Reverse-polarity direct current plasma-driven electro-reduction of refractory metals in molten oxide melts
Abstract This work is concerned with the extraction of refractory metals using an electro-reduction process in which a molten oxide melt, instead of halide, is used as the electrolyte. The process may provide an alternative method for producing refractory metals from their ores through the use of a...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
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| Autor*in: |
Taylor, P. R. [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2004 |
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| Anmerkung: |
© The Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 2004 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Mining, metallurgy & exploration - [Cham] : Springer International Publishing, 2019, 21(2004), 2 vom: 01. Mai, Seite 103-109 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:21 ; year:2004 ; number:2 ; day:01 ; month:05 ; pages:103-109 |
| Links: |
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| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/BF03403311 |
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| Katalog-ID: |
SPR038595168 |
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| 520 | |a Abstract This work is concerned with the extraction of refractory metals using an electro-reduction process in which a molten oxide melt, instead of halide, is used as the electrolyte. The process may provide an alternative method for producing refractory metals from their ores through the use of a reverse-polarity direct current (DC) plasma arc heating process. In such a process, the plasma torch itself acts as an anode, and the resulting liquid or solid product metals work as a cathode, whereas the molten oxide melt plays the role of an electron transfer layer. The focus of this study is the electro-reduction of scheelite, vanadium pentoxide and chromite. For vanadium pentoxide, the proposed melt is mainly composed of CaO-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $/$ Li_{2} $O-$ B_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $ orFeO-CaO-$ SiO_{2} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $-$ Li_{2} $O with the addition of other alkali and alkaline metal oxides. In the case of scheelite ore, the $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Li_{2} $O-$ WO_{3} $ system is used as melt and metal aluminum or nickel could be used as a collecting media. As for the reduction of chromite ore, $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ Li_{2} $O system with a small amount of $ CaF_{2} $ is used as the melt. As a demonstration, chromium was successfully produced on a laboratory scale through the plasma-driven electro-reduction process. One of the studied slags had a composition of 13.8% CaO, 4.9% $ CaF_{2} $, 36.4% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, 6.9% $ Li_{2} $O and 38.0% $ SiO_{2} $. Two observations are significant in this laboratory-scale study. The first was that the amount of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO, which were predominantly electronic conductors in the oxide melt, greatly affected the conducting mechanism of the melt. With high concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the melt, the current efficiency was fairly low. In this case, chromium was found to be slightly reduced due to electronic conducting mechanism. For example, with an initial slag of 60% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, no chromium was found reduced. With low concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the studied melt, typically no more than 30% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, it was observed that chromium was readily reduced due to the dominant ionic conducting mechanism. The second observation was that the addition of $ SiO_{2} $ to the melt helped to make the oxide melt more ionic, which was apparently desirable to the molten oxide electrolysis. However, a high content of silica had a negative effect on the fluidity of the melt. This was resolved by adding trace amounts of $ CaF_{2} $ to the melt. Therefore, by judicious selection of oxide melt, refractory metal oxides might be dissolved into it, and yet the melt itself retains the required ionicity. A reverse-polarity DC-plasma-driven molten oxide electrolysis may prove to be a viable alternative route for the extractive metallurgy of refractory metals. | ||
