Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) modulates the function of inflammatory immunocompetent cells
Background In Europe, extracts of Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) have a long tradition in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. To understand the molecular basis for its use, we investigated the immunomodulatory capacity of a standardized commercially available common horsetail extract on h...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Gründemann, Carsten [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2014 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Anmerkung: |
© Gründemann et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: BMC complementary and alternative medicine - London : BioMed Central, 2001, 14(2014), 1 vom: 04. Aug. |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:14 ; year:2014 ; number:1 ; day:04 ; month:08 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1186/1472-6882-14-283 |
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SPR028127722 |
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| 520 | |a Background In Europe, extracts of Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) have a long tradition in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. To understand the molecular basis for its use, we investigated the immunomodulatory capacity of a standardized commercially available common horsetail extract on human primary lymphocyte function in vitro. Methods The standardized extract of Equisetum arvense was phytochemically characterized. Effects on proliferation, viability and activity of mitogen-activated human lymphocytes were assessed in comparison to cyclosporine A using annexin V/propidium iodide staining assays and flow cytometry-based surface receptor characterization, respectively. Intracellular levels of effector molecules (IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α) were analyzed with cytokine assays. Results T cell proliferation was inhibited dose dependently by the Equisetum extract without induction of apoptosis or necrosis. This effect was mediated through inhibition of lymphocyte activation, specifically by diminishing CD69 and IL-2 surface receptor expression and intracellular IL-2 production. Furthermore, treatment with Equisetum arvense inhibited effector functions, as indicated by reduced production of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Conclusions The data indicate that the used extract of Equisetum arvense interferes with the polyfunctionality of immunocompetent cells thereby providing an anti-inflammatory mode-of-action. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Lymphocytes |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Immunosuppression |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Anthroposophical Medicine |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Lengen, Karin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Sauer, Barbara |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Garcia-Käufer, Manuel |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Zehl, Martin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Huber, Roman |4 aut | |
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10.1186/1472-6882-14-283 doi (DE-627)SPR028127722 (SPR)1472-6882-14-283-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Gründemann, Carsten verfasserin aut Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) modulates the function of inflammatory immunocompetent cells 2014 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Gründemann et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 Background In Europe, extracts of Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) have a long tradition in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. To understand the molecular basis for its use, we investigated the immunomodulatory capacity of a standardized commercially available common horsetail extract on human primary lymphocyte function in vitro. Methods The standardized extract of Equisetum arvense was phytochemically characterized. Effects on proliferation, viability and activity of mitogen-activated human lymphocytes were assessed in comparison to cyclosporine A using annexin V/propidium iodide staining assays and flow cytometry-based surface receptor characterization, respectively. Intracellular levels of effector molecules (IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α) were analyzed with cytokine assays. Results T cell proliferation was inhibited dose dependently by the Equisetum extract without induction of apoptosis or necrosis. This effect was mediated through inhibition of lymphocyte activation, specifically by diminishing CD69 and IL-2 surface receptor expression and intracellular IL-2 production. Furthermore, treatment with Equisetum arvense inhibited effector functions, as indicated by reduced production of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Conclusions The data indicate that the used extract of Equisetum arvense interferes with the polyfunctionality of immunocompetent cells thereby providing an anti-inflammatory mode-of-action. Equisetopsida (dpeaa)DE-He213 Horsetail (dpeaa)DE-He213 Inflammation (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lymphocytes (dpeaa)DE-He213 Immunosuppression (dpeaa)DE-He213 Anthroposophical Medicine (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lengen, Karin aut Sauer, Barbara aut Garcia-Käufer, Manuel aut Zehl, Martin aut Huber, Roman aut Enthalten in BMC complementary and alternative medicine London : BioMed Central, 2001 14(2014), 1 vom: 04. Aug. (DE-627)331018713 (DE-600)2050429-9 1472-6882 nnns volume:14 year:2014 number:1 day:04 month:08 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-283 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2014 1 04 08 |
