Glucose prediction by analysis of exhaled metabolites – a systematic review

Background In critically ill patients, glucose control with insulin mandates time– and blood–consuming glucose monitoring. Blood glucose level fluctuations are accompanied by metabolomic changes that alter the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOC), which are detectable in exhaled breath. T...
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Autor*in:	Leopold, Jan Hendrik [verfasserIn] van Hooijdonk, Roosmarijn TM Sterk, Peter J Abu-Hanna, Ameen Schultz, Marcus J Bos, Lieuwe DJ

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2014

Schlagwörter:	Glucose Monitoring Volatile organic compound Breath

Anmerkung:	© Leopold et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: BMC anesthesiology - [S.l.] : BioMed Central, 2001, 14(2014), 1 vom: 17. Juni
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:14 ; year:2014 ; number:1 ; day:17 ; month:06

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1186/1471-2253-14-46

Katalog-ID:	SPR027318184

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520			\|a Background In critically ill patients, glucose control with insulin mandates time– and blood–consuming glucose monitoring. Blood glucose level fluctuations are accompanied by metabolomic changes that alter the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOC), which are detectable in exhaled breath. This review systematically summarizes the available data on the ability of changes in VOC composition to predict blood glucose levels and changes in blood glucose levels. Methods A systematic search was performed in PubMed. Studies were included when an association between blood glucose levels and VOCs in exhaled air was investigated, using a technique that allows for separation, quantification and identification of individual VOCs. Only studies on humans were included. Results Nine studies were included out of 1041 identified in the search. Authors of seven studies observed a significant correlation between blood glucose levels and selected VOCs in exhaled air. Authors of two studies did not observe a strong correlation. Blood glucose levels were associated with the following VOCs: ketone bodies (e.g., acetone), VOCs produced by gut flora (e.g., ethanol, methanol, and propane), exogenous compounds (e.g., ethyl benzene, o–xylene, and m/p–xylene) and markers of oxidative stress (e.g., methyl nitrate, 2–pentyl nitrate, and CO). Conclusion There is a relation between blood glucose levels and VOC composition in exhaled air. These results warrant clinical validation of exhaled breath analysis to monitor blood glucose levels.
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allfields	10.1186/1471-2253-14-46 doi (DE-627)SPR027318184 (SPR)1471-2253-14-46-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Leopold, Jan Hendrik verfasserin aut Glucose prediction by analysis of exhaled metabolites – a systematic review 2014 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Leopold et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 Background In critically ill patients, glucose control with insulin mandates time– and blood–consuming glucose monitoring. Blood glucose level fluctuations are accompanied by metabolomic changes that alter the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOC), which are detectable in exhaled breath. This review systematically summarizes the available data on the ability of changes in VOC composition to predict blood glucose levels and changes in blood glucose levels. Methods A systematic search was performed in PubMed. Studies were included when an association between blood glucose levels and VOCs in exhaled air was investigated, using a technique that allows for separation, quantification and identification of individual VOCs. Only studies on humans were included. Results Nine studies were included out of 1041 identified in the search. Authors of seven studies observed a significant correlation between blood glucose levels and selected VOCs in exhaled air. Authors of two studies did not observe a strong correlation. Blood glucose levels were associated with the following VOCs: ketone bodies (e.g., acetone), VOCs produced by gut flora (e.g., ethanol, methanol, and propane), exogenous compounds (e.g., ethyl benzene, o–xylene, and m/p–xylene) and markers of oxidative stress (e.g., methyl nitrate, 2–pentyl nitrate, and CO). Conclusion There is a relation between blood glucose levels and VOC composition in exhaled air. These results warrant clinical validation of exhaled breath analysis to monitor blood glucose levels. Glucose (dpeaa)DE-He213 Monitoring (dpeaa)DE-He213 Volatile organic compound (dpeaa)DE-He213 Breath (dpeaa)DE-He213 van Hooijdonk, Roosmarijn TM aut Sterk, Peter J aut Abu-Hanna, Ameen aut Schultz, Marcus J aut Bos, Lieuwe DJ aut Enthalten in BMC anesthesiology [S.l.] : BioMed Central, 2001 14(2014), 1 vom: 17. Juni (DE-627)355422115 (DE-600)2091252-3 1471-2253 nnns volume:14 year:2014 number:1 day:17 month:06 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2253-14-46 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2014 1 17 06