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10.1007/BF03403311 doi (DE-627)SPR038595168 (SPR)BF03403311-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Taylor, P. R. verfasserin aut Reverse-polarity direct current plasma-driven electro-reduction of refractory metals in molten oxide melts 2004 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 2004 Abstract This work is concerned with the extraction of refractory metals using an electro-reduction process in which a molten oxide melt, instead of halide, is used as the electrolyte. The process may provide an alternative method for producing refractory metals from their ores through the use of a reverse-polarity direct current (DC) plasma arc heating process. In such a process, the plasma torch itself acts as an anode, and the resulting liquid or solid product metals work as a cathode, whereas the molten oxide melt plays the role of an electron transfer layer. The focus of this study is the electro-reduction of scheelite, vanadium pentoxide and chromite. For vanadium pentoxide, the proposed melt is mainly composed of CaO-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $/$ Li_{2} $O-$ B_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $ orFeO-CaO-$ SiO_{2} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $-$ Li_{2} $O with the addition of other alkali and alkaline metal oxides. In the case of scheelite ore, the $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Li_{2} $O-$ WO_{3} $ system is used as melt and metal aluminum or nickel could be used as a collecting media. As for the reduction of chromite ore, $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ Li_{2} $O system with a small amount of $ CaF_{2} $ is used as the melt. As a demonstration, chromium was successfully produced on a laboratory scale through the plasma-driven electro-reduction process. One of the studied slags had a composition of 13.8% CaO, 4.9% $ CaF_{2} $, 36.4% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, 6.9% $ Li_{2} $O and 38.0% $ SiO_{2} $. Two observations are significant in this laboratory-scale study. The first was that the amount of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO, which were predominantly electronic conductors in the oxide melt, greatly affected the conducting mechanism of the melt. With high concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the melt, the current efficiency was fairly low. In this case, chromium was found to be slightly reduced due to electronic conducting mechanism. For example, with an initial slag of 60% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, no chromium was found reduced. With low concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the studied melt, typically no more than 30% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, it was observed that chromium was readily reduced due to the dominant ionic conducting mechanism. The second observation was that the addition of $ SiO_{2} $ to the melt helped to make the oxide melt more ionic, which was apparently desirable to the molten oxide electrolysis. However, a high content of silica had a negative effect on the fluidity of the melt. This was resolved by adding trace amounts of $ CaF_{2} $ to the melt. Therefore, by judicious selection of oxide melt, refractory metal oxides might be dissolved into it, and yet the melt itself retains the required ionicity. A reverse-polarity DC-plasma-driven molten oxide electrolysis may prove to be a viable alternative route for the extractive metallurgy of refractory metals. Wang, W. aut Enthalten in Mining, metallurgy & exploration [Cham] : Springer International Publishing, 2019 21(2004), 2 vom: 01. Mai, Seite 103-109 (DE-627)1039800637 (DE-600)2947829-7 2524-3470 nnns volume:21 year:2004 number:2 day:01 month:05 pages:103-109 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03403311 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA AR 21 2004 2 01 05 103-109 |
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10.1007/BF03403311 doi (DE-627)SPR038595168 (SPR)BF03403311-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Taylor, P. R. verfasserin aut Reverse-polarity direct current plasma-driven electro-reduction of refractory metals in molten oxide melts 2004 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 2004 Abstract This work is concerned with the extraction of refractory metals using an electro-reduction process in which a molten oxide melt, instead of halide, is used as the electrolyte. The process may provide an alternative method for producing refractory metals from their ores through the use of a reverse-polarity direct current (DC) plasma arc heating process. In such a process, the plasma torch itself acts as an anode, and the resulting liquid or solid product metals work as a cathode, whereas the molten oxide melt plays the role of an electron transfer layer. The focus of this study is the electro-reduction of scheelite, vanadium pentoxide and chromite. For vanadium pentoxide, the proposed melt is mainly composed of CaO-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $/$ Li_{2} $O-$ B_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $ orFeO-CaO-$ SiO_{2} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $-$ Li_{2} $O with the addition of other alkali and alkaline metal oxides. In the case of scheelite ore, the $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Li_{2} $O-$ WO_{3} $ system is used as melt and metal aluminum or nickel could be used as a collecting media. As for the reduction of chromite ore, $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ Li_{2} $O system with a small amount of $ CaF_{2} $ is used as the melt. As a demonstration, chromium was successfully produced on a laboratory scale through the plasma-driven electro-reduction process. One of the studied slags had a composition of 13.8% CaO, 4.9% $ CaF_{2} $, 36.4% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, 