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10.1186/1472-6882-14-283 doi (DE-627)SPR028127722 (SPR)1472-6882-14-283-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Gründemann, Carsten verfasserin aut Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) modulates the function of inflammatory immunocompetent cells 2014 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Gründemann et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 Background In Europe, extracts of Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) have a long tradition in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. To understand the molecular basis for its use, we investigated the immunomodulatory capacity of a standardized commercially available common horsetail extract on human primary lymphocyte function in vitro. Methods The standardized extract of Equisetum arvense was phytochemically characterized. Effects on proliferation, viability and activity of mitogen-activated human lymphocytes were assessed in comparison to cyclosporine A using annexin V/propidium iodide staining assays and flow cytometry-based surface receptor characterization, respectively. Intracellular levels of effector molecules (IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α) were analyzed with cytokine assays. Results T cell proliferation was inhibited dose dependently by the Equisetum extract without induction of apoptosis or necrosis. This effect was mediated through inhibition of lymphocyte activation, specifically by diminishing CD69 and IL-2 surface receptor expression and intracellular IL-2 production. Furthermore, treatment with Equisetum arvense inhibited effector functions, as indicated by reduced production of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Conclusions The data indicate that the used extract of Equisetum arvense interferes with the polyfunctionality of immunocompetent cells thereby providing an anti-inflammatory mode-of-action. Equisetopsida (dpeaa)DE-He213 Horsetail (dpeaa)DE-He213 Inflammation (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lymphocytes (dpeaa)DE-He213 Immunosuppression (dpeaa)DE-He213 Anthroposophical Medicine (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lengen, Karin aut Sauer, Barbara aut Garcia-Käufer, Manuel aut Zehl, Martin aut Huber, Roman aut Enthalten in BMC complementary and alternative medicine London : BioMed Central, 2001 14(2014), 1 vom: 04. Aug. (DE-627)331018713 (DE-600)2050429-9 1472-6882 nnns volume:14 year:2014 number:1 day:04 month:08 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-283 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2014 1 04 08 |
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10.1186/1472-6882-14-283 doi (DE-627)SPR028127722 (SPR)1472-6882-14-283-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Gründemann, Carsten verfasserin aut Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) modulates the function of inflammatory immunocompetent cells 2014 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Gründemann et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 Background In Europe, extracts of Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) have a long tradition in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. To understand the molecular basis for its use, we investigated the immunomodulatory capacity of a standardized commercially available common horsetail extract on human primary lymphocyte function in vitro. Methods The standardized extract of Equisetum arvense was phytochemically characterized. Effects on proliferation, viability and activity of mitogen-activated human lymphocytes were assessed in comparison to cyclosporine A using annexin V/propidium iodide staining assays and flow cytometry-based surface receptor characterization, respectively. Intracellular levels of effector molecules (IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α) were analyzed with cytokine assays. Results T cell proliferation was inhibited dose dependently by the Equisetum extract without induction of apoptosis or necrosis. This effect was mediated through inhibition of lymphocyte activation, specifically by diminishing CD69 and IL-2 surface receptor expression and intracellular IL-2 production. Furthermore, treatment with Equisetum arvense inhibited effector functions, as indicated by reduced production of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Conclusions The data indicate that the used extract of Equisetum arvense interferes with the polyfunctionality of immunocompetent cells thereby providing an anti-inflammatory mode-of-action. Equisetopsida (dpeaa)DE-He213 Horsetail (dpeaa)DE-He213 Inflammation (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lymphocytes (dpeaa)DE-He213 Immunosuppression (dpeaa)DE-He213 Anthroposophical Medicine (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lengen, Karin aut Sauer, Barbara aut Garcia-Käufer, Manuel aut Zehl, Martin aut Huber, Roman aut Enthalten in BMC complementary and alternative medicine London : BioMed Central, 2001 14(2014), 1 vom: 04. Aug. (DE-627)331018713 (DE-600)2050429-9 1472-6882 nnns volume:14 year:2014 number:1 day:04 month:08 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-283 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2014 1 04 08 |
| allfieldsGer |