spelling	10.1186/1471-2253-14-46 doi (DE-627)SPR027318184 (SPR)1471-2253-14-46-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Leopold, Jan Hendrik verfasserin aut Glucose prediction by analysis of exhaled metabolites – a systematic review 2014 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Leopold et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 Background In critically ill patients, glucose control with insulin mandates time– and blood–consuming glucose monitoring. Blood glucose level fluctuations are accompanied by metabolomic changes that alter the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOC), which are detectable in exhaled breath. This review systematically summarizes the available data on the ability of changes in VOC composition to predict blood glucose levels and changes in blood glucose levels. Methods A systematic search was performed in PubMed. Studies were included when an association between blood glucose levels and VOCs in exhaled air was investigated, using a technique that allows for separation, quantification and identification of individual VOCs. Only studies on humans were included. Results Nine studies were included out of 1041 identified in the search. Authors of seven studies observed a significant correlation between blood glucose levels and selected VOCs in exhaled air. Authors of two studies did not observe a strong correlation. Blood glucose levels were associated with the following VOCs: ketone bodies (e.g., acetone), VOCs produced by gut flora (e.g., ethanol, methanol, and propane), exogenous compounds (e.g., ethyl benzene, o–xylene, and m/p–xylene) and markers of oxidative stress (e.g., methyl nitrate, 2–pentyl nitrate, and CO). Conclusion There is a relation between blood glucose levels and VOC composition in exhaled air. These results warrant clinical validation of exhaled breath analysis to monitor blood glucose levels. Glucose (dpeaa)DE-He213 Monitoring (dpeaa)DE-He213 Volatile organic compound (dpeaa)DE-He213 Breath (dpeaa)DE-He213 van Hooijdonk, Roosmarijn TM aut Sterk, Peter J aut Abu-Hanna, Ameen aut Schultz, Marcus J aut Bos, Lieuwe DJ aut Enthalten in BMC anesthesiology [S.l.] : BioMed Central, 2001 14(2014), 1 vom: 17. Juni (DE-627)355422115 (DE-600)2091252-3 1471-2253 nnns volume:14 year:2014 number:1 day:17 month:06 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2253-14-46 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2014 1 17 06
allfields_unstemmed	10.1186/1471-2253-14-46 doi (DE-627)SPR027318184 (SPR)1471-2253-14-46-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Leopold, Jan Hendrik verfasserin aut Glucose prediction by analysis of exhaled metabolites – a systematic review 2014 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Leopold et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 Background In critically ill patients, glucose control with insulin mandates time– and blood–consuming glucose monitoring. Blood glucose level fluctuations are accompanied by metabolomic changes that alter the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOC), which are detectable in exhaled breath. This review systematically summarizes the available data on the ability of changes in VOC composition to predict blood glucose levels and changes in blood glucose levels. Methods A systematic search was performed in PubMed. Studies were included when an association between blood glucose levels and VOCs in exhaled air was investigated, using a technique that allows for separation, quantification and identification of individual VOCs. Only studies on humans were included. Results Nine studies were included out of 1041 identified in the search. Authors of seven studies observed a significant correlation between blood glucose levels and selected VOCs in exhaled air. Authors of two studies did not observe a strong correlation. Blood glucose levels were associated with the following VOCs: ketone bodies (e.g., acetone), VOCs produced by gut flora (e.g., ethanol, methanol, and