Emissions and Partitioning of Intermediate-Volatility and Semi-Volatile Polar Organic Compounds (I/SV-POCs) During Laboratory Combustion of Boreal and Sub-Tropical Peat
Abstract Burning of peatlands is estimated to be a large source of gas-phase non-methane organic compounds and organic aerosol to the atmosphere. However, little is known about the chemical characteristics of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOC) emitted from peat comb...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Yatavelli, Reddy L. N. [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2017 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
Intermediate-volatility organic compounds |
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| Anmerkung: |
© Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy Sciences 2017 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Aerosol science and engineering - [Singapore] : Springer Singapore, 2017, 1(2017), 1 vom: 10. März, Seite 25-32 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:1 ; year:2017 ; number:1 ; day:10 ; month:03 ; pages:25-32 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s41810-017-0001-5 |
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| Katalog-ID: |
SPR038320339 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Yatavelli, Reddy L. N. |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Emissions and Partitioning of Intermediate-Volatility and Semi-Volatile Polar Organic Compounds (I/SV-POCs) During Laboratory Combustion of Boreal and Sub-Tropical Peat |
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| 520 | |a Abstract Burning of peatlands is estimated to be a large source of gas-phase non-methane organic compounds and organic aerosol to the atmosphere. However, little is known about the chemical characteristics of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOC) emitted from peat combustion. Quantifying I/SVOC emissions and their subsequent transformation to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is critical for elucidating biomass-burning (BB) SOA contributions to ambient aerosol concentrations and reducing uncertainties in aerosol radiative forcing from local to global scales. In this study, we provide one of the first estimates of the emissions of eighty-seven different polar I/SVOCs (I/SV-POCs) in both gas- and particle-phases from the laboratory combustion of peat from Alaska and Florida, USA and Pskov region of Russia. The measured I/SV-POCs include alkanoic, alkenoic, alkanedioic, substituted benzoic, resin, methoxy, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids, methoxy phenols, and anhydrous sugars. To understand the phase-partitioning behavior of the I/SV-POCs, the data is presented in two-dimensional volatility-oxidation state, volatility-solubility, and chemical partitioning space diagrams. For all fuels, methoxy phenols and C%$_{6}%$–C%$_{10}%$ alkanoic acids have the highest gas-phase mass emissions factors. Levoglucosan, a commonly used organic marker for BB, is the most abundant particle-phase I/SV-POC by mass. Alkanoic acids (C%$_{10}%$–C%$_{20})%$, alkanedioic acids with carbon number <7, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids (phthalic and isophthalic acids) are distributed between gas and particle-phases. For Alaskan and Russian peat fuels, more than 80% of I/SV-POC mass resides in the particle-phase while emissions from Florida peat are more evenly distributed between the two phases (particle-phase %$\sim %$60% of mass). | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Peat burning |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Intermediate-volatility organic compounds |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Semi-volatile organic compounds |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a gas-particle partitioning |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Knue, Joseph |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Samburova, Vera |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Gyawali, Madhu |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Watts, Adam C. |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Chakrabarty, Rajan K. |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Moosmüller, Hans |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Hodzic, Alma |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Wang, Xiaoliang |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Zielinska, Barbara |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Chow, Judith C. |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Watson, John G. |4 aut | |
