Squared frequency-Kt/V: a new index of hemodialysis adequacy—correlation with solute concentrations by computer simulation

Background In patients undergoing home dialysis, conventionally, Kt/V has been regarded as an index of the removal efficiency per dialysis session. However, more recently, it has been considered that the hemodialysis product (HDP), rather than the Kt/V, is better associated with the clinical symptoms and outcomes in patients undergoing short daily dialysis or nocturnal dialysis. Nevertheless, the HDP lacks a theoretical background, and it does not take into consideration the dialyzer clearance or patient’s body size. The aims of the present study were to clarify the theoretical validity of HDP focusing on its association with solute concentration by computer simulation and to propose a new index of hemodialysis adequacy. Methods We used compartment models and calculated the time course of urea and $ β_{2} $ microglobulin ($ β_{2} $MG) concentrations to determine the peak concentrations and time-averaged concentrations at varying dialysis frequencies (n = 2–7 sessions/week) and durations of dialysis per session (t = 1 to 8 h dialysis sessions). Results It was found that the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG were significantly correlated with the HDP. Based on this, we theoretically extracted the factor related to the peak concentration and defined the squared frequency-Kt/V (sf-Kt/V), as a new index for determining hemodialysis adequacy (sf-Kt/V = n2Kt/V; K, clearance; V, solute distribution volume; n, frequency; t, dialysis time); this index was well correlated with the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, even when the values of K and V were changed. Conclusions Since the sf-Kt/V is an index that reflects peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, which takes into account the dialysis frequency, session duration, dialyzer clearance, and the body weight of the patient, it will be a very useful tool for determining appropriate dialysis schedules and dialysis conditions for individual patients. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Murakami, Kaya [verfasserIn] Kokubo, Kenichi Hirose, Minoru Kobayashi, Kozue Kobayashi, Hirosuke

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2019

Schlagwörter:	/ Hemodialysis product Adequacy of dialysis Home hemodialysis

Anmerkung:	© The Author(s) 2019

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: Renal replacement therapy - [London] : BioMed Central, 2015, 5(2019), 1 vom: 19. Feb.
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:5 ; year:2019 ; number:1 ; day:19 ; month:02

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1186/s41100-019-0198-7

Katalog-ID:	SPR038266318

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520			\|a Background In patients undergoing home dialysis, conventionally, Kt/V has been regarded as an index of the removal efficiency per dialysis session. However, more recently, it has been considered that the hemodialysis product (HDP), rather than the Kt/V, is better associated with the clinical symptoms and outcomes in patients undergoing short daily dialysis or nocturnal dialysis. Nevertheless, the HDP lacks a theoretical background, and it does not take into consideration the dialyzer clearance or patient’s body size. The aims of the present study were to clarify the theoretical validity of HDP focusing on its association with solute concentration by computer simulation and to propose a new index of hemodialysis adequacy. Methods We used compartment models and calculated the time course of urea and $ β_{2} $ microglobulin ($ β_{2} $MG) concentrations to determine the peak concentrations and time-averaged concentrations at varying dialysis frequencies (n = 2–7 sessions/week) and durations of dialysis per session (t = 1 to 8 h dialysis sessions). Results It was found that the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG were significantly correlated with the HDP. Based on this, we theoretically extracted the factor related to the peak concentration and defined the squared frequency-Kt/V (sf-Kt/V), as a new index for determining hemodialysis adequacy (sf-Kt/V = n2Kt/V; K, clearance; V, solute distribution volume; n, frequency; t, dialysis time); this index was well correlated with the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, even when the values of K and V were changed. Conclusions Since the sf-Kt/V is an index that reflects peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, which takes into account the dialysis frequency, session duration, dialyzer clearance, and the body weight of the patient, it will be a very useful tool for determining appropriate dialysis schedules and dialysis conditions for individual patients.
