Automated telemetry reveals age specific differences in flight duration and speed are driven by wind conditions in a migratory songbird
Background Given that winds encountered on migration could theoretically double or half the energy expenditure of aerial migrants, there should be strong selection on behaviour in relation to wind conditions aloft. However, evidence suggests that juvenile songbirds are less choosy about wind conditi...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Mitchell, Greg W [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2015 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Anmerkung: |
© Mitchell et al. 2015 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Movement Ecology - London : BioMed Central, 2013, 3(2015), 1 vom: 15. Aug. |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:3 ; year:2015 ; number:1 ; day:15 ; month:08 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1186/s40462-015-0046-5 |
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| Katalog-ID: |
SPR036481106 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Automated telemetry reveals age specific differences in flight duration and speed are driven by wind conditions in a migratory songbird |
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| 520 | |a Background Given that winds encountered on migration could theoretically double or half the energy expenditure of aerial migrants, there should be strong selection on behaviour in relation to wind conditions aloft. However, evidence suggests that juvenile songbirds are less choosy about wind conditions at departure relative to adults, potentially increasing energy expenditure during flight. To date, there has yet to be a direct comparison of flight efficiency between free-living adult and juvenile songbirds during migration in relation to wind conditions aloft, likely because of the challenges of following known aged individual songbirds during flight. We used an automated digital telemetry array to compare the flight efficiency of adult and juvenile Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) as they flew nearly 100 km during two successive stages of their fall migration; a departure flight from their breeding grounds out over the ocean and then a migratory flight along a coast. Using a multilevel path modelling framework, we evaluated the effects of age, flight stage, tailwind component, and crosswind component on flight duration and groundspeed. Results We found that juveniles departed under wind conditions that were less supportive relative to adults and that this resulted in juveniles taking 1.4 times longer to complete the same flight trajectories as adults. We did not find an effect of age on flight duration or groundspeed after controlling for wind conditions aloft, suggesting that both age groups were flying at similar airspeeds. We also found that groundspeeds were 1.7 times faster along the coast than over the ocean given more favourable tailwinds along the coast and because birds appeared to be climbing in altitude over the ocean, diverting some energy from horizontal to vertical movement. Conclusions Our results provide the first evidence that adult songbirds have considerably more efficient migratory flights than juveniles, and that this efficiency is driven by the selection of more supportive tailwind conditions aloft. We suggest that the tendency for juveniles to be less choosy about wind conditions at departure relative to adults could be adaptive if the benefits of having a more flexible departure schedule exceed the time and energy savings realized during flight with more supportive winds. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Aeroecology |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Airspeed |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Automated telemetry |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Tailwinds |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Wind support |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Woodworth, Bradley K |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Taylor, Philip D |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Norris, D Ryan |4 aut | |
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10.1186/s40462-015-0046-5 doi (DE-627)SPR036481106 (SPR)s40462-015-0046-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Mitchell, Greg W verfasserin aut Automated telemetry reveals age specific differences in flight duration and speed are driven by wind conditions in a migratory songbird 2015 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Mitchell et al. 2015 Background Given that winds encountered on migration could theoretically double or half the energy expenditure of aerial migrants, there should be strong selection on behaviour in relation to wind conditions aloft. However, evidence suggests that juvenile songbirds are less choosy about wind conditions at departure relative to adults, potentially increasing energy expenditure during flight. To date, there has yet to be a direct comparison of flight efficiency between free-living adult and juvenile songbirds during migration in relation