propane), exogenous compounds (e.g., ethyl benzene, o–xylene, and m/p–xylene) and markers of oxidative stress (e.g., methyl nitrate, 2–pentyl nitrate, and CO). Conclusion There is a relation between blood glucose levels and VOC composition in exhaled air. These results warrant clinical validation of exhaled breath analysis to monitor blood glucose levels. Glucose (dpeaa)DE-He213 Monitoring (dpeaa)DE-He213 Volatile organic compound (dpeaa)DE-He213 Breath (dpeaa)DE-He213 van Hooijdonk, Roosmarijn TM aut Sterk, Peter J aut Abu-Hanna, Ameen aut Schultz, Marcus J aut Bos, Lieuwe DJ aut Enthalten in BMC anesthesiology [S.l.] : BioMed Central, 2001 14(2014), 1 vom: 17. Juni (DE-627)355422115 (DE-600)2091252-3 1471-2253 nnns volume:14 year:2014 number:1 day:17 month:06 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2253-14-46 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2014 1 17 06
allfieldsGer	10.1186/1471-2253-14-46 doi (DE-627)SPR027318184 (SPR)1471-2253-14-46-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Leopold, Jan Hendrik verfasserin aut Glucose prediction by analysis of exhaled metabolites – a systematic review 2014 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Leopold et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 Background In critically ill patients, glucose control with insulin mandates time– and blood–consuming glucose monitoring. Blood glucose level fluctuations are accompanied by metabolomic changes that alter the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOC), which are detectable in exhaled breath. This review systematically summarizes the available data on the ability of changes in VOC composition to predict blood glucose levels and changes in blood glucose levels. Methods A systematic search was performed in PubMed. Studies were included when an association between blood glucose levels and VOCs in exhaled air was investigated, using a technique that allows for separation, quantification and identification of individual VOCs. Only studies on humans were included. Results Nine studies were included out of 1041 identified in the search. Authors of seven studies observed a significant correlation between blood glucose levels and selected VOCs in exhaled air. Authors of two studies did not observe a strong correlation. Blood glucose levels were associated with the following VOCs: ketone bodies (e.g., acetone), VOCs produced by gut flora (e.g., ethanol, methanol, and propane), exogenous compounds (e.g., ethyl benzene, o–xylene, and m/p–xylene) and markers of oxidative stress (e.g., methyl nitrate, 2–pentyl nitrate, and CO). Conclusion There is a relation between blood glucose levels and VOC composition in exhaled air. These results warrant clinical validation of exhaled breath analysis to monitor blood glucose levels. Glucose (dpeaa)DE-He213 Monitoring (dpeaa)DE-He213 Volatile organic compound (dpeaa)DE-He213 Breath (dpeaa)DE-He213 van Hooijdonk, Roosmarijn TM aut Sterk, Peter J aut Abu-Hanna, Ameen aut Schultz, Marcus J aut Bos, Lieuwe DJ aut Enthalten in BMC anesthesiology [S.l.] : BioMed Central, 2001 14(2014), 1 vom: 17. Juni (DE-627)355422115 (DE-600)2091252-3 1471-2253 nnns volume:14 year:2014 number:1 day:17 month:06 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2253-14-46 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2014 1 17 06
allfieldsSound	10.1186/1471-2253-14-46 doi (DE-627)SPR027318184 (SPR)1471-2253-14-46-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Leopold, Jan Hendrik verfasserin aut Glucose prediction by analysis of exhaled metabolites – a systematic review 2014 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Leopold et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 Background In critically ill patients, glucose control with insulin mandates time– and blood–consuming glucose monitoring. Blood glucose level fluctuations are accompanied by metabolomic changes that alter the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOC), which are detectable in exhaled breath. This review systematically summarizes the available data on the ability of changes in VOC composition to predict blood glucose levels and changes in blood glucose levels. Methods A systematic search was performed in PubMed. Studies were included when an association between blood glucose levels and VOCs in exhaled air was investigated, using a technique that allows for separation, quantification and identification of individual VOCs. Only studies on humans were included. Results Nine studies were included out of 1041 identified in the