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allfields	10.1186/s41100-019-0198-7 doi (DE-627)SPR038266318 (SPR)s41100-019-0198-7-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Murakami, Kaya verfasserin aut Squared frequency-Kt/V: a new index of hemodialysis adequacy—correlation with solute concentrations by computer simulation 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2019 Background In patients undergoing home dialysis, conventionally, Kt/V has been regarded as an index of the removal efficiency per dialysis session. However, more recently, it has been considered that the hemodialysis product (HDP), rather than the Kt/V, is better associated with the clinical symptoms and outcomes in patients undergoing short daily dialysis or nocturnal dialysis. Nevertheless, the HDP lacks a theoretical background, and it does not take into consideration the dialyzer clearance or patient’s body size. The aims of the present study were to clarify the theoretical validity of HDP focusing on its association with solute concentration by computer simulation and to propose a new index of hemodialysis adequacy. Methods We used compartment models and calculated the time course of urea and $ β_{2} $ microglobulin ($ β_{2} $MG) concentrations to determine the peak concentrations and time-averaged concentrations at varying dialysis frequencies (n = 2–7 sessions/week) and durations of dialysis per session (t = 1 to 8 h dialysis sessions). Results It was found that the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG were significantly correlated with the HDP. Based on this, we theoretically extracted the factor related to the peak concentration and defined the squared frequency-Kt/V (sf-Kt/V), as a new index for determining hemodialysis adequacy (sf-Kt/V = n2Kt/V; K, clearance; V, solute distribution volume; n, frequency; t, dialysis time); this index was well correlated with the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, even when the values of K and V were changed. Conclusions Since the sf-Kt/V is an index that reflects peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, which takes into account the dialysis frequency, session duration, dialyzer clearance, and the body weight of the patient, it will be a very useful tool for determining appropriate dialysis schedules and dialysis conditions for individual patients. / (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hemodialysis product (dpeaa)DE-He213 Adequacy of dialysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Home hemodialysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Kokubo, Kenichi aut Hirose, Minoru aut Kobayashi, Kozue aut Kobayashi, Hirosuke aut Enthalten in Renal replacement therapy [London] : BioMed Central, 2015 5(2019), 1 vom: 19. Feb. (DE-627)866576487 (DE-600)2866852-2 2059-1381 nnns volume:5 year:2019 number:1 day:19 month:02 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41100-019-0198-7 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 5 2019 1 19 02
spelling	10.1186/s41100-019-0198-7 doi (DE-627)SPR038266318 (SPR)s41100-019-0198-7-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Murakami, Kaya verfasserin aut Squared frequency-Kt/V: a new index of hemodialysis adequacy—correlation with solute concentrations by computer simulation 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2019 Background In patients undergoing home dialysis, conventionally, Kt/V has been regarded as an index of the removal efficiency per dialysis session. However, more recently, it has been considered that the hemodialysis product (HDP), rather than the Kt/V, is better associated with the clinical symptoms and outcomes in patients undergoing short daily dialysis or nocturnal dialysis. Nevertheless, the HDP lacks a theoretical background, and it does not take into consideration the dialyzer clearance or patient’s body size. The aims of the present study were to clarify the theoretical validity of HDP focusing on its association with solute concentration by computer simulation and to propose a new index of hemodialysis adequacy. Methods We used compartment models and calculated the time course of urea and $ β_{2} $ microglobulin ($ β_{2} $MG) concentrations to determine the peak concentrations and time-averaged concentrations at varying dialysis frequencies (n = 2–7 sessions/week) and durations of dialysis per session (t = 1 to 8 h dialysis sessions). Results It was found that the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG were significantly correlated with the HDP. Based on this, we theoretically extracted the factor related to the peak concentration and defined the squared frequency-Kt/V (sf-Kt/V), as a new index for determining hemodialysis adequacy (sf-Kt/V = n2Kt/V; K, clearance; V, solute distribution volume; n, frequency; t, dialysis time); this index was well correlated with the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, even when the values of K and V were changed. Conclusions Since the sf-Kt/V is an index that reflects peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, which takes into account the dialysis frequency, session duration, dialyzer clearance, and the body weight of the patient, it will be a very useful tool for determining appropriate dialysis schedules and dialysis conditions for individual patients. / (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hemodialysis product (dpeaa)DE-He213 Adequacy of dialysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Home hemodialysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Kokubo, Kenichi aut Hirose, Minoru aut Kobayashi, Kozue aut Kobayashi, Hirosuke aut Enthalten in Renal replacement therapy [London] : BioMed Central, 2015 5(2019), 1 vom: 19. Feb. (DE-627)866576487 (DE-600)2866852-2 2059-1381 nnns volume:5 year:2019 number:1 day:19 month:02 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41100-019-0198-7 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 5 2019 1 19 02