to wind conditions aloft, likely because of the challenges of following known aged individual songbirds during flight. We used an automated digital telemetry array to compare the flight efficiency of adult and juvenile Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) as they flew nearly 100 km during two successive stages of their fall migration; a departure flight from their breeding grounds out over the ocean and then a migratory flight along a coast. Using a multilevel path modelling framework, we evaluated the effects of age, flight stage, tailwind component, and crosswind component on flight duration and groundspeed. Results We found that juveniles departed under wind conditions that were less supportive relative to adults and that this resulted in juveniles taking 1.4 times longer to complete the same flight trajectories as adults. We did not find an effect of age on flight duration or groundspeed after controlling for wind conditions aloft, suggesting that both age groups were flying at similar airspeeds. We also found that groundspeeds were 1.7 times faster along the coast than over the ocean given more favourable tailwinds along the coast and because birds appeared to be climbing in altitude over the ocean, diverting some energy from horizontal to vertical movement. Conclusions Our results provide the first evidence that adult songbirds have considerably more efficient migratory flights than juveniles, and that this efficiency is driven by the selection of more supportive tailwind conditions aloft. We suggest that the tendency for juveniles to be less choosy about wind conditions at departure relative to adults could be adaptive if the benefits of having a more flexible departure schedule exceed the time and energy savings realized during flight with more supportive winds. Altitude (dpeaa)DE-He213 Aeroecology (dpeaa)DE-He213 Airspeed (dpeaa)DE-He213 Automated telemetry (dpeaa)DE-He213 Crosswinds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Flight costs (dpeaa)DE-He213 Groundspeed (dpeaa)DE-He213 Migration (dpeaa)DE-He213 Songbirds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tailwinds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Wind support (dpeaa)DE-He213 Woodworth, Bradley K aut Taylor, Philip D aut Norris, D Ryan aut Enthalten in Movement Ecology London : BioMed Central, 2013 3(2015), 1 vom: 15. Aug. (DE-627)755706498 (DE-600)2724975-X 2051-3933 nnns volume:3 year:2015 number:1 day:15 month:08 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40462-015-0046-5 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 3 2015 1 15 08 |
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10.1186/s40462-015-0046-5 doi (DE-627)SPR036481106 (SPR)s40462-015-0046-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Mitchell, Greg W verfasserin aut Automated telemetry reveals age specific differences in flight duration and speed are driven by wind conditions in a migratory songbird 2015 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Mitchell et al. 2015 Background Given that winds encountered on migration could theoretically double or half the energy expenditure of aerial migrants, there should be strong selection on behaviour in relation to wind conditions aloft. However, evidence suggests that juvenile songbirds are less choosy about wind conditions at departure relative to adults, potentially increasing energy expenditure during flight. To date, there has yet to be a direct comparison of flight efficiency between free-living adult and juvenile songbirds during migration in relation to wind conditions aloft, likely because of the challenges of following known aged individual songbirds during flight. We used an automated digital telemetry array to compare the flight efficiency of adult and juvenile Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) as they flew nearly 100 km during two successive stages of their fall migration; a departure flight from their breeding grounds out over the ocean and then a migratory flight along a coast. Using a multilevel path modelling framework, we evaluated the effects of age, flight stage, tailwind component, and crosswind component on flight duration and groundspeed. Results We found that juveniles departed under wind conditions that were less supportive relative to adults and that this resulted in juveniles taking 1.4 times longer to complete the same flight trajectories as adults. We did not find an effect of age on flight duration or groundspeed after controlling for wind conditions aloft, suggesting that both age groups were flying at similar airspeeds. We also found that groundspeeds were 1.7 times faster along the coast than over the ocean given more favourable tailwinds along the coast and because birds appeared to be climbing in altitude over the ocean, diverting some energy from horizontal to vertical movement. Conclusions Our results provide the first evidence that adult songbirds have considerably more efficient migratory flights than juveniles, and that this efficiency is driven by the selection of more supportive tailwind conditions aloft. We suggest that the tendency for juveniles to be less choosy