search. Authors of seven studies observed a significant correlation between blood glucose levels and selected VOCs in exhaled air. Authors of two studies did not observe a strong correlation. Blood glucose levels were associated with the following VOCs: ketone bodies (e.g., acetone), VOCs produced by gut flora (e.g., ethanol, methanol, and propane), exogenous compounds (e.g., ethyl benzene, o–xylene, and m/p–xylene) and markers of oxidative stress (e.g., methyl nitrate, 2–pentyl nitrate, and CO). Conclusion There is a relation between blood glucose levels and VOC composition in exhaled air. These results warrant clinical validation of exhaled breath analysis to monitor blood glucose levels. Glucose (dpeaa)DE-He213 Monitoring (dpeaa)DE-He213 Volatile organic compound (dpeaa)DE-He213 Breath (dpeaa)DE-He213 van Hooijdonk, Roosmarijn TM aut Sterk, Peter J aut Abu-Hanna, Ameen aut Schultz, Marcus J aut Bos, Lieuwe DJ aut Enthalten in BMC anesthesiology [S.l.] : BioMed Central, 2001 14(2014), 1 vom: 17. Juni (DE-627)355422115 (DE-600)2091252-3 1471-2253 nnns volume:14 year:2014 number:1 day:17 month:06 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2253-14-46 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2014 1 17 06
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source	Enthalten in BMC anesthesiology 14(2014), 1 vom: 17. Juni volume:14 year:2014 number:1 day:17 month:06
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authorswithroles_txt_mv	Leopold, Jan Hendrik @@aut@@ van Hooijdonk, Roosmarijn TM @@aut@@ Sterk, Peter J @@aut@@ Abu-Hanna, Ameen @@aut@@ Schultz, Marcus J @@aut@@ Bos, Lieuwe DJ @@aut@@
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Blood glucose levels were associated with the following VOCs: ketone bodies (e.g., acetone), VOCs produced by gut flora (e.g., ethanol, methanol, and propane), exogenous compounds (e.g., ethyl benzene, o–xylene, and m/p–xylene) and markers of oxidative stress (e.g., methyl nitrate, 2–pentyl nitrate, and CO). Conclusion There is a relation between blood glucose levels and VOC composition in exhaled air. 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author	Leopold, Jan Hendrik
spellingShingle	Leopold, Jan Hendrik misc Glucose misc Monitoring misc Volatile organic compound misc Breath Glucose prediction by analysis of exhaled metabolites – a systematic review
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topic_title	Glucose prediction by analysis of exhaled metabolites – a systematic review Glucose (dpeaa)DE-He213 Monitoring (dpeaa)DE-He213 Volatile organic compound (dpeaa)DE-He213 Breath (dpeaa)DE-He213
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title	Glucose prediction by analysis of exhaled metabolites – a systematic review
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title_full	Glucose prediction by analysis of exhaled metabolites – a systematic review
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author_browse	Leopold, Jan Hendrik van Hooijdonk, Roosmarijn TM Sterk, Peter J Abu-Hanna, Ameen Schultz, Marcus J Bos, Lieuwe DJ
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author-letter	Leopold, Jan Hendrik
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title_sort	glucose prediction by analysis of exhaled metabolites – a systematic review
title_auth	Glucose prediction by analysis of exhaled metabolites – a systematic review
abstract	Background In critically ill patients, glucose control with insulin mandates time– and blood–consuming glucose monitoring. Blood glucose level fluctuations are accompanied by metabolomic changes that alter the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOC), which are detectable in exhaled breath. This review systematically summarizes the available data on the ability of changes in VOC composition to predict blood glucose levels and changes in blood glucose levels. Methods A systematic search was performed in PubMed. Studies were included when an association between blood glucose levels and VOCs in exhaled air was investigated, using a technique that allows for separation, quantification and identification of individual VOCs. Only studies on humans were included. Results Nine studies were included out of 1041 identified in the search. Authors of seven studies observed a significant correlation between blood glucose levels and selected VOCs in exhaled air. Authors of two studies did not observe a strong correlation. Blood glucose levels were associated with the following VOCs: ketone bodies (e.g., acetone), VOCs produced by gut flora (e.g., ethanol, methanol, and propane), exogenous compounds (e.g., ethyl benzene, o–xylene, and m/p–xylene) and markers of oxidative stress (e.g., methyl nitrate, 2–pentyl nitrate, and CO). Conclusion There is a relation between blood glucose levels and VOC composition in exhaled air. These results warrant clinical validation of exhaled breath analysis to monitor blood glucose levels. © Leopold et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