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10.1007/s41810-017-0001-5 doi (DE-627)SPR038320339 (SPR)s41810-017-0001-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Yatavelli, Reddy L. N. verfasserin aut Emissions and Partitioning of Intermediate-Volatility and Semi-Volatile Polar Organic Compounds (I/SV-POCs) During Laboratory Combustion of Boreal and Sub-Tropical Peat 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy Sciences 2017 Abstract Burning of peatlands is estimated to be a large source of gas-phase non-methane organic compounds and organic aerosol to the atmosphere. However, little is known about the chemical characteristics of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOC) emitted from peat combustion. Quantifying I/SVOC emissions and their subsequent transformation to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is critical for elucidating biomass-burning (BB) SOA contributions to ambient aerosol concentrations and reducing uncertainties in aerosol radiative forcing from local to global scales. In this study, we provide one of the first estimates of the emissions of eighty-seven different polar I/SVOCs (I/SV-POCs) in both gas- and particle-phases from the laboratory combustion of peat from Alaska and Florida, USA and Pskov region of Russia. The measured I/SV-POCs include alkanoic, alkenoic, alkanedioic, substituted benzoic, resin, methoxy, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids, methoxy phenols, and anhydrous sugars. To understand the phase-partitioning behavior of the I/SV-POCs, the data is presented in two-dimensional volatility-oxidation state, volatility-solubility, and chemical partitioning space diagrams. For all fuels, methoxy phenols and C%$_{6}%$–C%$_{10}%$ alkanoic acids have the highest gas-phase mass emissions factors. Levoglucosan, a commonly used organic marker for BB, is the most abundant particle-phase I/SV-POC by mass. Alkanoic acids (C%$_{10}%$–C%$_{20})%$, alkanedioic acids with carbon number <7, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids (phthalic and isophthalic acids) are distributed between gas and particle-phases. For Alaskan and Russian peat fuels, more than 80% of I/SV-POC mass resides in the particle-phase while emissions from Florida peat are more evenly distributed between the two phases (particle-phase %$\sim %$60% of mass). Peat burning (dpeaa)DE-He213 Intermediate-volatility organic compounds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Semi-volatile organic compounds (dpeaa)DE-He213 gas-particle partitioning (dpeaa)DE-He213 Chen, L.-W. Antony aut Knue, Joseph aut Samburova, Vera aut Gyawali, Madhu aut Watts, Adam C. aut Chakrabarty, Rajan K. aut Moosmüller, Hans aut Hodzic, Alma aut Wang, Xiaoliang aut Zielinska, Barbara aut Chow, Judith C. aut Watson, John G. aut Enthalten in Aerosol science and engineering [Singapore] : Springer Singapore, 2017 1(2017), 1 vom: 10. März, Seite 25-32 (DE-627)883913747 (DE-600)2890764-4 2510-3768 nnns volume:1 year:2017 number:1 day:10 month:03 pages:25-32 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41810-017-0001-5 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_266 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 1 2017 1 10 03 25-32 |
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10.1007/s41810-017-0001-5 doi (DE-627)SPR038320339 (SPR)s41810-017-0001-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Yatavelli, Reddy L. N. verfasserin aut Emissions and Partitioning of Intermediate-Volatility and Semi-Volatile Polar Organic Compounds (I/SV-POCs) During Laboratory Combustion of Boreal and Sub-Tropical Peat 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy Sciences 2017 Abstract Burning of peatlands is estimated to be a large source of gas-phase non-methane organic compounds and organic aerosol to the atmosphere. However, little is known about the chemical characteristics of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOC) emitted from peat combustion. Quantifying I/SVOC emissions and their subsequent transformation to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is critical for elucidating biomass-burning (BB) SOA contributions to ambient aerosol concentrations and reducing uncertainties in aerosol radiative forcing from local to global scales. In this study, we provide one of the first estimates of the emissions of eighty-seven different polar I/SVOCs (I/SV-POCs) in both gas- and particle-phases from the laboratory combustion of peat from Alaska and Florida, USA and Pskov region of Russia. The measured I/SV-POCs include alkanoic, alkenoic, alkanedioic, substituted benzoic, resin, methoxy, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids, methoxy phenols, and