The relationship between defecation and feeding in nestling birds: observational and experimental evidence

Background Adult birds clean the nest by consuming or transporting feces, which is thought to be important in order to lower the levels of parasites, pathogens and predation at the nest. If nestlings were to defecate when parents were absent, however, feces could accumulate in the nest. Results To u...
Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Quan, Rui-chang [verfasserIn] Li, Huan Wang, Bo Goodale, Eben

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2015

Schlagwörter:	Adult Bird Passerine Bird Defecation Time Feeding Bout Nest Sanitation

Anmerkung:	© Quan et al. 2015

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: Frontiers in zoology - London : BioMed Central, 2004, 12(2015), 1 vom: 11. Sept.
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:12 ; year:2015 ; number:1 ; day:11 ; month:09

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1186/s12983-015-0116-y

Katalog-ID:	SPR029212901

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520			\|a Background Adult birds clean the nest by consuming or transporting feces, which is thought to be important in order to lower the levels of parasites, pathogens and predation at the nest. If nestlings were to defecate when parents were absent, however, feces could accumulate in the nest. Results To understand the mechanism by which nest sanitation is maintained, we studied the timing of defecation in nestling birds of common passerine species in southwest China. In 159 nests of 8 species at the nestling stage during 779 randomly timed observations, we never found fecal sacs present. Video recordings, totaling 455 h at five Pycnonotus jocosus nests in the field, showed almost all defecation after feedings, and only nestlings that were fed defecated. Six translocated P. jocosus nests were taken into captivity in order to manipulate the frequency of feeding. These nestlings defecated only after feeding, even when feeding intervals were extended to 60 and 120 min. The fecal sac weight also increased with extended feeding intervals, demonstrating a remarkable plasticity for nestlings to wait for feedings. Conclusion The evidence allows two major conclusions: 1) defecation in the nest occurs at a time that ensures nest sanitation, stimulated by feeding, rather than there being a set time of gut processing between feeding and excretion; 2) the strong plasticity in the timing of defecation and the possibility of negative repercussions (if defecation occurs when parents are absent) are important mechanisms underlying the efficiency of the feeding-defecation system.
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allfields	10.1186/s12983-015-0116-y doi (DE-627)SPR029212901 (SPR)s12983-015-0116-y-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Quan, Rui-chang verfasserin aut The relationship between defecation and feeding in nestling birds: observational and experimental evidence 2015 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Quan et al. 2015 Background Adult birds clean the nest by consuming or transporting feces, which is thought to be important in order to lower the levels of parasites, pathogens and predation at the nest. If nestlings were to defecate when parents were absent, however, feces could accumulate in the nest. Results To understand the mechanism by which nest sanitation is maintained, we studied the timing of defecation in nestling birds of common passerine species in southwest China. In 159 nests of 8 species at the nestling stage during 779 randomly timed observations, we never found fecal sacs present. Video recordings, totaling 455 h at five Pycnonotus jocosus nests in the field, showed almost all defecation after feedings, and only nestlings that were fed defecated. Six translocated P. jocosus nests were taken into captivity in order to manipulate the frequency of feeding. These nestlings defecated only after feeding, even when feeding intervals were extended to 60 and 120 min. The fecal sac weight also increased with extended feeding intervals, demonstrating a remarkable plasticity for nestlings to wait for feedings. Conclusion The evidence allows two major conclusions: 1) defecation in the nest occurs at a time that ensures nest sanitation, stimulated by feeding, rather than there being a set time of gut processing between feeding and excretion; 2) the strong plasticity in the timing of defecation and the possibility of negative repercussions (if defecation occurs when parents are absent) are important mechanisms underlying the efficiency of the feeding-defecation system. Adult Bird (dpeaa)DE-He213 Passerine Bird (dpeaa)DE-He213 Defecation Time (dpeaa)DE-He213 Feeding Bout (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nest Sanitation (dpeaa)DE-He213 Li, Huan aut Wang, Bo aut Goodale, Eben aut Enthalten in Frontiers in zoology London : BioMed Central, 2004 12(2015), 1 vom: 11. Sept. (DE-627)461908166 (DE-600)2164409-3 1742-9994 nnns volume:12 year:2015 number:1 day:11 month:09 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12983-015-0116-y kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 2015 1 11 09