6.9% $ Li_{2} $O and 38.0% $ SiO_{2} $. Two observations are significant in this laboratory-scale study. The first was that the amount of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO, which were predominantly electronic conductors in the oxide melt, greatly affected the conducting mechanism of the melt. With high concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the melt, the current efficiency was fairly low. In this case, chromium was found to be slightly reduced due to electronic conducting mechanism. For example, with an initial slag of 60% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, no chromium was found reduced. With low concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the studied melt, typically no more than 30% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, it was observed that chromium was readily reduced due to the dominant ionic conducting mechanism. The second observation was that the addition of $ SiO_{2} $ to the melt helped to make the oxide melt more ionic, which was apparently desirable to the molten oxide electrolysis. However, a high content of silica had a negative effect on the fluidity of the melt. This was resolved by adding trace amounts of $ CaF_{2} $ to the melt. Therefore, by judicious selection of oxide melt, refractory metal oxides might be dissolved into it, and yet the melt itself retains the required ionicity. A reverse-polarity DC-plasma-driven molten oxide electrolysis may prove to be a viable alternative route for the extractive metallurgy of refractory metals. Wang, W. aut Enthalten in Mining, metallurgy & exploration [Cham] : Springer International Publishing, 2019 21(2004), 2 vom: 01. Mai, Seite 103-109 (DE-627)1039800637 (DE-600)2947829-7 2524-3470 nnns volume:21 year:2004 number:2 day:01 month:05 pages:103-109 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03403311 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA AR 21 2004 2 01 05 103-109 |
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10.1007/BF03403311 doi (DE-627)SPR038595168 (SPR)BF03403311-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Taylor, P. R. verfasserin aut Reverse-polarity direct current plasma-driven electro-reduction of refractory metals in molten oxide melts 2004 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 2004 Abstract This work is concerned with the extraction of refractory metals using an electro-reduction process in which a molten oxide melt, instead of halide, is used as the electrolyte. The process may provide an alternative method for producing refractory metals from their ores through the use of a reverse-polarity direct current (DC) plasma arc heating process. In such a process, the plasma torch itself acts as an anode, and the resulting liquid or solid product metals work as a cathode, whereas the molten oxide melt plays the role of an electron transfer layer. The focus of this study is the electro-reduction of scheelite, vanadium pentoxide and chromite. For vanadium pentoxide, the proposed melt is mainly composed of CaO-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $/$ Li_{2} $O-$ B_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $ orFeO-CaO-$ SiO_{2} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $-$ Li_{2} $O with the addition of other alkali and alkaline metal oxides. In the case of scheelite ore, the $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Li_{2} $O-$ WO_{3} $ system is used as melt and metal aluminum or nickel could be used as a collecting media. As for the reduction of chromite ore, $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ Li_{2} $O system with a small amount of $ CaF_{2} $ is used as the melt. As a demonstration, chromium was successfully produced on a laboratory scale through the plasma-driven electro-reduction process. One of the studied slags had a composition of 13.8% CaO, 4.9% $ CaF_{2} $, 36.4% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, 6.9% $ Li_{2} $O and 38.0% $ SiO_{2} $. Two observations are significant in this laboratory-scale study. The first was that the amount of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO, which were predominantly electronic conductors in the oxide melt, greatly affected the conducting mechanism of the melt. With high concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the melt, the current efficiency was fairly low. In this case, chromium was found to be slightly reduced due to electronic conducting mechanism. For example, with an initial slag of 60% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, no chromium was found reduced. With low concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the studied melt, typically no more than 30% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, it was observed that chromium was readily reduced due to the dominant ionic conducting mechanism. The second observation was that the addition of $ SiO_{2} $ to the melt helped to make the oxide melt more ionic, which was apparently desirable to the molten oxide electrolysis. However, a high content of silica had a negative effect on the fluidity of the melt. This was resolved by adding trace amounts of $ CaF_{2} $ to the melt. Therefore, by judicious selection of oxide melt, refractory metal oxides might be dissolved into it, and yet the melt itself retains the required ionicity. A reverse-polarity DC-plasma-driven molten oxide electrolysis may prove to be a viable alternative route for the extractive metallurgy of refractory metals. Wang, W. aut Enthalten in Mining, metallurgy & exploration [Cham] : Springer International Publishing, 2019 21(2004), 2 vom: 01. Mai, Seite 103-109 (DE-627)1039800637 (DE-600)2947829-7 2524-3470 nnns volume:21 year:2004 number:2 day:01 month:05 pages:103-109 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03403311 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA AR 21 2004 2 01 05 103-109 |
