal plain (dpeaa)DE-He213 Jazan Province (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hydrochemical facies (dpeaa)DE-He213 Silicate weathering (dpeaa)DE-He213 |
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misc Tihama coastal plain misc Jazan Province misc Hydrochemical facies misc Silicate weathering |
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Factors influencing the major ion chemistry in the Tihama coastal plain of southern Saudi Arabia: evidences from hydrochemical facies analyses and ionic relationships |
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Factors influencing the major ion chemistry in the Tihama coastal plain of southern Saudi Arabia: evidences from hydrochemical facies analyses and ionic relationships |
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Zaidi, Faisal K. |
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Zaidi, Faisal K. Al-Bassam, Abdulaziz M. Kassem, Osama M. K. Alfaifi, Hussain J. Alhumidan, Saad M. |
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Zaidi, Faisal K. |
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10.1007/s12665-017-6817-0 |
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factors influencing the major ion chemistry in the tihama coastal plain of southern saudi arabia: evidences from hydrochemical facies analyses and ionic relationships |
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Factors influencing the major ion chemistry in the Tihama coastal plain of southern Saudi Arabia: evidences from hydrochemical facies analyses and ionic relationships |
| abstract |
Abstract Coastal aquifers across the globe have been a subject of extensive research mainly because of problems related to saline water intrusion as a consequence of global climate changes and overabstraction of groundwater. The present work deals with the assessment of factors which affects the groundwater chemistry in parts of the Tihama coastal plains in the Jazan Province of southern Saudi Arabia. Hydrochemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, major ions, $ NO_{3} $ and $ SiO_{2} $) were obtained from 263 wells and were interpreted. Hydrochemical facies analyses revealed two main types of groundwater facies, i.e., the mixed groundwater facies predominantly confined to the eastern and central part of the study area (away from the coast) and groundwater facies dominated by $ SO_{4} $ + Cl + $ NO_{3} $ ions found mostly in the coastal zones in the western part of the study area. The average TDS value of the mixed groundwater facies is 945.7 mg/l, whereas the average TDS value is 3149.7 mg/l for the $ SO_{4} $ + Cl + $ NO_{3} $ anionic species. Greater influence of rainfall recharge can be observed in the mixed-water species, while saline water mixing or rock–water interaction can be seen in the $ SO_{4} $–Cl–$ NO_{3} $ type of anionic species. However, ionic ratios point more toward rock–water interaction rather than saline water mixing in the groundwater facies dominated by $ SO_{4} $–Cl–$ NO_{3} $ ions. This interpretation is also supported by the presence of sabkhas (salt flats) in the coastal zones where its interaction with the groundwater has resulted in high Cl and $ SO_{4} $ concentration. Cl/Br ratios which have often been used to detect saline water intrusion in coastal zones also do not support saline water intrusion in the study area. Ionic ratios point toward dissolution and base ion exchange as the main factors influencing the groundwater chemistry. Silicate weathering and silica dissolution are also found in the area. Saturation indices point toward gypsum and halite dissolution. The average $ NO_{3} $ concentration is 157.80 mg/l and is mostly attributed to the agricultural practices in the region. The presence of shallow unconfined aquifers facilitate the easy percolation of irrigation return flows enriched in $ NO_{3} $ concentration from the application of inorganic fertilizers on the agricultural farms. © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017 |
| abstractGer |
Abstract Coastal aquifers across the globe have been a subject of extensive research mainly because of problems related to saline water intrusion as a consequence of global climate changes and overabstraction of groundwater. The present work deals with the assessment of factors which affects the groundwater chemistry in parts of the Tihama coastal plains in the Jazan Province of southern Saudi Arabia. Hydrochemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, major ions, $ NO_{3} $ and $ SiO_{2} $) were obtained from 263 wells and were interpreted. Hydrochemical facies analyses revealed two main types of groundwater facies, i.e., the mixed groundwater facies predominantly confined to the eastern and central