about wind conditions at departure relative to adults could be adaptive if the benefits of having a more flexible departure schedule exceed the time and energy savings realized during flight with more supportive winds. Altitude (dpeaa)DE-He213 Aeroecology (dpeaa)DE-He213 Airspeed (dpeaa)DE-He213 Automated telemetry (dpeaa)DE-He213 Crosswinds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Flight costs (dpeaa)DE-He213 Groundspeed (dpeaa)DE-He213 Migration (dpeaa)DE-He213 Songbirds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tailwinds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Wind support (dpeaa)DE-He213 Woodworth, Bradley K aut Taylor, Philip D aut Norris, D Ryan aut Enthalten in Movement Ecology London : BioMed Central, 2013 3(2015), 1 vom: 15. Aug. (DE-627)755706498 (DE-600)2724975-X 2051-3933 nnns volume:3 year:2015 number:1 day:15 month:08 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40462-015-0046-5 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 3 2015 1 15 08 |
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10.1186/s40462-015-0046-5 doi (DE-627)SPR036481106 (SPR)s40462-015-0046-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Mitchell, Greg W verfasserin aut Automated telemetry reveals age specific differences in flight duration and speed are driven by wind conditions in a migratory songbird 2015 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Mitchell et al. 2015 Background Given that winds encountered on migration could theoretically double or half the energy expenditure of aerial migrants, there should be strong selection on behaviour in relation to wind conditions aloft. However, evidence suggests that juvenile songbirds are less choosy about wind conditions at departure relative to adults, potentially increasing energy expenditure during flight. To date, there has yet to be a direct comparison of flight efficiency between free-living adult and juvenile songbirds during migration in relation to wind conditions aloft, likely because of the challenges of following known aged individual songbirds during flight. We used an automated digital telemetry array to compare the flight efficiency of adult and juvenile Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) as they flew nearly 100 km during two successive stages of their fall migration; a departure flight from their breeding grounds out over the ocean and then a migratory flight along a coast. Using a multilevel path modelling framework, we evaluated the effects of age, flight stage, tailwind component, and crosswind component on flight duration and groundspeed. Results We found that juveniles departed under wind conditions that were less supportive relative to adults and that this resulted in juveniles taking 1.4 times longer to complete the same flight trajectories as adults. We did not find an effect of age on flight duration or groundspeed after controlling for wind conditions aloft, suggesting that both age groups were flying at similar airspeeds. We also found that groundspeeds were 1.7 times faster along the coast than over the ocean given more favourable tailwinds along the coast and because birds appeared to be climbing in altitude over the ocean, diverting some energy from horizontal to vertical movement. Conclusions Our results provide the first evidence that adult songbirds have considerably more efficient migratory flights than juveniles, and that this efficiency is driven by the selection of more supportive tailwind conditions aloft. We suggest that the tendency for juveniles to be less choosy about wind conditions at departure relative to adults could be adaptive if the benefits of having a more flexible departure schedule exceed the time and energy savings realized during flight with more supportive winds. Altitude (dpeaa)DE-He213 Aeroecology (dpeaa)DE-He213 Airspeed (dpeaa)DE-He213 Automated telemetry (dpeaa)DE-He213 Crosswinds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Flight costs (dpeaa)DE-He213 Groundspeed (dpeaa)DE-He213 Migration (dpeaa)DE-He213 Songbirds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tailwinds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Wind support (dpeaa)DE-He213 Woodworth, Bradley K aut Taylor, Philip D aut Norris, D Ryan aut Enthalten in Movement Ecology London : BioMed Central, 2013 3(2015), 1 vom: 15. Aug. (DE-627)755706498 (DE-600)2724975-X 2051-3933 nnns volume:3 year:2015 number:1 day:15 month:08 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40462-015-0046-5 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 3 2015 1 15 08 |
| allfieldsGer |