spelling	10.1186/s12983-015-0116-y doi (DE-627)SPR029212901 (SPR)s12983-015-0116-y-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Quan, Rui-chang verfasserin aut The relationship between defecation and feeding in nestling birds: observational and experimental evidence 2015 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Quan et al. 2015 Background Adult birds clean the nest by consuming or transporting feces, which is thought to be important in order to lower the levels of parasites, pathogens and predation at the nest. If nestlings were to defecate when parents were absent, however, feces could accumulate in the nest. Results To understand the mechanism by which nest sanitation is maintained, we studied the timing of defecation in nestling birds of common passerine species in southwest China. In 159 nests of 8 species at the nestling stage during 779 randomly timed observations, we never found fecal sacs present. Video recordings, totaling 455 h at five Pycnonotus jocosus nests in the field, showed almost all defecation after feedings, and only nestlings that were fed defecated. Six translocated P. jocosus nests were taken into captivity in order to manipulate the frequency of feeding. These nestlings defecated only after feeding, even when feeding intervals were extended to 60 and 120 min. The fecal sac weight also increased with extended feeding intervals, demonstrating a remarkable plasticity for nestlings to wait for feedings. Conclusion The evidence allows two major conclusions: 1) defecation in the nest occurs at a time that ensures nest sanitation, stimulated by feeding, rather than there being a set time of gut processing between feeding and excretion; 2) the strong plasticity in the timing of defecation and the possibility of negative repercussions (if defecation occurs when parents are absent) are important mechanisms underlying the efficiency of the feeding-defecation system. Adult Bird (dpeaa)DE-He213 Passerine Bird (dpeaa)DE-He213 Defecation Time (dpeaa)DE-He213 Feeding Bout (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nest Sanitation (dpeaa)DE-He213 Li, Huan aut Wang, Bo aut Goodale, Eben aut Enthalten in Frontiers in zoology London : BioMed Central, 2004 12(2015), 1 vom: 11. Sept. (DE-627)461908166 (DE-600)2164409-3 1742-9994 nnns volume:12 year:2015 number:1 day:11 month:09 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12983-015-0116-y kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 2015 1 11 09
allfields_unstemmed	10.1186/s12983-015-0116-y doi (DE-627)SPR029212901 (SPR)s12983-015-0116-y-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Quan, Rui-chang verfasserin aut The relationship between defecation and feeding in nestling birds: observational and experimental evidence 2015 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Quan et al. 2015 Background Adult birds clean the nest by consuming or transporting feces, which is thought to be important in order to lower the levels of parasites, pathogens and predation at the nest. If nestlings were to defecate when parents were absent, however, feces could accumulate in the nest. Results To understand the mechanism by which nest sanitation is maintained, we studied the timing of defecation in nestling birds of common passerine species in southwest China. In 159 nests of 8 species at the nestling stage during 779 randomly timed observations, we never found fecal sacs present. Video recordings, totaling 455 h at five Pycnonotus jocosus nests in the field, showed almost all defecation after feedings, and only nestlings that were fed defecated. Six translocated P. jocosus nests were taken into captivity in order to manipulate the frequency of feeding. These nestlings defecated only after feeding, even when feeding intervals were extended to 60 and 120 min. The fecal sac weight also increased with extended feeding intervals, demonstrating a remarkable plasticity for nestlings to wait for feedings. Conclusion The evidence allows two major conclusions: 1) defecation in the nest occurs at a time that ensures nest sanitation, stimulated by feeding, rather than there being a set time of gut processing between feeding and excretion; 2) the strong plasticity in the timing of defecation and the possibility of negative repercussions (if defecation occurs when parents are absent) are important mechanisms underlying the efficiency of the feeding-defecation system. Adult Bird (dpeaa)DE-He213 Passerine Bird (dpeaa)DE-He213 Defecation Time (dpeaa)DE-He213 Feeding Bout (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nest Sanitation (dpeaa)DE-He213 Li, Huan aut Wang, Bo aut Goodale, Eben aut Enthalten in Frontiers in zoology London : BioMed Central, 2004 12(2015), 1 vom: 11. Sept. (DE-627)461908166 (DE-600)2164409-3 1742-9994 nnns volume:12 year:2015 number:1 day:11 month:09 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12983-015-0116-y kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 2015 1 11 09