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10.1007/BF03403311 doi (DE-627)SPR038595168 (SPR)BF03403311-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Taylor, P. R. verfasserin aut Reverse-polarity direct current plasma-driven electro-reduction of refractory metals in molten oxide melts 2004 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 2004 Abstract This work is concerned with the extraction of refractory metals using an electro-reduction process in which a molten oxide melt, instead of halide, is used as the electrolyte. The process may provide an alternative method for producing refractory metals from their ores through the use of a reverse-polarity direct current (DC) plasma arc heating process. In such a process, the plasma torch itself acts as an anode, and the resulting liquid or solid product metals work as a cathode, whereas the molten oxide melt plays the role of an electron transfer layer. The focus of this study is the electro-reduction of scheelite, vanadium pentoxide and chromite. For vanadium pentoxide, the proposed melt is mainly composed of CaO-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $/$ Li_{2} $O-$ B_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $ orFeO-CaO-$ SiO_{2} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $-$ Li_{2} $O with the addition of other alkali and alkaline metal oxides. In the case of scheelite ore, the $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Li_{2} $O-$ WO_{3} $ system is used as melt and metal aluminum or nickel could be used as a collecting media. As for the reduction of chromite ore, $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ Li_{2} $O system with a small amount of $ CaF_{2} $ is used as the melt. As a demonstration, chromium was successfully produced on a laboratory scale through the plasma-driven electro-reduction process. One of the studied slags had a composition of 13.8% CaO, 4.9% $ CaF_{2} $, 36.4% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, 6.9% $ Li_{2} $O and 38.0% $ SiO_{2} $. Two observations are significant in this laboratory-scale study. The first was that the amount of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO, which were predominantly electronic conductors in the oxide melt, greatly affected the conducting mechanism of the melt. With high concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the melt, the current efficiency was fairly low. In this case, chromium was found to be slightly reduced due to electronic conducting mechanism. For example, with an initial slag of 60% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, no chromium was found reduced. With low concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the studied melt, typically no more than 30% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, it was observed that chromium was readily reduced due to the dominant ionic conducting mechanism. The second observation was that the addition of $ SiO_{2} $ to the melt helped to make the oxide melt more ionic, which was apparently desirable to the molten oxide electrolysis. However, a high content of silica had a negative effect on the fluidity of the melt. This was resolved by adding trace amounts of $ CaF_{2} $ to the melt. Therefore, by judicious selection of oxide melt, refractory metal oxides might be dissolved into it, and yet the melt itself retains the required ionicity. A reverse-polarity DC-plasma-driven molten oxide electrolysis may prove to be a viable alternative route for the extractive metallurgy of refractory metals. Wang, W. aut Enthalten in Mining, metallurgy & exploration [Cham] : Springer International Publishing, 2019 21(2004), 2 vom: 01. Mai, Seite 103-109 (DE-627)1039800637 (DE-600)2947829-7 2524-3470 nnns volume:21 year:2004 number:2 day:01 month:05 pages:103-109 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03403311 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA AR 21 2004 2 01 05 103-109 |
| allfieldsSound |