anhydrous sugars. To understand the phase-partitioning behavior of the I/SV-POCs, the data is presented in two-dimensional volatility-oxidation state, volatility-solubility, and chemical partitioning space diagrams. For all fuels, methoxy phenols and C%$_{6}%$–C%$_{10}%$ alkanoic acids have the highest gas-phase mass emissions factors. Levoglucosan, a commonly used organic marker for BB, is the most abundant particle-phase I/SV-POC by mass. Alkanoic acids (C%$_{10}%$–C%$_{20})%$, alkanedioic acids with carbon number <7, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids (phthalic and isophthalic acids) are distributed between gas and particle-phases. For Alaskan and Russian peat fuels, more than 80% of I/SV-POC mass resides in the particle-phase while emissions from Florida peat are more evenly distributed between the two phases (particle-phase %$\sim %$60% of mass). Peat burning (dpeaa)DE-He213 Intermediate-volatility organic compounds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Semi-volatile organic compounds (dpeaa)DE-He213 gas-particle partitioning (dpeaa)DE-He213 Chen, L.-W. Antony aut Knue, Joseph aut Samburova, Vera aut Gyawali, Madhu aut Watts, Adam C. aut Chakrabarty, Rajan K. aut Moosmüller, Hans aut Hodzic, Alma aut Wang, Xiaoliang aut Zielinska, Barbara aut Chow, Judith C. aut Watson, John G. aut Enthalten in Aerosol science and engineering [Singapore] : Springer Singapore, 2017 1(2017), 1 vom: 10. März, Seite 25-32 (DE-627)883913747 (DE-600)2890764-4 2510-3768 nnns volume:1 year:2017 number:1 day:10 month:03 pages:25-32 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41810-017-0001-5 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_266 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 1 2017 1 10 03 25-32 |
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10.1007/s41810-017-0001-5 doi (DE-627)SPR038320339 (SPR)s41810-017-0001-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Yatavelli, Reddy L. N. verfasserin aut Emissions and Partitioning of Intermediate-Volatility and Semi-Volatile Polar Organic Compounds (I/SV-POCs) During Laboratory Combustion of Boreal and Sub-Tropical Peat 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy Sciences 2017 Abstract Burning of peatlands is estimated to be a large source of gas-phase non-methane organic compounds and organic aerosol to the atmosphere. However, little is known about the chemical characteristics of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOC) emitted from peat combustion. Quantifying I/SVOC emissions and their subsequent transformation to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is critical for elucidating biomass-burning (BB) SOA contributions to ambient aerosol concentrations and reducing uncertainties in aerosol radiative forcing from local to global scales. In this study, we provide one of the first estimates of the emissions of eighty-seven different polar I/SVOCs (I/SV-POCs) in both gas- and particle-phases from the laboratory combustion of peat from Alaska and Florida, USA and Pskov region of Russia. The measured I/SV-POCs include alkanoic, alkenoic, alkanedioic, substituted benzoic, resin, methoxy, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids, methoxy phenols, and anhydrous sugars. To understand the phase-partitioning behavior of the I/SV-POCs, the data is presented in two-dimensional volatility-oxidation state, volatility-solubility, and chemical partitioning space diagrams. For all fuels, methoxy phenols and C%$_{6}%$–C%$_{10}%$ alkanoic acids have the highest gas-phase mass emissions factors. Levoglucosan, a commonly used organic marker for BB, is the most abundant particle-phase I/SV-POC by mass. Alkanoic acids (C%$_{10}%$–C%$_{20})%$, alkanedioic acids with carbon number <7, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids (phthalic and isophthalic acids) are distributed between gas and particle-phases. For Alaskan and Russian peat fuels, more than 80% of I/SV-POC mass resides in the particle-phase while emissions from Florida peat are more evenly distributed between the two phases (particle-phase %$\sim %$60% of mass). Peat burning (dpeaa)DE-He213 Intermediate-volatility organic compounds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Semi-volatile organic compounds (dpeaa)DE-He213 gas-particle partitioning (dpeaa)DE-He213 Chen, L.-W. Antony aut Knue, Joseph aut Samburova, Vera aut Gyawali, Madhu aut Watts, Adam C. aut Chakrabarty, Rajan K. aut Moosmüller, Hans aut Hodzic, Alma aut Wang, Xiaoliang aut Zielinska, Barbara aut Chow, Judith C. aut Watson, John G. aut Enthalten in Aerosol science and engineering [Singapore] : Springer Singapore, 2017 1(2017), 1 vom: 10. März, Seite 25-32 (DE-627)883913747 (DE-600)2890764-4 2510-3768 nnns volume:1 year:2017 number:1 day:10 month:03 pages:25-32 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41810-017-0001-5 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_266 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 1 2017 1 10 03 25-32 |