allfields_unstemmed	10.1186/s41100-019-0198-7 doi (DE-627)SPR038266318 (SPR)s41100-019-0198-7-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Murakami, Kaya verfasserin aut Squared frequency-Kt/V: a new index of hemodialysis adequacy—correlation with solute concentrations by computer simulation 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2019 Background In patients undergoing home dialysis, conventionally, Kt/V has been regarded as an index of the removal efficiency per dialysis session. However, more recently, it has been considered that the hemodialysis product (HDP), rather than the Kt/V, is better associated with the clinical symptoms and outcomes in patients undergoing short daily dialysis or nocturnal dialysis. Nevertheless, the HDP lacks a theoretical background, and it does not take into consideration the dialyzer clearance or patient’s body size. The aims of the present study were to clarify the theoretical validity of HDP focusing on its association with solute concentration by computer simulation and to propose a new index of hemodialysis adequacy. Methods We used compartment models and calculated the time course of urea and $ β_{2} $ microglobulin ($ β_{2} $MG) concentrations to determine the peak concentrations and time-averaged concentrations at varying dialysis frequencies (n = 2–7 sessions/week) and durations of dialysis per session (t = 1 to 8 h dialysis sessions). Results It was found that the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG were significantly correlated with the HDP. Based on this, we theoretically extracted the factor related to the peak concentration and defined the squared frequency-Kt/V (sf-Kt/V), as a new index for determining hemodialysis adequacy (sf-Kt/V = n2Kt/V; K, clearance; V, solute distribution volume; n, frequency; t, dialysis time); this index was well correlated with the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, even when the values of K and V were changed. Conclusions Since the sf-Kt/V is an index that reflects peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, which takes into account the dialysis frequency, session duration, dialyzer clearance, and the body weight of the patient, it will be a very useful tool for determining appropriate dialysis schedules and dialysis conditions for individual patients. / (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hemodialysis product (dpeaa)DE-He213 Adequacy of dialysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Home hemodialysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Kokubo, Kenichi aut Hirose, Minoru aut Kobayashi, Kozue aut Kobayashi, Hirosuke aut Enthalten in Renal replacement therapy [London] : BioMed Central, 2015 5(2019), 1 vom: 19. Feb. (DE-627)866576487 (DE-600)2866852-2 2059-1381 nnns volume:5 year:2019 number:1 day:19 month:02 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41100-019-0198-7 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 5 2019 1 19 02
allfieldsGer	10.1186/s41100-019-0198-7 doi (DE-627)SPR038266318 (SPR)s41100-019-0198-7-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Murakami, Kaya verfasserin aut Squared frequency-Kt/V: a new index of hemodialysis adequacy—correlation with solute concentrations by computer simulation 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2019 Background In patients undergoing home dialysis, conventionally, Kt/V has been regarded as an index of the removal efficiency per dialysis session. However, more recently, it has been considered that the hemodialysis product (HDP), rather than the Kt/V, is better associated with the clinical symptoms and outcomes in patients undergoing short daily dialysis or nocturnal dialysis. Nevertheless, the HDP lacks a theoretical background, and it does not take into consideration the dialyzer clearance or patient’s body size. The aims of the present study were to clarify the theoretical validity of HDP focusing on its association with solute concentration by computer simulation and to propose a new index of hemodialysis adequacy. Methods We used compartment models and calculated the time course of urea and $ β_{2} $ microglobulin ($ β_{2} $MG) concentrations to determine the peak concentrations and time-averaged concentrations at varying dialysis frequencies (n = 2–7 sessions/week) and durations of dialysis per session (t = 1 to 8 h dialysis sessions). Results It was found that the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG were significantly correlated with the HDP. Based on this, we theoretically extracted the factor related to the peak concentration and defined the squared frequency-Kt/V (sf-Kt/V), as a new index for determining hemodialysis adequacy (sf-Kt/V = n2Kt/V; K, clearance; V, solute distribution volume; n, frequency; t, dialysis time); this index was well correlated with the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, even when the values of K and V were changed. Conclusions Since the sf-Kt/V is an index that reflects peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, which takes into account the dialysis frequency, session duration, dialyzer clearance, and the body weight of the patient, it will be a very useful tool for determining appropriate dialysis schedules and dialysis conditions for individual patients. / (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hemodialysis product (dpeaa)DE-He213 Adequacy of dialysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Home hemodialysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Kokubo, Kenichi aut Hirose, Minoru aut Kobayashi, Kozue aut Kobayashi, Hirosuke aut Enthalten in Renal replacement therapy [London] : BioMed Central, 2015 5(2019), 1 vom: 19. Feb. (DE-627)866576487 (DE-600)2866852-2 2059-1381 nnns volume:5 year:2019 number:1 day:19 month:02 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41100-019-0198-7 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 5 2019 1 19 02