10.1007/BF03403311 doi (DE-627)SPR038595168 (SPR)BF03403311-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Taylor, P. R. verfasserin aut Reverse-polarity direct current plasma-driven electro-reduction of refractory metals in molten oxide melts 2004 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 2004 Abstract This work is concerned with the extraction of refractory metals using an electro-reduction process in which a molten oxide melt, instead of halide, is used as the electrolyte. The process may provide an alternative method for producing refractory metals from their ores through the use of a reverse-polarity direct current (DC) plasma arc heating process. In such a process, the plasma torch itself acts as an anode, and the resulting liquid or solid product metals work as a cathode, whereas the molten oxide melt plays the role of an electron transfer layer. The focus of this study is the electro-reduction of scheelite, vanadium pentoxide and chromite. For vanadium pentoxide, the proposed melt is mainly composed of CaO-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $/$ Li_{2} $O-$ B_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $ orFeO-CaO-$ SiO_{2} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $-$ Li_{2} $O with the addition of other alkali and alkaline metal oxides. In the case of scheelite ore, the $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Li_{2} $O-$ WO_{3} $ system is used as melt and metal aluminum or nickel could be used as a collecting media. As for the reduction of chromite ore, $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ Li_{2} $O system with a small amount of $ CaF_{2} $ is used as the melt. As a demonstration, chromium was successfully produced on a laboratory scale through the plasma-driven electro-reduction process. One of the studied slags had a composition of 13.8% CaO, 4.9% $ CaF_{2} $, 36.4% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, 6.9% $ Li_{2} $O and 38.0% $ SiO_{2} $. Two observations are significant in this laboratory-scale study. The first was that the amount of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO, which were predominantly electronic conductors in the oxide melt, greatly affected the conducting mechanism of the melt. With high concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the melt, the current efficiency was fairly low. In this case, chromium was found to be slightly reduced due to electronic conducting mechanism. For example, with an initial slag of 60% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, no chromium was found reduced. With low concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the studied melt, typically no more than 30% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, it was observed that chromium was readily reduced due to the dominant ionic conducting mechanism. The second observation was that the addition of $ SiO_{2} $ to the melt helped to make the oxide melt more ionic, which was apparently desirable to the molten oxide electrolysis. However, a high content of silica had a negative effect on the fluidity of the melt. This was resolved by adding trace amounts of $ CaF_{2} $ to the melt. Therefore, by judicious selection of oxide melt, refractory metal oxides might be dissolved into it, and yet the melt itself retains the required ionicity. A reverse-polarity DC-plasma-driven molten oxide electrolysis may prove to be a viable alternative route for the extractive metallurgy of refractory metals. Wang, W. aut Enthalten in Mining, metallurgy & exploration [Cham] : Springer International Publishing, 2019 21(2004), 2 vom: 01. Mai, Seite 103-109 (DE-627)1039800637 (DE-600)2947829-7 2524-3470 nnns volume:21 year:2004 number:2 day:01 month:05 pages:103-109 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03403311 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA AR 21 2004 2 01 05 103-109 |
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R.</subfield><subfield code="e">verfasserin</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Reverse-polarity direct current plasma-driven electro-reduction of refractory metals in molten oxide melts</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="c">2004</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Text</subfield><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Computermedien</subfield><subfield code="b">c</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Online-Ressource</subfield><subfield code="b">cr</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">© The Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 2004</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="520" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Abstract This work is concerned with the extraction of refractory metals using an electro-reduction process in which a molten oxide melt, instead of halide, is used as the electrolyte. The process may provide an alternative method for producing refractory metals from their ores through the use of a reverse-polarity direct current (DC) plasma arc heating process. In such a process, the plasma torch itself acts as an anode, and the resulting liquid or solid product metals work as a cathode, whereas the molten oxide melt plays the role of an electron transfer layer. The focus of this study is the electro-reduction of scheelite, vanadium pentoxide and chromite. For vanadium pentoxide, the proposed melt is mainly composed of CaO-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $/$ Li_{2} $O-$ B_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $ orFeO-CaO-$ SiO_{2} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $-$ Li_{2} $O with the addition of other alkali and alkaline metal oxides. In the case of scheelite