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10.1007/s41810-017-0001-5 doi (DE-627)SPR038320339 (SPR)s41810-017-0001-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Yatavelli, Reddy L. N. verfasserin aut Emissions and Partitioning of Intermediate-Volatility and Semi-Volatile Polar Organic Compounds (I/SV-POCs) During Laboratory Combustion of Boreal and Sub-Tropical Peat 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy Sciences 2017 Abstract Burning of peatlands is estimated to be a large source of gas-phase non-methane organic compounds and organic aerosol to the atmosphere. However, little is known about the chemical characteristics of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOC) emitted from peat combustion. Quantifying I/SVOC emissions and their subsequent transformation to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is critical for elucidating biomass-burning (BB) SOA contributions to ambient aerosol concentrations and reducing uncertainties in aerosol radiative forcing from local to global scales. In this study, we provide one of the first estimates of the emissions of eighty-seven different polar I/SVOCs (I/SV-POCs) in both gas- and particle-phases from the laboratory combustion of peat from Alaska and Florida, USA and Pskov region of Russia. The measured I/SV-POCs include alkanoic, alkenoic, alkanedioic, substituted benzoic, resin, methoxy, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids, methoxy phenols, and anhydrous sugars. To understand the phase-partitioning behavior of the I/SV-POCs, the data is presented in two-dimensional volatility-oxidation state, volatility-solubility, and chemical partitioning space diagrams. For all fuels, methoxy phenols and C%$_{6}%$–C%$_{10}%$ alkanoic acids have the highest gas-phase mass emissions factors. Levoglucosan, a commonly used organic marker for BB, is the most abundant particle-phase I/SV-POC by mass. Alkanoic acids (C%$_{10}%$–C%$_{20})%$, alkanedioic acids with carbon number <7, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids (phthalic and isophthalic acids) are distributed between gas and particle-phases. For Alaskan and Russian peat fuels, more than 80% of I/SV-POC mass resides in the particle-phase while emissions from Florida peat are more evenly distributed between the two phases (particle-phase %$\sim %$60% of mass). Peat burning (dpeaa)DE-He213 Intermediate-volatility organic compounds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Semi-volatile organic compounds (dpeaa)DE-He213 gas-particle partitioning (dpeaa)DE-He213 Chen, L.-W. Antony aut Knue, Joseph aut Samburova, Vera aut Gyawali, Madhu aut Watts, Adam C. aut Chakrabarty, Rajan K. aut Moosmüller, Hans aut Hodzic, Alma aut Wang, Xiaoliang aut Zielinska, Barbara aut Chow, Judith C. aut Watson, John G. aut Enthalten in Aerosol science and engineering [Singapore] : Springer Singapore, 2017 1(2017), 1 vom: 10. März, Seite 25-32 (DE-627)883913747 (DE-600)2890764-4 2510-3768 nnns volume:1 year:2017 number:1 day:10 month:03 pages:25-32 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41810-017-0001-5 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_266 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 1 2017 1 10 03 25-32 |
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10.1007/s41810-017-0001-5 doi (DE-627)SPR038320339 (SPR)s41810-017-0001-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Yatavelli, Reddy L. N. verfasserin aut Emissions and Partitioning of Intermediate-Volatility and Semi-Volatile Polar Organic Compounds (I/SV-POCs) During Laboratory Combustion of Boreal and Sub-Tropical Peat 2017 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy Sciences 2017 Abstract Burning of peatlands is estimated to be a large source of gas-phase non-methane organic compounds and organic aerosol to the atmosphere. However, little is known about the chemical characteristics of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOC) emitted from peat combustion. Quantifying I/SVOC emissions and their subsequent transformation to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is critical for elucidating biomass-burning (BB) SOA contributions to ambient aerosol concentrations and reducing uncertainties in aerosol radiative forcing from local to global scales. In this study, we provide one of the