part of the study area (away from the coast) and groundwater facies dominated by $ SO_{4} $ + Cl + $ NO_{3} $ ions found mostly in the coastal zones in the western part of the study area. The average TDS value of the mixed groundwater facies is 945.7 mg/l, whereas the average TDS value is 3149.7 mg/l for the $ SO_{4} $ + Cl + $ NO_{3} $ anionic species. Greater influence of rainfall recharge can be observed in the mixed-water species, while saline water mixing or rock–water interaction can be seen in the $ SO_{4} $–Cl–$ NO_{3} $ type of anionic species. However, ionic ratios point more toward rock–water interaction rather than saline water mixing in the groundwater facies dominated by $ SO_{4} $–Cl–$ NO_{3} $ ions. This interpretation is also supported by the presence of sabkhas (salt flats) in the coastal zones where its interaction with the groundwater has resulted in high Cl and $ SO_{4} $ concentration. Cl/Br ratios which have often been used to detect saline water intrusion in coastal zones also do not support saline water intrusion in the study area. Ionic ratios point toward dissolution and base ion exchange as the main factors influencing the groundwater chemistry. Silicate weathering and silica dissolution are also found in the area. Saturation indices point toward gypsum and halite dissolution. The average $ NO_{3} $ concentration is 157.80 mg/l and is mostly attributed to the agricultural practices in the region. The presence of shallow unconfined aquifers facilitate the easy percolation of irrigation return flows enriched in $ NO_{3} $ concentration from the application of inorganic fertilizers on the agricultural farms. © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017 |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Abstract Coastal aquifers across the globe have been a subject of extensive research mainly because of problems related to saline water intrusion as a consequence of global climate changes and overabstraction of groundwater. The present work deals with the assessment of factors which affects the groundwater chemistry in parts of the Tihama coastal plains in the Jazan Province of southern Saudi Arabia. Hydrochemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, major ions, $ NO_{3} $ and $ SiO_{2} $) were obtained from 263 wells and were interpreted. Hydrochemical facies analyses revealed two main types of groundwater facies, i.e., the mixed groundwater facies predominantly confined to the eastern and central part of the study area (away from the coast) and groundwater facies dominated by $ SO_{4} $ + Cl + $ NO_{3} $ ions found mostly in the coastal zones in the western part of the study area. The average TDS value of the mixed groundwater facies is 945.7 mg/l, whereas the average TDS value is 3149.7 mg/l for the $ SO_{4} $ + Cl + $ NO_{3} $ anionic species. Greater influence of rainfall recharge can be observed in the mixed-water species, while saline water mixing or rock–water interaction can be seen in the $ SO_{4} $–Cl–$ NO_{3} $ type of anionic species. However, ionic ratios point more toward rock–water interaction rather than saline water mixing in the groundwater facies dominated by $ SO_{4} $–Cl–$ NO_{3} $ ions. This interpretation is also supported by the presence of sabkhas (salt flats) in the coastal zones where its interaction with the groundwater has resulted in high Cl and $ SO_{4} $ concentration. Cl/Br ratios which have often been used to detect saline water intrusion in coastal zones also do not support saline water intrusion in the study area. Ionic ratios point toward dissolution and base ion exchange as the main factors influencing the groundwater chemistry. Silicate weathering and silica dissolution are also found in the area. Saturation indices point toward gypsum and halite dissolution. The average $ NO_{3} $ concentration is 157.80 mg/l and is mostly attributed to the agricultural practices in the region. The presence of shallow unconfined aquifers facilitate the easy percolation of irrigation return flows enriched in $ NO_{3} $ concentration from the application of inorganic fertilizers on the agricultural farms. © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017 |
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| title_short |
Factors influencing the major ion chemistry in the Tihama coastal plain of southern Saudi Arabia: evidences from hydrochemical facies analyses and ionic relationships |
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https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6817-0 |
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Al-Bassam, Abdulaziz M. Kassem, Osama M. K. Alfaifi, Hussain J. Alhumidan, Saad M. |
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| score |
7.4013233 |