Administering the MADRS by telephone or face-to-face: a validity study
Background The Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a frequently used observer-rated depression scale. In the present study, a telephonic rating was compared with a face-to-face rating in 66 primary care patients with minor or mild-major depression. The aim of the present study was t...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Hermens, Marleen LM [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2006 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Anmerkung: |
© Hermens et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2006. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Annals of general psychiatry - [S.l.] : BioMed Central, 2002, 5(2006), 1 vom: 22. März |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:5 ; year:2006 ; number:1 ; day:22 ; month:03 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1186/1744-859X-5-3 |
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| Katalog-ID: |
SPR029313473 |
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| 520 | |a Background The Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a frequently used observer-rated depression scale. In the present study, a telephonic rating was compared with a face-to-face rating in 66 primary care patients with minor or mild-major depression. The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of the administration by telephone. Additional objective was to study the validity of the first item, 'apparent sadness', the only item purely based on observation. Methods The present study was a validity study. During an in-person interview at the patient's home a trained interviewer administered the MADRS. A few days later the MADRS was administered again, but now by telephone and by a different interviewer. The validity of the telephone rating was calculated through the appropriate intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Mean total score on the in-person administration was 24.0 (SD = 11.1), and on the telephone administration 23.5 (SD = 10.4). The ICC for the full scale was 0.65. Homogeneity analysis showed that the observation item 'apparent sadness' fitted well into the scale. Conclusion The full MADRS, including the observation item 'apparent sadness', can be administered reliably by telephone. | ||
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10.1186/1744-859X-5-3 doi (DE-627)SPR029313473 (SPR)1744-859X-5-3-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Hermens, Marleen LM verfasserin aut Administering the MADRS by telephone or face-to-face: a validity study 2006 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Hermens et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2006. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( Background The Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a frequently used observer-rated depression scale. In the present study, a telephonic rating was compared with a face-to-face rating in 66 primary care patients with minor or mild-major depression. The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of the administration by telephone. Additional objective was to study the validity of the first item, 'apparent sadness', the only item purely based on observation. Methods The present study was a validity study. During an in-person interview at the patient's home a trained interviewer administered the MADRS. A few days later the MADRS was administered again, but now by telephone and by a different interviewer. The validity of the telephone rating was calculated through the appropriate intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Mean total score on the in-person administration was 24.0 (SD = 11.1), and on the telephone administration 23.5 (SD = 10.4). The ICC for the full scale was 0.65. Homogeneity analysis showed that the observation item 'apparent sadness' fitted well into the scale. Conclusion The full MADRS, including the observation item 'apparent sadness', can be administered reliably by telephone. Full Scale (dpeaa)DE-He213 Memory Effect (dpeaa)DE-He213 Composite International Diagnostic Interview (dpeaa)DE-He213 Variance Component Analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 MADRS Score (dpeaa)DE-He213 Adèr, Herman J aut van Hout, Hein PJ aut Terluin, Berend aut van Dyck, Richard aut de Haan, Marten aut Enthalten in Annals of general psychiatry [S.l.] : BioMed Central, 2002 5(2006), 1 vom: 22. März (DE-627)355102919 (DE-600)2090401-0 1475-2832 nnns volume:5 year:2006 number:1 day:22 month:03 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-5-3 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 5 2006 1 22 03 |
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10.1186/1744-859X-5-3 doi (DE-627)SPR029313473 (SPR)1744-859X-5-3-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Hermens, Marleen LM verfasserin aut Administering the MADRS by telephone or face-to-face: a validity study 2006 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Hermens et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2006. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( Background The Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a frequently used observer-rated depression scale. In the present study, a telephonic rating was compared with a face-to-face rating in 66 primary care patients with minor or mild-major depression. The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of the administration by telephone. Additional objective was to study the validity of the first item, 'apparent sadness', the only item purely based on observation. Methods The present study was a validity study. During an in-person interview at the patient's home a trained interviewer administered the MADRS. A few days later the MADRS was administered again, but now by telephone and by a different interviewer. The validity of the telephone rating was calculated through the appropriate intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Mean total score on the in-person administration was 24.0 (SD = 11.1), and on the telephone administration 23.5 (SD = 10.4). The ICC for the full scale was 0.65. Homogeneity analysis showed that the observation item 'apparent sadness' fitted well into the scale. Conclusion The full MADRS, including the observation item 'apparent sadness', can be administered reliably by telephone. Full Scale (dpeaa)DE-He213 Memory Effect (dpeaa)DE-He213 Composite International Diagnostic Interview (dpeaa)DE-He213 Variance Component Analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 MADRS Score (dpeaa)DE-He213 Adèr, Herman J aut van Hout, Hein PJ aut Terluin, Berend aut van Dyck, Richard aut de Haan, Marten aut Enthalten in Annals of general psychiatry [S.l.] : BioMed Central, 2002 5(2006), 1 vom: 22. März (DE-627)355102919 (DE-600)2090401-0 1475-2832 nnns volume:5 year:2006 number:1 day:22 month:03 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-5-3 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 5 2006 1 22 03 |