first estimates of the emissions of eighty-seven different polar I/SVOCs (I/SV-POCs) in both gas- and particle-phases from the laboratory combustion of peat from Alaska and Florida, USA and Pskov region of Russia. The measured I/SV-POCs include alkanoic, alkenoic, alkanedioic, substituted benzoic, resin, methoxy, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids, methoxy phenols, and anhydrous sugars. To understand the phase-partitioning behavior of the I/SV-POCs, the data is presented in two-dimensional volatility-oxidation state, volatility-solubility, and chemical partitioning space diagrams. For all fuels, methoxy phenols and C%$_{6}%$–C%$_{10}%$ alkanoic acids have the highest gas-phase mass emissions factors. Levoglucosan, a commonly used organic marker for BB, is the most abundant particle-phase I/SV-POC by mass. Alkanoic acids (C%$_{10}%$–C%$_{20})%$, alkanedioic acids with carbon number <7, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids (phthalic and isophthalic acids) are distributed between gas and particle-phases. For Alaskan and Russian peat fuels, more than 80% of I/SV-POC mass resides in the particle-phase while emissions from Florida peat are more evenly distributed between the two phases (particle-phase %$\sim %$60% of mass). Peat burning (dpeaa)DE-He213 Intermediate-volatility organic compounds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Semi-volatile organic compounds (dpeaa)DE-He213 gas-particle partitioning (dpeaa)DE-He213 Chen, L.-W. Antony aut Knue, Joseph aut Samburova, Vera aut Gyawali, Madhu aut Watts, Adam C. aut Chakrabarty, Rajan K. aut Moosmüller, Hans aut Hodzic, Alma aut Wang, Xiaoliang aut Zielinska, Barbara aut Chow, Judith C. aut Watson, John G. aut Enthalten in Aerosol science and engineering [Singapore] : Springer Singapore, 2017 1(2017), 1 vom: 10. März, Seite 25-32 (DE-627)883913747 (DE-600)2890764-4 2510-3768 nnns volume:1 year:2017 number:1 day:10 month:03 pages:25-32 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41810-017-0001-5 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_266 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2070 GBV_ILN_2086 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2116 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2119 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 1 2017 1 10 03 25-32 |
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Enthalten in Aerosol science and engineering 1(2017), 1 vom: 10. März, Seite 25-32 volume:1 year:2017 number:1 day:10 month:03 pages:25-32 |
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Peat burning Intermediate-volatility organic compounds Semi-volatile organic compounds gas-particle partitioning |
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Yatavelli, Reddy L. N. @@aut@@ Chen, L.-W. Antony @@aut@@ Knue, Joseph @@aut@@ Samburova, Vera @@aut@@ Gyawali, Madhu @@aut@@ Watts, Adam C. @@aut@@ Chakrabarty, Rajan K. @@aut@@ Moosmüller, Hans @@aut@@ Hodzic, Alma @@aut@@ Wang, Xiaoliang @@aut@@ Zielinska, Barbara @@aut@@ Chow, Judith C. @@aut@@ Watson, John G. @@aut@@ |
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N.</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Emissions and Partitioning of Intermediate-Volatility and Semi-Volatile Polar Organic Compounds (I/SV-POCs) During Laboratory Combustion of Boreal and Sub-Tropical Peat</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="c">2017</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Text</subfield><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Computermedien</subfield><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Online-Ressource</subfield><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">© Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy Sciences 2017</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Abstract Burning of peatlands is estimated to be a large source of gas-phase non-methane organic compounds and organic aerosol to the atmosphere. However, little is known about the chemical characteristics of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOC) emitted from peat combustion. Quantifying I/SVOC emissions and their subsequent transformation to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is critical for elucidating biomass-burning (BB) SOA contributions to ambient aerosol concentrations and reducing uncertainties in aerosol radiative forcing from local to global scales. In this study, we provide one of the first estimates of the emissions of eighty-seven different polar I/SVOCs (I/SV-POCs) in both gas- and particle-phases from the laboratory combustion of peat from Alaska and Florida, USA and Pskov region of Russia. The