allfieldsGer	10.1186/s12983-015-0116-y doi (DE-627)SPR029212901 (SPR)s12983-015-0116-y-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Quan, Rui-chang verfasserin aut The relationship between defecation and feeding in nestling birds: observational and experimental evidence 2015 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Quan et al. 2015 Background Adult birds clean the nest by consuming or transporting feces, which is thought to be important in order to lower the levels of parasites, pathogens and predation at the nest. If nestlings were to defecate when parents were absent, however, feces could accumulate in the nest. Results To understand the mechanism by which nest sanitation is maintained, we studied the timing of defecation in nestling birds of common passerine species in southwest China. In 159 nests of 8 species at the nestling stage during 779 randomly timed observations, we never found fecal sacs present. Video recordings, totaling 455 h at five Pycnonotus jocosus nests in the field, showed almost all defecation after feedings, and only nestlings that were fed defecated. Six translocated P. jocosus nests were taken into captivity in order to manipulate the frequency of feeding. These nestlings defecated only after feeding, even when feeding intervals were extended to 60 and 120 min. The fecal sac weight also increased with extended feeding intervals, demonstrating a remarkable plasticity for nestlings to wait for feedings. Conclusion The evidence allows two major conclusions: 1) defecation in the nest occurs at a time that ensures nest sanitation, stimulated by feeding, rather than there being a set time of gut processing between feeding and excretion; 2) the strong plasticity in the timing of defecation and the possibility of negative repercussions (if defecation occurs when parents are absent) are important mechanisms underlying the efficiency of the feeding-defecation system. Adult Bird (dpeaa)DE-He213 Passerine Bird (dpeaa)DE-He213 Defecation Time (dpeaa)DE-He213 Feeding Bout (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nest Sanitation (dpeaa)DE-He213 Li, Huan aut Wang, Bo aut Goodale, Eben aut Enthalten in Frontiers in zoology London : BioMed Central, 2004 12(2015), 1 vom: 11. Sept. (DE-627)461908166 (DE-600)2164409-3 1742-9994 nnns volume:12 year:2015 number:1 day:11 month:09 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12983-015-0116-y kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 2015 1 11 09
allfieldsSound	10.1186/s12983-015-0116-y doi (DE-627)SPR029212901 (SPR)s12983-015-0116-y-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Quan, Rui-chang verfasserin aut The relationship between defecation and feeding in nestling birds: observational and experimental evidence 2015 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Quan et al. 2015 Background Adult birds clean the nest by consuming or transporting feces, which is thought to be important in order to lower the levels of parasites, pathogens and predation at the nest. If nestlings were to defecate when parents were absent, however, feces could accumulate in the nest. Results To understand the mechanism by which nest sanitation is maintained, we studied the timing of defecation in nestling birds of common passerine species in southwest China. In 159 nests of 8 species at the nestling stage during 779 randomly timed observations, we never found fecal sacs present. Video recordings, totaling 455 h at five Pycnonotus jocosus nests in the field, showed almost all defecation after feedings, and only nestlings that were fed defecated. Six translocated P. jocosus nests were taken into captivity in order to manipulate the frequency of feeding. These nestlings defecated only after feeding, even when feeding intervals were extended to 60 and 120 min. The fecal sac weight also increased with extended feeding intervals, demonstrating a remarkable plasticity for nestlings to wait for feedings. Conclusion The evidence allows two major conclusions: 1) defecation in the nest occurs at a time that ensures nest sanitation, stimulated by feeding, rather than there being a set time of gut processing between feeding and excretion; 2) the strong plasticity in the timing of defecation and the possibility of negative repercussions (if defecation occurs when parents are absent) are important mechanisms underlying the efficiency of the feeding-defecation system. Adult Bird (dpeaa)DE-He213 Passerine Bird (dpeaa)DE-He213 Defecation Time (dpeaa)DE-He213 Feeding Bout (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nest Sanitation (dpeaa)DE-He213 Li, Huan aut Wang, Bo aut Goodale, Eben aut Enthalten in Frontiers in zoology London : BioMed Central, 2004 12(2015), 1 vom: 11. Sept. (DE-627)461908166 (DE-600)2164409-3 1742-9994 nnns volume:12 year:2015 number:1 day:11 month:09 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12983-015-0116-y kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 12 2015 1 11 09