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10.1186/1744-859X-5-3 doi (DE-627)SPR029313473 (SPR)1744-859X-5-3-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Hermens, Marleen LM verfasserin aut Administering the MADRS by telephone or face-to-face: a validity study 2006 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Hermens et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2006. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( Background The Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a frequently used observer-rated depression scale. In the present study, a telephonic rating was compared with a face-to-face rating in 66 primary care patients with minor or mild-major depression. The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of the administration by telephone. Additional objective was to study the validity of the first item, 'apparent sadness', the only item purely based on observation. Methods The present study was a validity study. During an in-person interview at the patient's home a trained interviewer administered the MADRS. A few days later the MADRS was administered again, but now by telephone and by a different interviewer. The validity of the telephone rating was calculated through the appropriate intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Mean total score on the in-person administration was 24.0 (SD = 11.1), and on the telephone administration 23.5 (SD = 10.4). The ICC for the full scale was 0.65. Homogeneity analysis showed that the observation item 'apparent sadness' fitted well into the scale. Conclusion The full MADRS, including the observation item 'apparent sadness', can be administered reliably by telephone. Full Scale (dpeaa)DE-He213 Memory Effect (dpeaa)DE-He213 Composite International Diagnostic Interview (dpeaa)DE-He213 Variance Component Analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 MADRS Score (dpeaa)DE-He213 Adèr, Herman J aut van Hout, Hein PJ aut Terluin, Berend aut van Dyck, Richard aut de Haan, Marten aut Enthalten in Annals of general psychiatry [S.l.] : BioMed Central, 2002 5(2006), 1 vom: 22. März (DE-627)355102919 (DE-600)2090401-0 1475-2832 nnns volume:5 year:2006 number:1 day:22 month:03 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-5-3 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 5 2006 1 22 03 |
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10.1186/1744-859X-5-3 doi (DE-627)SPR029313473 (SPR)1744-859X-5-3-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Hermens, Marleen LM verfasserin aut Administering the MADRS by telephone or face-to-face: a validity study 2006 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Hermens et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2006. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( Background The Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a frequently used observer-rated depression scale. In the present study, a telephonic rating was compared with a face-to-face rating in 66 primary care patients with minor or mild-major depression. The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of the administration by telephone. Additional objective was to study the validity of the first item, 'apparent sadness', the only item purely based on observation. Methods The present study was a validity study. During an in-person interview at the patient's home a trained interviewer administered the MADRS. A few days later the MADRS was administered again, but now by telephone and by a different interviewer. The validity of the telephone rating was calculated through the appropriate intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Mean total score on the in-person administration was 24.0 (SD = 11.1), and on the telephone administration 23.5 (SD = 10.4). The ICC for the full scale was 0.65. Homogeneity analysis showed that the observation item 'apparent sadness' fitted well into the scale. Conclusion The full MADRS, including the observation item 'apparent sadness', can be administered reliably by telephone. Full Scale (dpeaa)DE-He213 Memory Effect (dpeaa)DE-He213 Composite International Diagnostic Interview (dpeaa)DE-He213 Variance Component Analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 MADRS Score (dpeaa)DE-He213 Adèr, Herman J aut van Hout, Hein PJ aut Terluin, Berend aut van Dyck, Richard aut de Haan, Marten aut Enthalten in Annals of general psychiatry [S.l.] : BioMed Central, 2002 5(2006), 1 vom: 22. März (DE-627)355102919 (DE-600)2090401-0 1475-2832 nnns volume:5 year:2006 number:1 day:22 month:03 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-5-3 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 5 2006 1 22 03 |
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10.1186/1744-859X-5-3 doi (DE-627)SPR029313473 (SPR)1744-859X-5-3-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Hermens, Marleen LM verfasserin aut Administering the MADRS by telephone or face-to-face: a validity study 2006 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Hermens et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2006. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( Background The Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a frequently used observer-rated depression scale. In the present study, a telephonic rating was compared with a face-to-face rating in 66 primary care patients with minor or mild-major depression. The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of the administration by telephone. Additional objective was to study the validity of the first item, 'apparent sadness', the only item purely based on observation. Methods The present study was a validity study. During an in-person interview at the patient's home a trained interviewer administered the MADRS. A few days later the MADRS was administered again, but now by telephone and by a different interviewer. The validity of the telephone rating was calculated through the appropriate intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Mean total score on the in-person administration was 24.0 (SD = 11.1), and on the telephone administration 23.5 (SD = 10.4). The ICC for the full scale was 0.65. Homogeneity analysis showed that the observation item 'apparent sadness' fitted well into the scale. Conclusion The full MADRS, including the observation item 'apparent sadness', can be administered reliably by telephone. Full Scale (dpeaa)DE-He213 Memory Effect (dpeaa)DE-He213 Composite International Diagnostic Interview (dpeaa)DE-He213 Variance Component Analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 MADRS Score (dpeaa)DE-He213 Adèr, Herman J aut van Hout, Hein PJ aut Terluin, Berend aut van Dyck, Richard aut de Haan, Marten aut Enthalten in Annals of general psychiatry [S.l.] : BioMed Central, 2002 5(2006), 1 vom: 22. März (DE-627)355102919 (DE-600)2090401-0 1475-2832 nnns volume:5 year:2006 number:1 day:22 month:03 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-5-3 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 5 2006 1 22 03 |