measured I/SV-POCs include alkanoic, alkenoic, alkanedioic, substituted benzoic, resin, methoxy, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids, methoxy phenols, and anhydrous sugars. To understand the phase-partitioning behavior of the I/SV-POCs, the data is presented in two-dimensional volatility-oxidation state, volatility-solubility, and chemical partitioning space diagrams. For all fuels, methoxy phenols and C%$_{6}%$–C%$_{10}%$ alkanoic acids have the highest gas-phase mass emissions factors. Levoglucosan, a commonly used organic marker for BB, is the most abundant particle-phase I/SV-POC by mass. Alkanoic acids (C%$_{10}%$–C%$_{20})%$, alkanedioic acids with carbon number <7, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids (phthalic and isophthalic acids) are distributed between gas and particle-phases. 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Yatavelli, Reddy L. N. |
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Yatavelli, Reddy L. N. misc Peat burning misc Intermediate-volatility organic compounds misc Semi-volatile organic compounds misc gas-particle partitioning Emissions and Partitioning of Intermediate-Volatility and Semi-Volatile Polar Organic Compounds (I/SV-POCs) During Laboratory Combustion of Boreal and Sub-Tropical Peat |
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Emissions and Partitioning of Intermediate-Volatility and Semi-Volatile Polar Organic Compounds (I/SV-POCs) During Laboratory Combustion of Boreal and Sub-Tropical Peat Peat burning (dpeaa)DE-He213 Intermediate-volatility organic compounds (dpeaa)DE-He213 Semi-volatile organic compounds (dpeaa)DE-He213 gas-particle partitioning (dpeaa)DE-He213 |
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Emissions and Partitioning of Intermediate-Volatility and Semi-Volatile Polar Organic Compounds (I/SV-POCs) During Laboratory Combustion of Boreal and Sub-Tropical Peat |
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Emissions and Partitioning of Intermediate-Volatility and Semi-Volatile Polar Organic Compounds (I/SV-POCs) During Laboratory Combustion of Boreal and Sub-Tropical Peat |
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Yatavelli, Reddy L. N. Chen, L.-W. Antony Knue, Joseph Samburova, Vera Gyawali, Madhu Watts, Adam C. Chakrabarty, Rajan K. Moosmüller, Hans Hodzic, Alma Wang, Xiaoliang Zielinska, Barbara Chow, Judith C. Watson, John G. |
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Elektronische Aufsätze |
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Yatavelli, Reddy L. N. |
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10.1007/s41810-017-0001-5 |
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emissions and partitioning of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile polar organic compounds (i/sv-pocs) during laboratory combustion of boreal and sub-tropical peat |
| title_auth |
Emissions and Partitioning of Intermediate-Volatility and Semi-Volatile Polar Organic Compounds (I/SV-POCs) During Laboratory Combustion of Boreal and Sub-Tropical Peat |
| abstract |
Abstract Burning of peatlands is estimated to be a large source of gas-phase non-methane organic compounds and organic aerosol to the atmosphere. However, little is known about the chemical characteristics of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOC) emitted from peat combustion. Quantifying I/SVOC emissions and their subsequent transformation to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is critical for elucidating biomass-burning (BB) SOA contributions to ambient aerosol concentrations and reducing uncertainties in aerosol radiative forcing from local to global scales. In this study, we provide one of the first estimates of the emissions of eighty-seven different polar I/SVOCs (I/SV-POCs) in both gas- and particle-phases from the laboratory combustion of peat from Alaska and Florida, USA and Pskov region of Russia. The measured I/SV-POCs include alkanoic, alkenoic, alkanedioic, substituted benzoic, resin, methoxy, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids, methoxy phenols, and anhydrous sugars. To understand the phase-partitioning behavior of the I/SV-POCs, the data is presented in two-dimensional volatility-oxidation state, volatility-solubility, and chemical partitioning space diagrams. For all fuels, methoxy phenols and C%$_{6}%$–C%$_{10}%$ alkanoic acids have the highest gas-phase mass emissions factors. Levoglucosan, a commonly used organic marker for BB, is the most abundant particle-phase I/SV-POC by mass. Alkanoic acids (C%$_{10}%$–C%$_{20})%$, alkanedioic acids with carbon number <7, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids (phthalic and isophthalic acids) are distributed between gas and particle-phases. For Alaskan and Russian peat fuels, more than 80% of I/SV-POC mass resides in the particle-phase while emissions from Florida peat are more evenly distributed between the two phases (particle-phase %$\sim %$60% of mass). © Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy Sciences 2017 |