abstractGer	Background In critically ill patients, glucose control with insulin mandates time– and blood–consuming glucose monitoring. Blood glucose level fluctuations are accompanied by metabolomic changes that alter the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOC), which are detectable in exhaled breath. This review systematically summarizes the available data on the ability of changes in VOC composition to predict blood glucose levels and changes in blood glucose levels. Methods A systematic search was performed in PubMed. Studies were included when an association between blood glucose levels and VOCs in exhaled air was investigated, using a technique that allows for separation, quantification and identification of individual VOCs. Only studies on humans were included. Results Nine studies were included out of 1041 identified in the search. Authors of seven studies observed a significant correlation between blood glucose levels and selected VOCs in exhaled air. Authors of two studies did not observe a strong correlation. Blood glucose levels were associated with the following VOCs: ketone bodies (e.g., acetone), VOCs produced by gut flora (e.g., ethanol, methanol, and propane), exogenous compounds (e.g., ethyl benzene, o–xylene, and m/p–xylene) and markers of oxidative stress (e.g., methyl nitrate, 2–pentyl nitrate, and CO). Conclusion There is a relation between blood glucose levels and VOC composition in exhaled air. These results warrant clinical validation of exhaled breath analysis to monitor blood glucose levels. © Leopold et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
abstract_unstemmed	Background In critically ill patients, glucose control with insulin mandates time– and blood–consuming glucose monitoring. Blood glucose level fluctuations are accompanied by metabolomic changes that alter the composition of volatile organic compounds (VOC), which are detectable in exhaled breath. This review systematically summarizes the available data on the ability of changes in VOC composition to predict blood glucose levels and changes in blood glucose levels. Methods A systematic search was performed in PubMed. Studies were included when an association between blood glucose levels and VOCs in exhaled air was investigated, using a technique that allows for separation, quantification and identification of individual VOCs. Only studies on humans were included. Results Nine studies were included out of 1041 identified in the search. Authors of seven studies observed a significant correlation between blood glucose levels and selected VOCs in exhaled air. Authors of two studies did not observe a strong correlation. Blood glucose levels were associated with the following VOCs: ketone bodies (e.g., acetone), VOCs produced by gut flora (e.g., ethanol, methanol, and propane), exogenous compounds (e.g., ethyl benzene, o–xylene, and m/p–xylene) and markers of oxidative stress (e.g., methyl nitrate, 2–pentyl nitrate, and CO). Conclusion There is a relation between blood glucose levels and VOC composition in exhaled air. These results warrant clinical validation of exhaled breath analysis to monitor blood glucose levels. © Leopold et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
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title_short	Glucose prediction by analysis of exhaled metabolites – a systematic review
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author2	van Hooijdonk, Roosmarijn TM Sterk, Peter J Abu-Hanna, Ameen Schultz, Marcus J Bos, Lieuwe DJ
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Blood glucose levels were associated with the following VOCs: ketone bodies (e.g., acetone), VOCs produced by gut flora (e.g., ethanol, methanol, and propane), exogenous compounds (e.g., ethyl benzene, o–xylene, and m/p–xylene) and markers of oxidative stress (e.g., methyl nitrate, 2–pentyl nitrate, and CO). Conclusion There is a relation between blood glucose levels and VOC composition in exhaled air. 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Glucose prediction by analysis of exhaled metabolites – a systematic review

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