language	English
source	Enthalten in Frontiers in zoology 12(2015), 1 vom: 11. Sept. volume:12 year:2015 number:1 day:11 month:09
sourceStr	Enthalten in Frontiers in zoology 12(2015), 1 vom: 11. Sept. volume:12 year:2015 number:1 day:11 month:09
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topic_facet	Adult Bird Passerine Bird Defecation Time Feeding Bout Nest Sanitation
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container_title	Frontiers in zoology
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Quan, Rui-chang @@aut@@ Li, Huan @@aut@@ Wang, Bo @@aut@@ Goodale, Eben @@aut@@
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author	Quan, Rui-chang
spellingShingle	Quan, Rui-chang misc Adult Bird misc Passerine Bird misc Defecation Time misc Feeding Bout misc Nest Sanitation The relationship between defecation and feeding in nestling birds: observational and experimental evidence
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topic_title	The relationship between defecation and feeding in nestling birds: observational and experimental evidence Adult Bird (dpeaa)DE-He213 Passerine Bird (dpeaa)DE-He213 Defecation Time (dpeaa)DE-He213 Feeding Bout (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nest Sanitation (dpeaa)DE-He213
topic	misc Adult Bird misc Passerine Bird misc Defecation Time misc Feeding Bout misc Nest Sanitation
topic_unstemmed	misc Adult Bird misc Passerine Bird misc Defecation Time misc Feeding Bout misc Nest Sanitation
topic_browse	misc Adult Bird misc Passerine Bird misc Defecation Time misc Feeding Bout misc Nest Sanitation
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title	The relationship between defecation and feeding in nestling birds: observational and experimental evidence
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title_full	The relationship between defecation and feeding in nestling birds: observational and experimental evidence
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author_browse	Quan, Rui-chang Li, Huan Wang, Bo Goodale, Eben
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doi_str_mv	10.1186/s12983-015-0116-y
title_sort	relationship between defecation and feeding in nestling birds: observational and experimental evidence
title_auth	The relationship between defecation and feeding in nestling birds: observational and experimental evidence
abstract	Background Adult birds clean the nest by consuming or transporting feces, which is thought to be important in order to lower the levels of parasites, pathogens and predation at the nest. If nestlings were to defecate when parents were absent, however, feces could accumulate in the nest. Results To understand the mechanism by which nest sanitation is maintained, we studied the timing of defecation in nestling birds of common passerine species in southwest China. In 159 nests of 8 species at the nestling stage during 779 randomly timed observations, we never found fecal sacs present. Video recordings, totaling 455 h at five Pycnonotus jocosus nests in the field, showed almost all defecation after feedings, and only nestlings that were fed defecated. Six translocated P. jocosus nests were taken into captivity in order to manipulate the frequency of feeding. These nestlings defecated only after feeding, even when feeding intervals were extended to 60 and 120 min. The fecal sac weight also increased with extended feeding intervals, demonstrating a remarkable plasticity for nestlings to wait for feedings. Conclusion The evidence allows two major conclusions: 1) defecation in the nest occurs at a time that ensures nest sanitation, stimulated by feeding, rather than there being a set time of gut processing between feeding and excretion; 2) the strong plasticity in the timing of defecation and the possibility of negative repercussions (if defecation occurs when parents are absent) are important mechanisms underlying the efficiency of the feeding-defecation system. © Quan et al. 2015