10.1186/1472-6882-14-283 doi (DE-627)SPR028127722 (SPR)1472-6882-14-283-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Gründemann, Carsten verfasserin aut Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) modulates the function of inflammatory immunocompetent cells 2014 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Gründemann et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 Background In Europe, extracts of Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) have a long tradition in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. To understand the molecular basis for its use, we investigated the immunomodulatory capacity of a standardized commercially available common horsetail extract on human primary lymphocyte function in vitro. Methods The standardized extract of Equisetum arvense was phytochemically characterized. Effects on proliferation, viability and activity of mitogen-activated human lymphocytes were assessed in comparison to cyclosporine A using annexin V/propidium iodide staining assays and flow cytometry-based surface receptor characterization, respectively. Intracellular levels of effector molecules (IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α) were analyzed with cytokine assays. Results T cell proliferation was inhibited dose dependently by the Equisetum extract without induction of apoptosis or necrosis. This effect was mediated through inhibition of lymphocyte activation, specifically by diminishing CD69 and IL-2 surface receptor expression and intracellular IL-2 production. Furthermore, treatment with Equisetum arvense inhibited effector functions, as indicated by reduced production of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Conclusions The data indicate that the used extract of Equisetum arvense interferes with the polyfunctionality of immunocompetent cells thereby providing an anti-inflammatory mode-of-action. Equisetopsida (dpeaa)DE-He213 Horsetail (dpeaa)DE-He213 Inflammation (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lymphocytes (dpeaa)DE-He213 Immunosuppression (dpeaa)DE-He213 Anthroposophical Medicine (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lengen, Karin aut Sauer, Barbara aut Garcia-Käufer, Manuel aut Zehl, Martin aut Huber, Roman aut Enthalten in BMC complementary and alternative medicine London : BioMed Central, 2001 14(2014), 1 vom: 04. Aug. (DE-627)331018713 (DE-600)2050429-9 1472-6882 nnns volume:14 year:2014 number:1 day:04 month:08 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-283 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2014 1 04 08 |
| allfieldsSound |
10.1186/1472-6882-14-283 doi (DE-627)SPR028127722 (SPR)1472-6882-14-283-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Gründemann, Carsten verfasserin aut Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) modulates the function of inflammatory immunocompetent cells 2014 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Gründemann et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 Background In Europe, extracts of Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) have a long tradition in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. To understand the molecular basis for its use, we investigated the immunomodulatory capacity of a standardized commercially available common horsetail extract on human primary lymphocyte function in vitro. Methods The standardized extract of Equisetum arvense was phytochemically characterized. Effects on proliferation, viability and activity of mitogen-activated human lymphocytes were assessed in comparison to cyclosporine A using annexin V/propidium iodide staining assays and flow cytometry-based surface receptor characterization, respectively. Intracellular levels of effector molecules (IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α) were analyzed with cytokine assays. Results T cell proliferation was inhibited dose dependently by the Equisetum extract without induction of apoptosis or necrosis. This effect was mediated through inhibition of lymphocyte activation, specifically by diminishing CD69 and IL-2 surface receptor expression and intracellular IL-2 production. Furthermore, treatment with Equisetum arvense inhibited effector functions, as indicated by reduced production of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Conclusions The data indicate that the used extract of Equisetum arvense interferes with the polyfunctionality of immunocompetent cells thereby providing an anti-inflammatory mode-of-action. Equisetopsida (dpeaa)DE-He213 Horsetail (dpeaa)DE-He213 Inflammation (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lymphocytes (dpeaa)DE-He213 Immunosuppression (dpeaa)DE-He213 Anthroposophical Medicine (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lengen, Karin aut Sauer, Barbara aut Garcia-Käufer, Manuel aut Zehl, Martin aut Huber, Roman aut Enthalten in BMC complementary and alternative medicine London : BioMed Central, 2001 14(2014), 1 vom: 04. Aug. (DE-627)331018713 (DE-600)2050429-9 1472-6882 nnns volume:14 year:2014 number:1 day:04 month:08 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-283 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 14 2014 1 04 08 |
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Furthermore, treatment with Equisetum arvense inhibited effector functions, as indicated by reduced production of IFN-γ and TNF-α. 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Gründemann, Carsten |
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Gründemann, Carsten misc Equisetopsida misc Horsetail misc Inflammation misc Lymphocytes misc Immunosuppression misc Anthroposophical Medicine Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) modulates the function of inflammatory immunocompetent cells |