10.1186/s40462-015-0046-5 doi (DE-627)SPR036481106 (SPR)s40462-015-0046-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Mitchell, Greg W verfasserin aut Automated telemetry reveals age specific differences in flight duration and speed are driven by wind conditions in a migratory songbird 2015 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Mitchell et al. 2015 Background Given that winds encountered on migration could theoretically double or half the energy expenditure of aerial migrants, there should be strong selection on behaviour in relation to wind conditions aloft. However, evidence suggests that juvenile songbirds are less choosy about wind conditions at departure relative to adults, potentially increasing energy expenditure during flight. To date, there has yet to be a direct comparison of flight efficiency between free-living adult and juvenile songbirds during migration in relation to wind conditions aloft, likely because of the challenges of following known aged individual songbirds during flight. We used an automated digital telemetry array to compare the flight efficiency of adult and juvenile Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) as they flew nearly 100 km during two successive stages of their fall migration; a departure flight from their breeding grounds out over the ocean and then a migratory flight along a coast. Using a multilevel path modelling framework, we evaluated the effects of age, flight stage, tailwind component, and crosswind component on flight duration and groundspeed. Results We found that juveniles departed under wind conditions that were less supportive relative to adults and that this resulted in juveniles taking 1.4 times longer to complete the same flight trajectories as adults. We did not find an effect of age on flight duration or groundspeed after controlling for wind conditions aloft, suggesting that both age groups were flying at similar airspeeds. We also found that groundspeeds were 1.7 times faster along the coast than over the ocean given more favourable tailwinds along the coast and because birds appeared to be climbing in altitude over the ocean, diverting some energy from horizontal to vertical movement. Conclusions Our results provide the first evidence that adult songbirds have considerably more efficient migratory flights than juveniles, and that this efficiency is driven by the selection of more supportive tailwind conditions aloft. We suggest that the tendency for juveniles to be less choosy about wind conditions at departure relative to adults could be adaptive if the benefits of having a more flexible departure schedule exceed the time and energy savings realized during flight with more supportive winds. Altitude (dpeaa)DE-He213 Aeroecology (dpeaa)DE-He213 Airspeed (dpeaa)DE-He213 Automated telemetry (dpeaa)DE-He213 Crosswinds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Flight costs (dpeaa)DE-He213 Groundspeed (dpeaa)DE-He213 Migration (dpeaa)DE-He213 Songbirds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tailwinds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Wind support (dpeaa)DE-He213 Woodworth, Bradley K aut Taylor, Philip D aut Norris, D Ryan aut Enthalten in Movement Ecology London : BioMed Central, 2013 3(2015), 1 vom: 15. Aug. (DE-627)755706498 (DE-600)2724975-X 2051-3933 nnns volume:3 year:2015 number:1 day:15 month:08 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40462-015-0046-5 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 3 2015 1 15 08 |
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10.1186/s40462-015-0046-5 doi (DE-627)SPR036481106 (SPR)s40462-015-0046-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Mitchell, Greg W verfasserin aut Automated telemetry reveals age specific differences in flight duration and speed are driven by wind conditions in a migratory songbird 2015 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Mitchell et al. 2015 Background Given that winds encountered on migration could theoretically double or half the energy expenditure of aerial migrants, there should be strong selection on behaviour in relation to wind conditions aloft. However, evidence suggests that juvenile songbirds are less choosy about wind conditions at departure relative to adults, potentially increasing energy expenditure during flight. To date, there has yet to be a direct comparison of flight efficiency between free-living adult and juvenile songbirds during migration in relation to wind conditions aloft, likely because of the challenges of following known aged individual songbirds during flight. We used an automated digital telemetry array to compare the flight efficiency of adult and juvenile Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) as they flew nearly 100 km during two successive stages of their fall migration; a departure flight from their breeding grounds out over the ocean and then a migratory flight along a coast. Using a multilevel path modelling framework, we evaluated the effects of age, flight stage, tailwind component, and crosswind component on flight duration and groundspeed. Results We found that juveniles departed under wind conditions that were less supportive relative to adults and that this resulted in juveniles taking 1.4 times longer to complete the same flight trajectories as adults. We did not find an effect of age on flight duration or groundspeed after controlling for wind conditions aloft, suggesting that both age groups were flying at similar airspeeds. We also found that groundspeeds were 1.7 times faster along the coast than over the ocean given more favourable tailwinds along the coast and because birds appeared to be climbing in altitude over the ocean, diverting