A kinematic analysis of a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment: a study in healthy subjects

Background Virtual Reality provides new options for conducting motor assessment and training within computer-generated 3 dimensional environments. To date very little has been reported about normal performance in virtual environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the test-retest relia...
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Autor*in:	Broeren, Jurgen [verfasserIn] Sunnerhagen, Katharina S Rydmark, Martin

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2007

Schlagwörter:	Virtual Reality Virtual Environment Hand Movement Haptic Device Virtual Reality Environment

Anmerkung:	© Broeren et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: Journal of neuroEngineering and rehabilitation - London : BioMed Central, 2004, 4(2007), 1 vom: 09. Mai
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:4 ; year:2007 ; number:1 ; day:09 ; month:05

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1186/1743-0003-4-13

Katalog-ID:	SPR029217091

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520			\|a Background Virtual Reality provides new options for conducting motor assessment and training within computer-generated 3 dimensional environments. To date very little has been reported about normal performance in virtual environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of a clinical procedure measuring trajectories with a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment and to establish normative data in healthy subjects using this haptic device. Methods Fifty-eight normal subjects; aged from 20 to 69, performed 3 dimensional hand movements in a virtual environment using a haptic device on three occasions within one week. Test-retest stability and standardized normative data were obtained for all subjects. Results No difference was found between test and retest. The limits of agreement revealed that changes in an individual's performance could not be detected. There was a training effect between the first test occasion and the third test occasion. Normative data are presented. Conclusion A new test was developed for recording the kinematics of the handheld haptic stylus in a virtual environment. The normative data will be used for purposes of comparison in future assessments, such as before and after training of persons with neurological deficits.
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allfields	10.1186/1743-0003-4-13 doi (DE-627)SPR029217091 (SPR)1743-0003-4-13-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Broeren, Jurgen verfasserin aut A kinematic analysis of a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment: a study in healthy subjects 2007 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Broeren et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007 Background Virtual Reality provides new options for conducting motor assessment and training within computer-generated 3 dimensional environments. To date very little has been reported about normal performance in virtual environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of a clinical procedure measuring trajectories with a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment and to establish normative data in healthy subjects using this haptic device. Methods Fifty-eight normal subjects; aged from 20 to 69, performed 3 dimensional hand movements in a virtual environment using a haptic device on three occasions within one week. Test-retest stability and standardized normative data were obtained for all subjects. Results No difference was found between test and retest. The limits of agreement revealed that changes in an individual's performance could not be detected. There was a training effect between the first test occasion and the third test occasion. Normative data are presented. Conclusion A new test was developed for recording the kinematics of the handheld haptic stylus in a virtual environment. The normative data will be used for purposes of comparison in future assessments, such as before and after training of persons with neurological deficits. Virtual Reality (dpeaa)DE-He213 Virtual Environment (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hand Movement (dpeaa)DE-He213 Haptic Device (dpeaa)DE-He213 Virtual Reality Environment (dpeaa)DE-He213 Sunnerhagen, Katharina S aut Rydmark, Martin aut Enthalten in Journal of neuroEngineering and rehabilitation London : BioMed Central, 2004 4(2007), 1 vom: 09. Mai (DE-627)461907933 (DE-600)2164377-5 1743-0003 nnns volume:4 year:2007 number:1 day:09 month:05 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-4-13 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 4 2007 1 09 05
spelling	10.1186/1743-0003-4-13 doi (DE-627)SPR029217091 (SPR)1743-0003-4-13-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Broeren, Jurgen verfasserin aut A kinematic analysis of a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment: a study in healthy subjects 2007 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Broeren et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007 Background Virtual Reality provides new options for conducting motor assessment and training within computer-generated 3 dimensional environments. To date very little has been reported about normal performance in virtual environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of a clinical procedure measuring trajectories with a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment and to establish normative data in healthy subjects using this haptic device. Methods Fifty-eight normal subjects; aged from 20 to 69, performed 3 dimensional hand movements in a virtual environment using a haptic device on three occasions within one week. Test-retest stability and standardized normative data were obtained for all subjects. Results No difference was found between test and retest. The limits of agreement revealed that changes in an individual's performance could not be detected. There was a training effect between the first test occasion and the third test occasion. Normative data are presented. Conclusion A new test was developed for recording the kinematics of the handheld haptic stylus in a virtual environment. The normative data will be used for purposes of comparison in future assessments, such as before and after training of persons with neurological deficits. Virtual Reality (dpeaa)DE-He213 Virtual Environment (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hand Movement (dpeaa)DE-He213 Haptic Device (dpeaa)DE-He213 Virtual Reality Environment (dpeaa)DE-He213 Sunnerhagen, Katharina S aut Rydmark, Martin aut Enthalten in Journal of neuroEngineering and rehabilitation London : BioMed Central, 2004 4(2007), 1 vom: 09. Mai (DE-627)461907933 (DE-600)2164377-5 1743-0003 nnns volume:4 year:2007 number:1 day:09 month:05 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-4-13 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 4 2007 1 09 05