| abstractGer |
Abstract Burning of peatlands is estimated to be a large source of gas-phase non-methane organic compounds and organic aerosol to the atmosphere. However, little is known about the chemical characteristics of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOC) emitted from peat combustion. Quantifying I/SVOC emissions and their subsequent transformation to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is critical for elucidating biomass-burning (BB) SOA contributions to ambient aerosol concentrations and reducing uncertainties in aerosol radiative forcing from local to global scales. In this study, we provide one of the first estimates of the emissions of eighty-seven different polar I/SVOCs (I/SV-POCs) in both gas- and particle-phases from the laboratory combustion of peat from Alaska and Florida, USA and Pskov region of Russia. The measured I/SV-POCs include alkanoic, alkenoic, alkanedioic, substituted benzoic, resin, methoxy, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids, methoxy phenols, and anhydrous sugars. To understand the phase-partitioning behavior of the I/SV-POCs, the data is presented in two-dimensional volatility-oxidation state, volatility-solubility, and chemical partitioning space diagrams. For all fuels, methoxy phenols and C%$_{6}%$–C%$_{10}%$ alkanoic acids have the highest gas-phase mass emissions factors. Levoglucosan, a commonly used organic marker for BB, is the most abundant particle-phase I/SV-POC by mass. Alkanoic acids (C%$_{10}%$–C%$_{20})%$, alkanedioic acids with carbon number <7, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids (phthalic and isophthalic acids) are distributed between gas and particle-phases. For Alaskan and Russian peat fuels, more than 80% of I/SV-POC mass resides in the particle-phase while emissions from Florida peat are more evenly distributed between the two phases (particle-phase %$\sim %$60% of mass). © Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy Sciences 2017 |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Abstract Burning of peatlands is estimated to be a large source of gas-phase non-methane organic compounds and organic aerosol to the atmosphere. However, little is known about the chemical characteristics of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOC) emitted from peat combustion. Quantifying I/SVOC emissions and their subsequent transformation to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is critical for elucidating biomass-burning (BB) SOA contributions to ambient aerosol concentrations and reducing uncertainties in aerosol radiative forcing from local to global scales. In this study, we provide one of the first estimates of the emissions of eighty-seven different polar I/SVOCs (I/SV-POCs) in both gas- and particle-phases from the laboratory combustion of peat from Alaska and Florida, USA and Pskov region of Russia. The measured I/SV-POCs include alkanoic, alkenoic, alkanedioic, substituted benzoic, resin, methoxy, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids, methoxy phenols, and anhydrous sugars. To understand the phase-partitioning behavior of the I/SV-POCs, the data is presented in two-dimensional volatility-oxidation state, volatility-solubility, and chemical partitioning space diagrams. For all fuels, methoxy phenols and C%$_{6}%$–C%$_{10}%$ alkanoic acids have the highest gas-phase mass emissions factors. Levoglucosan, a commonly used organic marker for BB, is the most abundant particle-phase I/SV-POC by mass. Alkanoic acids (C%$_{10}%$–C%$_{20})%$, alkanedioic acids with carbon number <7, and aromatic dicarboxylic acids (phthalic and isophthalic acids) are distributed between gas and particle-phases. For Alaskan and Russian peat fuels, more than 80% of I/SV-POC mass resides in the particle-phase while emissions from Florida peat are more evenly distributed between the two phases (particle-phase %$\sim %$60% of mass). © Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy Sciences 2017 |
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Emissions and Partitioning of Intermediate-Volatility and Semi-Volatile Polar Organic Compounds (I/SV-POCs) During Laboratory Combustion of Boreal and Sub-Tropical Peat |
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| score |
7.402231 |