some energy from horizontal to vertical movement. Conclusions Our results provide the first evidence that adult songbirds have considerably more efficient migratory flights than juveniles, and that this efficiency is driven by the selection of more supportive tailwind conditions aloft. We suggest that the tendency for juveniles to be less choosy about wind conditions at departure relative to adults could be adaptive if the benefits of having a more flexible departure schedule exceed the time and energy savings realized during flight with more supportive winds. Altitude (dpeaa)DE-He213 Aeroecology (dpeaa)DE-He213 Airspeed (dpeaa)DE-He213 Automated telemetry (dpeaa)DE-He213 Crosswinds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Flight costs (dpeaa)DE-He213 Groundspeed (dpeaa)DE-He213 Migration (dpeaa)DE-He213 Songbirds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tailwinds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Wind support (dpeaa)DE-He213 Woodworth, Bradley K aut Taylor, Philip D aut Norris, D Ryan aut Enthalten in Movement Ecology London : BioMed Central, 2013 3(2015), 1 vom: 15. Aug. (DE-627)755706498 (DE-600)2724975-X 2051-3933 nnns volume:3 year:2015 number:1 day:15 month:08 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40462-015-0046-5 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 3 2015 1 15 08 |
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Mitchell, Greg W misc Altitude misc Aeroecology misc Airspeed misc Automated telemetry misc Crosswinds misc Flight costs misc Groundspeed misc Migration misc Songbirds misc Tailwinds misc Wind support Automated telemetry reveals age specific differences in flight duration and speed are driven by wind conditions in a migratory songbird |
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Automated telemetry reveals age specific differences in flight duration and speed are driven by wind conditions in a migratory songbird Altitude (dpeaa)DE-He213 Aeroecology (dpeaa)DE-He213 Airspeed (dpeaa)DE-He213 Automated telemetry (dpeaa)DE-He213 Crosswinds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Flight costs (dpeaa)DE-He213 Groundspeed (dpeaa)DE-He213 Migration (dpeaa)DE-He213 Songbirds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tailwinds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Wind support (dpeaa)DE-He213 |
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Automated telemetry reveals age specific differences in flight duration and speed are driven by wind conditions in a migratory songbird |
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Background Given that winds encountered on migration could theoretically double or half the energy expenditure of aerial migrants, there should be strong selection on behaviour in relation to wind conditions aloft. However, evidence suggests that juvenile songbirds are less choosy about wind conditions at departure relative to adults, potentially increasing energy expenditure during flight. To date, there has yet to be a direct comparison of flight efficiency between free-living adult and juvenile songbirds during migration in relation to wind conditions aloft, likely because of the challenges of following known aged individual songbirds during flight. We used an automated digital telemetry array to compare the flight efficiency of adult and juvenile Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) as they flew nearly 100 km during two successive stages of their fall migration; a departure flight from their breeding grounds out over the ocean and then a migratory flight along a coast. Using a multilevel path modelling framework, we evaluated the effects of age, flight stage, tailwind component, and crosswind component on flight duration and groundspeed. Results We found that juveniles departed under wind conditions that were less supportive relative to adults and that this resulted in juveniles taking 1.4 times longer to complete the same flight trajectories as adults. We did not find an effect of age on flight duration or groundspeed after controlling for wind conditions aloft, suggesting that both age groups were flying at similar airspeeds. We also found that groundspeeds were 1.7 times faster along the coast than over the ocean given more favourable tailwinds along the coast and because birds appeared to be climbing in altitude over the ocean, diverting some energy from horizontal to vertical movement. Conclusions Our results provide the first evidence that adult songbirds have considerably more efficient migratory flights than juveniles, and that this efficiency is driven by the selection of more supportive tailwind conditions aloft. We suggest that the tendency for juveniles to be less choosy about wind conditions at departure relative to adults could be adaptive if the benefits of having a more flexible departure schedule exceed the time and energy savings realized during flight with more supportive winds. © Mitchell et al. 2015 |