allfieldsSound	10.1186/s41100-019-0198-7 doi (DE-627)SPR038266318 (SPR)s41100-019-0198-7-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Murakami, Kaya verfasserin aut Squared frequency-Kt/V: a new index of hemodialysis adequacy—correlation with solute concentrations by computer simulation 2019 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2019 Background In patients undergoing home dialysis, conventionally, Kt/V has been regarded as an index of the removal efficiency per dialysis session. However, more recently, it has been considered that the hemodialysis product (HDP), rather than the Kt/V, is better associated with the clinical symptoms and outcomes in patients undergoing short daily dialysis or nocturnal dialysis. Nevertheless, the HDP lacks a theoretical background, and it does not take into consideration the dialyzer clearance or patient’s body size. The aims of the present study were to clarify the theoretical validity of HDP focusing on its association with solute concentration by computer simulation and to propose a new index of hemodialysis adequacy. Methods We used compartment models and calculated the time course of urea and $ β_{2} $ microglobulin ($ β_{2} $MG) concentrations to determine the peak concentrations and time-averaged concentrations at varying dialysis frequencies (n = 2–7 sessions/week) and durations of dialysis per session (t = 1 to 8 h dialysis sessions). Results It was found that the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG were significantly correlated with the HDP. Based on this, we theoretically extracted the factor related to the peak concentration and defined the squared frequency-Kt/V (sf-Kt/V), as a new index for determining hemodialysis adequacy (sf-Kt/V = n2Kt/V; K, clearance; V, solute distribution volume; n, frequency; t, dialysis time); this index was well correlated with the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, even when the values of K and V were changed. Conclusions Since the sf-Kt/V is an index that reflects peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, which takes into account the dialysis frequency, session duration, dialyzer clearance, and the body weight of the patient, it will be a very useful tool for determining appropriate dialysis schedules and dialysis conditions for individual patients. / (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hemodialysis product (dpeaa)DE-He213 Adequacy of dialysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Home hemodialysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Kokubo, Kenichi aut Hirose, Minoru aut Kobayashi, Kozue aut Kobayashi, Hirosuke aut Enthalten in Renal replacement therapy [London] : BioMed Central, 2015 5(2019), 1 vom: 19. Feb. (DE-627)866576487 (DE-600)2866852-2 2059-1381 nnns volume:5 year:2019 number:1 day:19 month:02 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41100-019-0198-7 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 5 2019 1 19 02
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However, more recently, it has been considered that the hemodialysis product (HDP), rather than the Kt/V, is better associated with the clinical symptoms and outcomes in patients undergoing short daily dialysis or nocturnal dialysis. Nevertheless, the HDP lacks a theoretical background, and it does not take into consideration the dialyzer clearance or patient’s body size. The aims of the present study were to clarify the theoretical validity of HDP focusing on its association with solute concentration by computer simulation and to propose a new index of hemodialysis adequacy. Methods We used compartment models and calculated the time course of urea and $ β_{2} $ microglobulin ($ β_{2} $MG) concentrations to determine the peak concentrations and time-averaged concentrations at varying dialysis frequencies (n = 2–7 sessions/week) and durations of dialysis per session (t = 1 to 8 h dialysis sessions). Results It was found that the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG were significantly correlated with the HDP. Based on this, we theoretically extracted the factor related to the peak concentration and defined the squared frequency-Kt/V (sf-Kt/V), as a new index for determining hemodialysis adequacy (sf-Kt/V = n2Kt/V; K, clearance; V, solute distribution volume; n, frequency; t, dialysis time); this index was well correlated with the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, even when the values of K and V were changed. Conclusions Since the sf-Kt/V is an index that reflects peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, which takes into account the dialysis frequency, session duration, dialyzer clearance, and the body weight of the patient, it will be a very useful tool for determining appropriate dialysis schedules and dialysis conditions for individual patients.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">/</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Hemodialysis product</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Adequacy of dialysis</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Home hemodialysis</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Kokubo, Kenichi</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hirose, Minoru</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Kobayashi, Kozue</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Kobayashi, Hirosuke</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Enthalten in</subfield><subfield code="t">Renal replacement therapy</subfield><subfield code="d">[London] : BioMed Central, 2015</subfield><subfield code="g">5(2019), 1 vom: 19. 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author	Murakami, Kaya