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Background The Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a frequently used observer-rated depression scale. In the present study, a telephonic rating was compared with a face-to-face rating in 66 primary care patients with minor or mild-major depression. The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of the administration by telephone. Additional objective was to study the validity of the first item, 'apparent sadness', the only item purely based on observation. Methods The present study was a validity study. During an in-person interview at the patient's home a trained interviewer administered the MADRS. A few days later the MADRS was administered again, but now by telephone and by a different interviewer. The validity of the telephone rating was calculated through the appropriate intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Mean total score on the in-person administration was 24.0 (SD = 11.1), and on the telephone administration 23.5 (SD = 10.4). The ICC for the full scale was 0.65. Homogeneity analysis showed that the observation item 'apparent sadness' fitted well into the scale. 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administering the madrs by telephone or face-to-face: a validity study |
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Administering the MADRS by telephone or face-to-face: a validity study |
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Background The Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a frequently used observer-rated depression scale. In the present study, a telephonic rating was compared with a face-to-face rating in 66 primary care patients with minor or mild-major depression. The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of the administration by telephone. Additional objective was to study the validity of the first item, 'apparent sadness', the only item purely based on observation. Methods The present study was a validity study. During an in-person interview at the patient's home a trained interviewer administered the MADRS. A few days later the MADRS was administered again, but now by telephone and by a different interviewer. The validity of the telephone rating was calculated through the appropriate intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Mean total score on the in-person administration was 24.0 (SD = 11.1), and on the telephone administration 23.5 (SD = 10.4). The ICC for the full scale was 0.65. Homogeneity analysis showed that the observation item 'apparent sadness' fitted well into the scale. Conclusion The full MADRS, including the observation item 'apparent sadness', can be administered reliably by telephone. © Hermens et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2006. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( |
| abstractGer |
Background The Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a frequently used observer-rated depression scale. In the present study, a telephonic rating was compared with a face-to-face rating in 66 primary care patients with minor or mild-major depression. The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of the administration by telephone. Additional objective was to study the validity of the first item, 'apparent sadness', the only item purely based on observation. Methods The present study was a validity study. During an in-person interview at the patient's home a trained interviewer administered the MADRS. A few days later the MADRS was administered again, but now by telephone and by a different interviewer. The validity of the telephone rating was calculated through the appropriate intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Mean total score on the in-person administration was 24.0 (SD = 11.1), and on the telephone administration 23.5 (SD = 10.4). The ICC for the full scale was 0.65. Homogeneity analysis showed that the observation item 'apparent sadness' fitted well into the scale. Conclusion The full MADRS, including the observation item 'apparent sadness', can be administered reliably by telephone. © Hermens et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2006. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Background The Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a frequently used observer-rated depression scale. In the present study, a telephonic rating was compared with a face-to-face rating in 66 primary care patients with minor or mild-major depression. The aim of the present study was to assess the validity of the administration by telephone. Additional objective was to study the validity of the first item, 'apparent sadness', the only item purely based on observation. Methods The present study was a validity study. During an in-person interview at the patient's home a trained interviewer administered the MADRS. A few days later the MADRS was administered again, but now by telephone and by a different interviewer. The validity of the telephone rating was calculated through the appropriate intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Mean total score on the in-person administration was 24.0 (SD = 11.1), and on the telephone administration 23.5 (SD = 10.4). The ICC for the full scale was 0.65. Homogeneity analysis showed that the observation item 'apparent sadness' fitted well into the scale. Conclusion The full MADRS, including the observation item 'apparent sadness', can be administered reliably by telephone. © Hermens et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2006. This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( |
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The validity of the telephone rating was calculated through the appropriate intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results Mean total score on the in-person administration was 24.0 (SD = 11.1), and on the telephone administration 23.5 (SD = 10.4). The ICC for the full scale was 0.65. Homogeneity analysis showed that the observation item 'apparent sadness' fitted well into the scale. 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