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Background Given that winds encountered on migration could theoretically double or half the energy expenditure of aerial migrants, there should be strong selection on behaviour in relation to wind conditions aloft. However, evidence suggests that juvenile songbirds are less choosy about wind conditions at departure relative to adults, potentially increasing energy expenditure during flight. To date, there has yet to be a direct comparison of flight efficiency between free-living adult and juvenile songbirds during migration in relation to wind conditions aloft, likely because of the challenges of following known aged individual songbirds during flight. We used an automated digital telemetry array to compare the flight efficiency of adult and juvenile Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) as they flew nearly 100 km during two successive stages of their fall migration; a departure flight from their breeding grounds out over the ocean and then a migratory flight along a coast. Using a multilevel path modelling framework, we evaluated the effects of age, flight stage, tailwind component, and crosswind component on flight duration and groundspeed. Results We found that juveniles departed under wind conditions that were less supportive relative to adults and that this resulted in juveniles taking 1.4 times longer to complete the same flight trajectories as adults. We did not find an effect of age on flight duration or groundspeed after controlling for wind conditions aloft, suggesting that both age groups were flying at similar airspeeds. We also found that groundspeeds were 1.7 times faster along the coast than over the ocean given more favourable tailwinds along the coast and because birds appeared to be climbing in altitude over the ocean, diverting some energy from horizontal to vertical movement. Conclusions Our results provide the first evidence that adult songbirds have considerably more efficient migratory flights than juveniles, and that this efficiency is driven by the selection of more supportive tailwind conditions aloft. We suggest that the tendency for juveniles to be less choosy about wind conditions at departure relative to adults could be adaptive if the benefits of having a more flexible departure schedule exceed the time and energy savings realized during flight with more supportive winds. © Mitchell et al. 2015 |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Background Given that winds encountered on migration could theoretically double or half the energy expenditure of aerial migrants, there should be strong selection on behaviour in relation to wind conditions aloft. However, evidence suggests that juvenile songbirds are less choosy about wind conditions at departure relative to adults, potentially increasing energy expenditure during flight. To date, there has yet to be a direct comparison of flight efficiency between free-living adult and juvenile songbirds during migration in relation to wind conditions aloft, likely because of the challenges of following known aged individual songbirds during flight. We used an automated digital telemetry array to compare the flight efficiency of adult and juvenile Savannah sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis) as they flew nearly 100 km during two successive stages of their fall migration; a departure flight from their breeding grounds out over the ocean and then a migratory flight along a coast. Using a multilevel path modelling framework, we evaluated the effects of age, flight stage, tailwind component, and crosswind component on flight duration and groundspeed. Results We found that juveniles departed under wind conditions that were less supportive relative to adults and that this resulted in juveniles taking 1.4 times longer to complete the same flight trajectories as adults. We did not find an effect of age on flight duration or groundspeed after controlling for wind conditions aloft, suggesting that both age groups were flying at similar airspeeds. We also found that groundspeeds were 1.7 times faster along the coast than over the ocean given more favourable tailwinds along the coast and because birds appeared to be climbing in altitude over the ocean, diverting some energy from horizontal to vertical movement. Conclusions Our results provide the first evidence that adult songbirds have considerably more efficient migratory flights than juveniles, and that this efficiency is driven by the selection of more supportive tailwind conditions aloft. We suggest that the tendency for juveniles to be less choosy about wind conditions at departure relative to adults could be adaptive if the benefits of having a more flexible departure schedule exceed the time and energy savings realized during flight with more supportive winds. © Mitchell et al. 2015 |
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Automated telemetry reveals age specific differences in flight duration and speed are driven by wind conditions in a migratory songbird |
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https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40462-015-0046-5 |
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Woodworth, Bradley K Taylor, Philip D Norris, D Ryan |
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