spellingShingle	Murakami, Kaya misc / misc Hemodialysis product misc Adequacy of dialysis misc Home hemodialysis Squared frequency-Kt/V: a new index of hemodialysis adequacy—correlation with solute concentrations by computer simulation
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topic_title	Squared frequency-Kt/V: a new index of hemodialysis adequacy—correlation with solute concentrations by computer simulation / (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hemodialysis product (dpeaa)DE-He213 Adequacy of dialysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Home hemodialysis (dpeaa)DE-He213
topic	misc / misc Hemodialysis product misc Adequacy of dialysis misc Home hemodialysis
topic_unstemmed	misc / misc Hemodialysis product misc Adequacy of dialysis misc Home hemodialysis
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title	Squared frequency-Kt/V: a new index of hemodialysis adequacy—correlation with solute concentrations by computer simulation
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title_full	Squared frequency-Kt/V: a new index of hemodialysis adequacy—correlation with solute concentrations by computer simulation
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author_browse	Murakami, Kaya Kokubo, Kenichi Hirose, Minoru Kobayashi, Kozue Kobayashi, Hirosuke
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title_sort	squared frequency-kt/v: a new index of hemodialysis adequacy—correlation with solute concentrations by computer simulation
title_auth	Squared frequency-Kt/V: a new index of hemodialysis adequacy—correlation with solute concentrations by computer simulation
abstract	Background In patients undergoing home dialysis, conventionally, Kt/V has been regarded as an index of the removal efficiency per dialysis session. However, more recently, it has been considered that the hemodialysis product (HDP), rather than the Kt/V, is better associated with the clinical symptoms and outcomes in patients undergoing short daily dialysis or nocturnal dialysis. Nevertheless, the HDP lacks a theoretical background, and it does not take into consideration the dialyzer clearance or patient’s body size. The aims of the present study were to clarify the theoretical validity of HDP focusing on its association with solute concentration by computer simulation and to propose a new index of hemodialysis adequacy. Methods We used compartment models and calculated the time course of urea and $ β_{2} $ microglobulin ($ β_{2} $MG) concentrations to determine the peak concentrations and time-averaged concentrations at varying dialysis frequencies (n = 2–7 sessions/week) and durations of dialysis per session (t = 1 to 8 h dialysis sessions). Results It was found that the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG were significantly correlated with the HDP. Based on this, we theoretically extracted the factor related to the peak concentration and defined the squared frequency-Kt/V (sf-Kt/V), as a new index for determining hemodialysis adequacy (sf-Kt/V = n2Kt/V; K, clearance; V, solute distribution volume; n, frequency; t, dialysis time); this index was well correlated with the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, even when the values of K and V were changed. Conclusions Since the sf-Kt/V is an index that reflects peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, which takes into account the dialysis frequency, session duration, dialyzer clearance, and the body weight of the patient, it will be a very useful tool for determining appropriate dialysis schedules and dialysis conditions for individual patients. © The Author(s) 2019
abstractGer	Background In patients undergoing home dialysis, conventionally, Kt/V has been regarded as an index of the removal efficiency per dialysis session. However, more recently, it has been considered that the hemodialysis product (HDP), rather than the Kt/V, is better associated with the clinical symptoms and outcomes in patients undergoing short daily dialysis or nocturnal dialysis. Nevertheless, the HDP lacks a theoretical background, and it does not take into consideration the dialyzer clearance or patient’s body size. The aims of the present study were to clarify the theoretical validity of HDP focusing on its association with solute concentration by computer simulation and to propose a new index of hemodialysis adequacy. Methods We used compartment models and calculated the time course of urea and $ β_{2} $ microglobulin ($ β_{2} $MG) concentrations to determine the peak concentrations and time-averaged concentrations at varying dialysis frequencies (n = 2–7 sessions/week) and durations of dialysis per session (t = 1 to 8 h dialysis sessions). Results It was found that the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG were significantly correlated with the HDP. Based on this, we theoretically extracted the factor related to the peak concentration and defined the squared frequency-Kt/V (sf-Kt/V), as a new index for determining hemodialysis adequacy (sf-Kt/V = n2Kt/V; K, clearance; V, solute distribution volume; n, frequency; t, dialysis time); this index was well correlated with the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, even when the values of K and V were changed. Conclusions Since the sf-Kt/V is an index that reflects peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, which takes into account the dialysis frequency, session duration, dialyzer clearance, and the body weight of the patient, it will be a very useful tool for determining appropriate dialysis schedules and dialysis conditions for individual patients. © The Author(s) 2019