ore, the $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Li_{2} $O-$ WO_{3} $ system is used as melt and metal aluminum or nickel could be used as a collecting media. As for the reduction of chromite ore, $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ Li_{2} $O system with a small amount of $ CaF_{2} $ is used as the melt. As a demonstration, chromium was successfully produced on a laboratory scale through the plasma-driven electro-reduction process. One of the studied slags had a composition of 13.8% CaO, 4.9% $ CaF_{2} $, 36.4% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, 6.9% $ Li_{2} $O and 38.0% $ SiO_{2} $. Two observations are significant in this laboratory-scale study. The first was that the amount of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO, which were predominantly electronic conductors in the oxide melt, greatly affected the conducting mechanism of the melt. With high concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the melt, the current efficiency was fairly low. In this case, chromium was found to be slightly reduced due to electronic conducting mechanism. For example, with an initial slag of 60% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, no chromium was found reduced. With low concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the studied melt, typically no more than 30% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, it was observed that chromium was readily reduced due to the dominant ionic conducting mechanism. The second observation was that the addition of $ SiO_{2} $ to the melt helped to make the oxide melt more ionic, which was apparently desirable to the molten oxide electrolysis. However, a high content of silica had a negative effect on the fluidity of the melt. This was resolved by adding trace amounts of $ CaF_{2} $ to the melt. Therefore, by judicious selection of oxide melt, refractory metal oxides might be dissolved into it, and yet the melt itself retains the required ionicity. A reverse-polarity DC-plasma-driven molten oxide electrolysis may prove to be a viable alternative route for the extractive metallurgy of refractory metals.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Wang, W.</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="773" ind1="0" ind2="8"><subfield code="i">Enthalten in</subfield><subfield code="t">Mining, metallurgy & exploration</subfield><subfield code="d">[Cham] : Springer International Publishing, 2019</subfield><subfield code="g">21(2004), 2 vom: 01. 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reverse-polarity direct current plasma-driven electro-reduction of refractory metals in molten oxide melts |
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Reverse-polarity direct current plasma-driven electro-reduction of refractory metals in molten oxide melts |
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Abstract This work is concerned with the extraction of refractory metals using an electro-reduction process in which a molten oxide melt, instead of halide, is used as the electrolyte. The process may provide an alternative method for producing refractory metals from their ores through the use of a reverse-polarity direct current (DC) plasma arc heating process. In such a process, the plasma torch itself acts as an anode, and the resulting liquid or solid product metals work as a cathode, whereas the molten oxide melt plays the role of an electron transfer layer. The focus of this study is the electro-reduction of scheelite, vanadium pentoxide and chromite. For vanadium pentoxide, the proposed melt is mainly composed of CaO-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $/$ Li_{2} $O-$ B_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $ orFeO-CaO-$ SiO_{2} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $-$ Li_{2} $O with the addition of other alkali and alkaline metal oxides. In the case of scheelite ore, the $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Li_{2} $O-$ WO_{3} $ system is used as melt and metal aluminum or nickel could be used as a collecting media. As for the reduction of chromite ore, $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ Li_{2} $O system with a small amount of $ CaF_{2} $ is used as the melt. As a demonstration, chromium was successfully produced on a laboratory scale through the plasma-driven electro-reduction process. One of the studied slags had a composition of 13.8% CaO, 4.9% $ CaF_{2} $, 36.4% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, 6.9% $ Li_{2} $O and 38.0% $ SiO_{2} $. Two observations are significant in this laboratory-scale study. The first was that the amount of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO, which were predominantly electronic conductors in the oxide melt, greatly affected the conducting mechanism of the melt. With high concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the melt, the current efficiency was fairly low. In this case, chromium was found to be slightly reduced due to electronic conducting mechanism. For example, with an initial slag of 60% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, no chromium was found reduced. With low concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the