abstractGer	Background Adult birds clean the nest by consuming or transporting feces, which is thought to be important in order to lower the levels of parasites, pathogens and predation at the nest. If nestlings were to defecate when parents were absent, however, feces could accumulate in the nest. Results To understand the mechanism by which nest sanitation is maintained, we studied the timing of defecation in nestling birds of common passerine species in southwest China. In 159 nests of 8 species at the nestling stage during 779 randomly timed observations, we never found fecal sacs present. Video recordings, totaling 455 h at five Pycnonotus jocosus nests in the field, showed almost all defecation after feedings, and only nestlings that were fed defecated. Six translocated P. jocosus nests were taken into captivity in order to manipulate the frequency of feeding. These nestlings defecated only after feeding, even when feeding intervals were extended to 60 and 120 min. The fecal sac weight also increased with extended feeding intervals, demonstrating a remarkable plasticity for nestlings to wait for feedings. Conclusion The evidence allows two major conclusions: 1) defecation in the nest occurs at a time that ensures nest sanitation, stimulated by feeding, rather than there being a set time of gut processing between feeding and excretion; 2) the strong plasticity in the timing of defecation and the possibility of negative repercussions (if defecation occurs when parents are absent) are important mechanisms underlying the efficiency of the feeding-defecation system. © Quan et al. 2015
abstract_unstemmed	Background Adult birds clean the nest by consuming or transporting feces, which is thought to be important in order to lower the levels of parasites, pathogens and predation at the nest. If nestlings were to defecate when parents were absent, however, feces could accumulate in the nest. Results To understand the mechanism by which nest sanitation is maintained, we studied the timing of defecation in nestling birds of common passerine species in southwest China. In 159 nests of 8 species at the nestling stage during 779 randomly timed observations, we never found fecal sacs present. Video recordings, totaling 455 h at five Pycnonotus jocosus nests in the field, showed almost all defecation after feedings, and only nestlings that were fed defecated. Six translocated P. jocosus nests were taken into captivity in order to manipulate the frequency of feeding. These nestlings defecated only after feeding, even when feeding intervals were extended to 60 and 120 min. The fecal sac weight also increased with extended feeding intervals, demonstrating a remarkable plasticity for nestlings to wait for feedings. Conclusion The evidence allows two major conclusions: 1) defecation in the nest occurs at a time that ensures nest sanitation, stimulated by feeding, rather than there being a set time of gut processing between feeding and excretion; 2) the strong plasticity in the timing of defecation and the possibility of negative repercussions (if defecation occurs when parents are absent) are important mechanisms underlying the efficiency of the feeding-defecation system. © Quan et al. 2015
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title_short	The relationship between defecation and feeding in nestling birds: observational and experimental evidence
url	https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12983-015-0116-y
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author2	Li, Huan Wang, Bo Goodale, Eben
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up_date	2024-07-03T23:59:36.155Z
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Conclusion The evidence allows two major conclusions: 1) defecation in the nest occurs at a time that ensures nest sanitation, stimulated by feeding, rather than there being a set time of gut processing between feeding and excretion; 2) the strong plasticity in the timing of defecation and the possibility of negative repercussions (if defecation occurs when parents are absent) are important mechanisms underlying the efficiency of the feeding-defecation system.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Adult Bird</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Passerine Bird</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Defecation Time</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Feeding Bout</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Nest Sanitation</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Li, Huan</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Wang, Bo</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Goodale, Eben</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Enthalten in</subfield><subfield code="t">Frontiers in zoology</subfield><subfield code="d">London : BioMed Central, 2004</subfield><subfield code="g">12(2015), 1 vom: 11. 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The relationship between defecation and feeding in nestling birds: observational and experimental evidence

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