abstract_unstemmed	Background In patients undergoing home dialysis, conventionally, Kt/V has been regarded as an index of the removal efficiency per dialysis session. However, more recently, it has been considered that the hemodialysis product (HDP), rather than the Kt/V, is better associated with the clinical symptoms and outcomes in patients undergoing short daily dialysis or nocturnal dialysis. Nevertheless, the HDP lacks a theoretical background, and it does not take into consideration the dialyzer clearance or patient’s body size. The aims of the present study were to clarify the theoretical validity of HDP focusing on its association with solute concentration by computer simulation and to propose a new index of hemodialysis adequacy. Methods We used compartment models and calculated the time course of urea and $ β_{2} $ microglobulin ($ β_{2} $MG) concentrations to determine the peak concentrations and time-averaged concentrations at varying dialysis frequencies (n = 2–7 sessions/week) and durations of dialysis per session (t = 1 to 8 h dialysis sessions). Results It was found that the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG were significantly correlated with the HDP. Based on this, we theoretically extracted the factor related to the peak concentration and defined the squared frequency-Kt/V (sf-Kt/V), as a new index for determining hemodialysis adequacy (sf-Kt/V = n2Kt/V; K, clearance; V, solute distribution volume; n, frequency; t, dialysis time); this index was well correlated with the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, even when the values of K and V were changed. Conclusions Since the sf-Kt/V is an index that reflects peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, which takes into account the dialysis frequency, session duration, dialyzer clearance, and the body weight of the patient, it will be a very useful tool for determining appropriate dialysis schedules and dialysis conditions for individual patients. © The Author(s) 2019
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title_short	Squared frequency-Kt/V: a new index of hemodialysis adequacy—correlation with solute concentrations by computer simulation
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author2	Kokubo, Kenichi Hirose, Minoru Kobayashi, Kozue Kobayashi, Hirosuke
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However, more recently, it has been considered that the hemodialysis product (HDP), rather than the Kt/V, is better associated with the clinical symptoms and outcomes in patients undergoing short daily dialysis or nocturnal dialysis. Nevertheless, the HDP lacks a theoretical background, and it does not take into consideration the dialyzer clearance or patient’s body size. The aims of the present study were to clarify the theoretical validity of HDP focusing on its association with solute concentration by computer simulation and to propose a new index of hemodialysis adequacy. Methods We used compartment models and calculated the time course of urea and $ β_{2} $ microglobulin ($ β_{2} $MG) concentrations to determine the peak concentrations and time-averaged concentrations at varying dialysis frequencies (n = 2–7 sessions/week) and durations of dialysis per session (t = 1 to 8 h dialysis sessions). Results It was found that the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG were significantly correlated with the HDP. Based on this, we theoretically extracted the factor related to the peak concentration and defined the squared frequency-Kt/V (sf-Kt/V), as a new index for determining hemodialysis adequacy (sf-Kt/V = n2Kt/V; K, clearance; V, solute distribution volume; n, frequency; t, dialysis time); this index was well correlated with the peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, even when the values of K and V were changed. Conclusions Since the sf-Kt/V is an index that reflects peak concentrations of urea and $ β_{2} $MG, which takes into account the dialysis frequency, session duration, dialyzer clearance, and the body weight of the patient, it will be a very useful tool for determining appropriate dialysis schedules and dialysis conditions for individual patients.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">/</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Hemodialysis product</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Adequacy of dialysis</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Home hemodialysis</subfield><subfield code="7">(dpeaa)DE-He213</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Kokubo, Kenichi</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Hirose, Minoru</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Kobayashi, Kozue</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Kobayashi, Hirosuke</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Enthalten in</subfield><subfield code="t">Renal replacement therapy</subfield><subfield code="d">[London] : BioMed Central, 2015</subfield><subfield code="g">5(2019), 1 vom: 19. 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Squared frequency-Kt/V: a new index of hemodialysis adequacy—correlation with solute concentrations by computer simulation

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