studied melt, typically no more than 30% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, it was observed that chromium was readily reduced due to the dominant ionic conducting mechanism. The second observation was that the addition of $ SiO_{2} $ to the melt helped to make the oxide melt more ionic, which was apparently desirable to the molten oxide electrolysis. However, a high content of silica had a negative effect on the fluidity of the melt. This was resolved by adding trace amounts of $ CaF_{2} $ to the melt. Therefore, by judicious selection of oxide melt, refractory metal oxides might be dissolved into it, and yet the melt itself retains the required ionicity. A reverse-polarity DC-plasma-driven molten oxide electrolysis may prove to be a viable alternative route for the extractive metallurgy of refractory metals. © The Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 2004 |
| abstractGer |
Abstract This work is concerned with the extraction of refractory metals using an electro-reduction process in which a molten oxide melt, instead of halide, is used as the electrolyte. The process may provide an alternative method for producing refractory metals from their ores through the use of a reverse-polarity direct current (DC) plasma arc heating process. In such a process, the plasma torch itself acts as an anode, and the resulting liquid or solid product metals work as a cathode, whereas the molten oxide melt plays the role of an electron transfer layer. The focus of this study is the electro-reduction of scheelite, vanadium pentoxide and chromite. For vanadium pentoxide, the proposed melt is mainly composed of CaO-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $/$ Li_{2} $O-$ B_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $ orFeO-CaO-$ SiO_{2} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $-$ Li_{2} $O with the addition of other alkali and alkaline metal oxides. In the case of scheelite ore, the $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Li_{2} $O-$ WO_{3} $ system is used as melt and metal aluminum or nickel could be used as a collecting media. As for the reduction of chromite ore, $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ Li_{2} $O system with a small amount of $ CaF_{2} $ is used as the melt. As a demonstration, chromium was successfully produced on a laboratory scale through the plasma-driven electro-reduction process. One of the studied slags had a composition of 13.8% CaO, 4.9% $ CaF_{2} $, 36.4% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, 6.9% $ Li_{2} $O and 38.0% $ SiO_{2} $. Two observations are significant in this laboratory-scale study. The first was that the amount of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO, which were predominantly electronic conductors in the oxide melt, greatly affected the conducting mechanism of the melt. With high concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the melt, the current efficiency was fairly low. In this case, chromium was found to be slightly reduced due to electronic conducting mechanism. For example, with an initial slag of 60% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, no chromium was found reduced. With low concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the studied melt, typically no more than 30% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, it was observed that chromium was readily reduced due to the dominant ionic conducting mechanism. The second observation was that the addition of $ SiO_{2} $ to the melt helped to make the oxide melt more ionic, which was apparently desirable to the molten oxide electrolysis. However, a high content of silica had a negative effect on the fluidity of the melt. This was resolved by adding trace amounts of $ CaF_{2} $ to the melt. Therefore, by judicious selection of oxide melt, refractory metal oxides might be dissolved into it, and yet the melt itself retains the required ionicity. A reverse-polarity DC-plasma-driven molten oxide electrolysis may prove to be a viable alternative route for the extractive metallurgy of refractory metals. © The Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 2004 |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Abstract This work is concerned with the extraction of refractory metals using an electro-reduction process in which a molten oxide melt, instead of halide, is used as the electrolyte. The process may provide an alternative method for producing refractory metals from their ores through the use of a reverse-polarity direct current (DC) plasma arc heating process. In such a process, the plasma torch itself acts as an anode, and the resulting liquid or solid product metals work as a cathode, whereas the molten oxide melt plays the role of an electron transfer layer. The focus of this study is the electro-reduction of scheelite, vanadium pentoxide and chromite. For vanadium pentoxide, the proposed melt is mainly composed of CaO-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $/$ Li_{2} $O-$ B_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $ orFeO-CaO-$ SiO_{2} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $-$ Li_{2} $O with the addition of