allfields_unstemmed	10.1186/1743-0003-4-13 doi (DE-627)SPR029217091 (SPR)1743-0003-4-13-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Broeren, Jurgen verfasserin aut A kinematic analysis of a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment: a study in healthy subjects 2007 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Broeren et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007 Background Virtual Reality provides new options for conducting motor assessment and training within computer-generated 3 dimensional environments. To date very little has been reported about normal performance in virtual environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of a clinical procedure measuring trajectories with a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment and to establish normative data in healthy subjects using this haptic device. Methods Fifty-eight normal subjects; aged from 20 to 69, performed 3 dimensional hand movements in a virtual environment using a haptic device on three occasions within one week. Test-retest stability and standardized normative data were obtained for all subjects. Results No difference was found between test and retest. The limits of agreement revealed that changes in an individual's performance could not be detected. There was a training effect between the first test occasion and the third test occasion. Normative data are presented. Conclusion A new test was developed for recording the kinematics of the handheld haptic stylus in a virtual environment. The normative data will be used for purposes of comparison in future assessments, such as before and after training of persons with neurological deficits. Virtual Reality (dpeaa)DE-He213 Virtual Environment (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hand Movement (dpeaa)DE-He213 Haptic Device (dpeaa)DE-He213 Virtual Reality Environment (dpeaa)DE-He213 Sunnerhagen, Katharina S aut Rydmark, Martin aut Enthalten in Journal of neuroEngineering and rehabilitation London : BioMed Central, 2004 4(2007), 1 vom: 09. Mai (DE-627)461907933 (DE-600)2164377-5 1743-0003 nnns volume:4 year:2007 number:1 day:09 month:05 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-4-13 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 4 2007 1 09 05
allfieldsGer	10.1186/1743-0003-4-13 doi (DE-627)SPR029217091 (SPR)1743-0003-4-13-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Broeren, Jurgen verfasserin aut A kinematic analysis of a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment: a study in healthy subjects 2007 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Broeren et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007 Background Virtual Reality provides new options for conducting motor assessment and training within computer-generated 3 dimensional environments. To date very little has been reported about normal performance in virtual environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of a clinical procedure measuring trajectories with a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment and to establish normative data in healthy subjects using this haptic device. Methods Fifty-eight normal subjects; aged from 20 to 69, performed 3 dimensional hand movements in a virtual environment using a haptic device on three occasions within one week. Test-retest stability and standardized normative data were obtained for all subjects. Results No difference was found between test and retest. The limits of agreement revealed that changes in an individual's performance could not be detected. There was a training effect between the first test occasion and the third test occasion. Normative data are presented. Conclusion A new test was developed for recording the kinematics of the handheld haptic stylus in a virtual environment. The normative data will be used for purposes of comparison in future assessments, such as before and after training of persons with neurological deficits. Virtual Reality (dpeaa)DE-He213 Virtual Environment (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hand Movement (dpeaa)DE-He213 Haptic Device (dpeaa)DE-He213 Virtual Reality Environment (dpeaa)DE-He213 Sunnerhagen, Katharina S aut Rydmark, Martin aut Enthalten in Journal of neuroEngineering and rehabilitation London : BioMed Central, 2004 4(2007), 1 vom: 09. Mai (DE-627)461907933 (DE-600)2164377-5 1743-0003 nnns volume:4 year:2007 number:1 day:09 month:05 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-4-13 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 4 2007 1 09 05
allfieldsSound	10.1186/1743-0003-4-13 doi (DE-627)SPR029217091 (SPR)1743-0003-4-13-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Broeren, Jurgen verfasserin aut A kinematic analysis of a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment: a study in healthy subjects 2007 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Broeren et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007 Background Virtual Reality provides new options for conducting motor assessment and training within computer-generated 3 dimensional environments. To date very little has been reported about normal performance in virtual environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of a clinical procedure measuring trajectories with a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment and to establish normative data in healthy subjects using this haptic device. Methods Fifty-eight normal subjects; aged from 20 to 69, performed 3 dimensional hand movements in a virtual environment using a haptic device on three occasions within one week. Test-retest stability and standardized normative data were obtained for all subjects. Results No difference was found between test and retest. The limits of agreement revealed that changes in an individual's performance could not be detected. There was a training effect between the first test occasion and the third test occasion. Normative data are presented. Conclusion A new test was developed for recording the kinematics of the handheld haptic stylus in a virtual environment. The normative data will be used for purposes of comparison in future assessments, such as before and after training of persons with neurological deficits. Virtual Reality (dpeaa)DE-He213 Virtual Environment (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hand Movement (dpeaa)DE-He213 Haptic Device (dpeaa)DE-He213 Virtual Reality Environment (dpeaa)DE-He213 Sunnerhagen, Katharina S aut Rydmark, Martin aut Enthalten in Journal of neuroEngineering and rehabilitation London : BioMed Central, 2004 4(2007), 1 vom: 09. Mai (DE-627)461907933 (DE-600)2164377-5 1743-0003 nnns volume:4 year:2007 number:1 day:09 month:05 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-4-13 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 4 2007 1 09 05
language	English
source	Enthalten in Journal of neuroEngineering and rehabilitation 4(2007), 1 vom: 09. Mai volume:4 year:2007 number:1 day:09 month:05
sourceStr	Enthalten in Journal of neuroEngineering and rehabilitation 4(2007), 1 vom: 09. Mai volume:4 year:2007 number:1 day:09 month:05
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	Virtual Reality Virtual Environment Hand Movement Haptic Device Virtual Reality Environment
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container_title	Journal of neuroEngineering and rehabilitation