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Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) modulates the function of inflammatory immunocompetent cells Equisetopsida (dpeaa)DE-He213 Horsetail (dpeaa)DE-He213 Inflammation (dpeaa)DE-He213 Lymphocytes (dpeaa)DE-He213 Immunosuppression (dpeaa)DE-He213 Anthroposophical Medicine (dpeaa)DE-He213 |
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equisetum arvense (common horsetail) modulates the function of inflammatory immunocompetent cells |
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Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) modulates the function of inflammatory immunocompetent cells |
| abstract |
Background In Europe, extracts of Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) have a long tradition in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. To understand the molecular basis for its use, we investigated the immunomodulatory capacity of a standardized commercially available common horsetail extract on human primary lymphocyte function in vitro. Methods The standardized extract of Equisetum arvense was phytochemically characterized. Effects on proliferation, viability and activity of mitogen-activated human lymphocytes were assessed in comparison to cyclosporine A using annexin V/propidium iodide staining assays and flow cytometry-based surface receptor characterization, respectively. Intracellular levels of effector molecules (IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α) were analyzed with cytokine assays. Results T cell proliferation was inhibited dose dependently by the Equisetum extract without induction of apoptosis or necrosis. This effect was mediated through inhibition of lymphocyte activation, specifically by diminishing CD69 and IL-2 surface receptor expression and intracellular IL-2 production. Furthermore, treatment with Equisetum arvense inhibited effector functions, as indicated by reduced production of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Conclusions The data indicate that the used extract of Equisetum arvense interferes with the polyfunctionality of immunocompetent cells thereby providing an anti-inflammatory mode-of-action. © Gründemann et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 |
| abstractGer |
Background In Europe, extracts of Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) have a long tradition in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. To understand the molecular basis for its use, we investigated the immunomodulatory capacity of a standardized commercially available common horsetail extract on human primary lymphocyte function in vitro. Methods The standardized extract of Equisetum arvense was phytochemically characterized. Effects on proliferation, viability and activity of mitogen-activated human lymphocytes were assessed in comparison to cyclosporine A using annexin V/propidium iodide staining assays and flow cytometry-based surface receptor characterization, respectively. Intracellular levels of effector molecules (IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α) were analyzed with cytokine assays. Results T cell proliferation was inhibited dose dependently by the Equisetum extract without induction of apoptosis or necrosis. This effect was mediated through inhibition of lymphocyte activation, specifically by diminishing CD69 and IL-2 surface receptor expression and intracellular IL-2 production. Furthermore, treatment with Equisetum arvense inhibited effector functions, as indicated by reduced production of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Conclusions The data indicate that the used extract of Equisetum arvense interferes with the polyfunctionality of immunocompetent cells thereby providing an anti-inflammatory mode-of-action. © Gründemann et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Background In Europe, extracts of Equisetum arvense (common horsetail) have a long tradition in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. To understand the molecular basis for its use, we investigated the immunomodulatory capacity of a standardized commercially available common horsetail extract on human primary lymphocyte function in vitro. Methods The standardized extract of Equisetum arvense was phytochemically characterized. Effects on proliferation, viability and activity of mitogen-activated human lymphocytes were assessed in comparison to cyclosporine A using annexin V/propidium iodide staining assays and flow cytometry-based surface receptor characterization, respectively. Intracellular levels of effector molecules (IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α) were analyzed with cytokine assays. Results T cell proliferation was inhibited dose dependently by the Equisetum extract without induction of apoptosis or necrosis. This effect was mediated through inhibition of lymphocyte activation, specifically by diminishing CD69 and IL-2 surface receptor expression and intracellular IL-2 production. Furthermore, treatment with Equisetum arvense inhibited effector functions, as indicated by reduced production of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Conclusions The data indicate that the used extract of Equisetum arvense interferes with the polyfunctionality of immunocompetent cells thereby providing an anti-inflammatory mode-of-action. © Gründemann et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 |
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Furthermore, treatment with Equisetum arvense inhibited effector functions, as indicated by reduced production of IFN-γ and TNF-α. 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