other alkali and alkaline metal oxides. In the case of scheelite ore, the $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Li_{2} $O-$ WO_{3} $ system is used as melt and metal aluminum or nickel could be used as a collecting media. As for the reduction of chromite ore, $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ Li_{2} $O system with a small amount of $ CaF_{2} $ is used as the melt. As a demonstration, chromium was successfully produced on a laboratory scale through the plasma-driven electro-reduction process. One of the studied slags had a composition of 13.8% CaO, 4.9% $ CaF_{2} $, 36.4% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, 6.9% $ Li_{2} $O and 38.0% $ SiO_{2} $. Two observations are significant in this laboratory-scale study. The first was that the amount of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO, which were predominantly electronic conductors in the oxide melt, greatly affected the conducting mechanism of the melt. With high concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the melt, the current efficiency was fairly low. In this case, chromium was found to be slightly reduced due to electronic conducting mechanism. For example, with an initial slag of 60% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, no chromium was found reduced. With low concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the studied melt, typically no more than 30% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, it was observed that chromium was readily reduced due to the dominant ionic conducting mechanism. The second observation was that the addition of $ SiO_{2} $ to the melt helped to make the oxide melt more ionic, which was apparently desirable to the molten oxide electrolysis. However, a high content of silica had a negative effect on the fluidity of the melt. This was resolved by adding trace amounts of $ CaF_{2} $ to the melt. Therefore, by judicious selection of oxide melt, refractory metal oxides might be dissolved into it, and yet the melt itself retains the required ionicity. A reverse-polarity DC-plasma-driven molten oxide electrolysis may prove to be a viable alternative route for the extractive metallurgy of refractory metals. © The Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 2004 |
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The process may provide an alternative method for producing refractory metals from their ores through the use of a reverse-polarity direct current (DC) plasma arc heating process. In such a process, the plasma torch itself acts as an anode, and the resulting liquid or solid product metals work as a cathode, whereas the molten oxide melt plays the role of an electron transfer layer. The focus of this study is the electro-reduction of scheelite, vanadium pentoxide and chromite. For vanadium pentoxide, the proposed melt is mainly composed of CaO-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $/$ Li_{2} $O-$ B_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $ orFeO-CaO-$ SiO_{2} $-$ V_{2} %$ O_{5} $-$ Li_{2} $O with the addition of other alkali and alkaline metal oxides. In the case of scheelite ore, the $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Li_{2} $O-$ WO_{3} $ system is used as melt and metal aluminum or nickel could be used as a collecting media. As for the reduction of chromite ore, $ SiO_{2} $-CaO-$ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $-$ Li_{2} $O system with a small amount of $ CaF_{2} $ is used as the melt. As a demonstration, chromium was successfully produced on a laboratory scale through the plasma-driven electro-reduction process. One of the studied slags had a composition of 13.8% CaO, 4.9% $ CaF_{2} $, 36.4% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, 6.9% $ Li_{2} $O and 38.0% $ SiO_{2} $. Two observations are significant in this laboratory-scale study. The first was that the amount of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO, which were predominantly electronic conductors in the oxide melt, greatly affected the conducting mechanism of the melt. With high concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the melt, the current efficiency was fairly low. In this case, chromium was found to be slightly reduced due to electronic conducting mechanism. For example, with an initial slag of 60% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, no chromium was found reduced. With low concentrations of $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $ and FeO in the studied melt, typically no more than 30% $ Cr_{2} %$ O_{3} $, it was observed that chromium was readily reduced due to the dominant ionic conducting mechanism. The second observation was that the addition of $ SiO_{2} $ to the melt helped to make the oxide melt more ionic, which was apparently desirable to the molten oxide electrolysis. However, a high content of silica had a negative effect on the fluidity of the melt. This was resolved by adding trace amounts of $ CaF_{2} $ to the melt. Therefore, by judicious selection of oxide melt, refractory metal oxides might be dissolved into it, and yet the melt itself retains the required ionicity. 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