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Broeren, Jurgen @@aut@@ Sunnerhagen, Katharina S @@aut@@ Rydmark, Martin @@aut@@
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To date very little has been reported about normal performance in virtual environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of a clinical procedure measuring trajectories with a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment and to establish normative data in healthy subjects using this haptic device. Methods Fifty-eight normal subjects; aged from 20 to 69, performed 3 dimensional hand movements in a virtual environment using a haptic device on three occasions within one week. Test-retest stability and standardized normative data were obtained for all subjects. Results No difference was found between test and retest. The limits of agreement revealed that changes in an individual's performance could not be detected. There was a training effect between the first test occasion and the third test occasion. Normative data are presented. Conclusion A new test was developed for recording the kinematics of the handheld haptic stylus in a virtual environment. 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author	Broeren, Jurgen
spellingShingle	Broeren, Jurgen misc Virtual Reality misc Virtual Environment misc Hand Movement misc Haptic Device misc Virtual Reality Environment A kinematic analysis of a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment: a study in healthy subjects
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topic_title	A kinematic analysis of a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment: a study in healthy subjects Virtual Reality (dpeaa)DE-He213 Virtual Environment (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hand Movement (dpeaa)DE-He213 Haptic Device (dpeaa)DE-He213 Virtual Reality Environment (dpeaa)DE-He213
topic	misc Virtual Reality misc Virtual Environment misc Hand Movement misc Haptic Device misc Virtual Reality Environment
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title	A kinematic analysis of a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment: a study in healthy subjects
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title_full	A kinematic analysis of a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment: a study in healthy subjects
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title_sort	kinematic analysis of a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment: a study in healthy subjects
title_auth	A kinematic analysis of a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment: a study in healthy subjects
abstract	Background Virtual Reality provides new options for conducting motor assessment and training within computer-generated 3 dimensional environments. To date very little has been reported about normal performance in virtual environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of a clinical procedure measuring trajectories with a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment and to establish normative data in healthy subjects using this haptic device. Methods Fifty-eight normal subjects; aged from 20 to 69, performed 3 dimensional hand movements in a virtual environment using a haptic device on three occasions within one week. Test-retest stability and standardized normative data were obtained for all subjects. Results No difference was found between test and retest. The limits of agreement revealed that changes in an individual's performance could not be detected. There was a training effect between the first test occasion and the third test occasion. Normative data are presented. Conclusion A new test was developed for recording the kinematics of the handheld haptic stylus in a virtual environment. The normative data will be used for purposes of comparison in future assessments, such as before and after training of persons with neurological deficits. © Broeren et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007
abstractGer	Background Virtual Reality provides new options for conducting motor assessment and training within computer-generated 3 dimensional environments. To date very little has been reported about normal performance in virtual environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of a clinical procedure measuring trajectories with a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment and to establish normative data in healthy subjects using this haptic device. Methods Fifty-eight normal subjects; aged from 20 to 69, performed 3 dimensional hand movements in a virtual environment using a haptic device on three occasions within one week. Test-retest stability and standardized normative data were obtained for all subjects. Results No difference was found between test and retest. The limits of agreement revealed that changes in an individual's performance could not be detected. There was a training effect between the first test occasion and the third test occasion. Normative data are presented. Conclusion A new test was developed for recording the kinematics of the handheld haptic stylus in a virtual environment. The normative data will be used for purposes of comparison in future assessments, such as before and after training of persons with neurological deficits. © Broeren et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007
abstract_unstemmed	Background Virtual Reality provides new options for conducting motor assessment and training within computer-generated 3 dimensional environments. To date very little has been reported about normal performance in virtual environments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability of a clinical procedure measuring trajectories with a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment and to establish normative data in healthy subjects using this haptic device. Methods Fifty-eight normal subjects; aged from 20 to 69, performed 3 dimensional hand movements in a virtual environment using a haptic device on three occasions within one week. Test-retest stability and standardized normative data were obtained for all subjects. Results No difference was found between test and retest. The limits of agreement revealed that changes in an individual's performance could not be detected. There was a training effect between the first test occasion and the third test occasion. Normative data are presented. Conclusion A new test was developed for recording the kinematics of the handheld haptic stylus in a virtual environment. The normative data will be used for purposes of comparison in future assessments, such as before and after training of persons with neurological deficits. © Broeren et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2007
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title_short	A kinematic analysis of a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment: a study in healthy subjects
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A kinematic analysis of a haptic handheld stylus in a virtual environment: a study in healthy subjects

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