Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in the Niger Delta: human health risk assessment of BTEX in biota
Objective Based on the context of extensive petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria, the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) in seafood were determined, and the health risks of these compounds were evaluated. Methods Biota samples (Crayfish, Goby fish, Moon...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Gespeichert in:
| Autor*in: |
Ojimelukwe, Agatha E. [verfasserIn] Nafagha-Lawal, Magdalene Okeh [verfasserIn] Lelei, Kariye Elizabeth [verfasserIn] Uche, Arinze O. [verfasserIn] Kika, Ehiedu Philomina [verfasserIn] Igbiri, Sorbari [verfasserIn] Babatunde, Bernard B. [verfasserIn] Sikoki, Francis David [verfasserIn] |
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| Format: |
E-Artikel |
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| Sprache: |
Englisch |
| Erschienen: |
2020 |
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| Schlagwörter: |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences - Korean Society of Environmental Risk Assessment and Health Science, 2011, 13(2020), 1 vom: 08. Okt., Seite 65-72 |
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| Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:13 ; year:2020 ; number:1 ; day:08 ; month:10 ; pages:65-72 |
| Links: |
|---|
| DOI / URN: |
10.1007/s13530-020-00072-4 |
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SPR043371779 |
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| 520 | |a Objective Based on the context of extensive petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria, the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) in seafood were determined, and the health risks of these compounds were evaluated. Methods Biota samples (Crayfish, Goby fish, Moonfish, Mudskipper, Mullet, Sardine and Tilapia) were collected from the Bonny Estuary from 2016 to 2018 and analyzed according to US EPA method 5030/8260C to determine the concentrations of BTEX. Risk assessment of BTEX to humans through the dietary route was conducted based on the lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) for benzene and the hazard quotient (HQ) for BTEX. Results and conclusion The following BTEX concentration ranges were observed: benzene: < 0.01–0.36 mg/kg; toluene: 0.22–19.85 mg/kg; ethylbenzene: < 0.00–1.54 mg/kg; xylene: < 0.00–7.28 mg/kg. The median LTCR for benzene in children and adults was 0.65 and 0.30, respectively, which are higher than the limit recommended by the World Health Organization. The model showed that the LTCR is reducible by 99.9% and 66.6% if the concentration of benzene is 0.00001 mg/kg, and fresh seafood consumption is reduced to 10.4 g/day. The HQ for all BTEX compounds was greater than 1 (benzene: 1.0 × $ 10^{4} $ (child), 4.9 × $ 10^{3} $ (adult); toluene: 1.9 × $ 10^{5} $ (child), 9.0 × $ 10^{4} $ (adult); ethylbenzene: 9.4 × $ 10^{3} $ (child), 4.4 × $ 10^{3} $ (adult); xylene: 2.5 × $ 10^{4} $ (child), 1.2 × $ 10^{4} $ (adult)), which signifies a high non-cancer health risk to humans. These results are a reflection of the high level of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria and the debilitating human health consequences that could accompany it. | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a BTEX |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Risk assessment |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pollution |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Cancer risk |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Hazard quotient |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Nigeria |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Nafagha-Lawal, Magdalene Okeh |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Lelei, Kariye Elizabeth |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Uche, Arinze O. |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Kika, Ehiedu Philomina |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Igbiri, Sorbari |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Babatunde, Bernard B. |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Sikoki, Francis David |e verfasserin |4 aut | |
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10.1007/s13530-020-00072-4 doi (DE-627)SPR043371779 (DE-599)SPRs13530-020-00072-4-e (SPR)s13530-020-00072-4-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Ojimelukwe, Agatha E. verfasserin aut Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in the Niger Delta: human health risk assessment of BTEX in biota 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Objective Based on the context of extensive petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria, the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) in seafood were determined, and the health risks of these compounds were evaluated. Methods Biota samples (Crayfish, Goby fish, Moonfish, Mudskipper, Mullet, Sardine and Tilapia) were collected from the Bonny Estuary from 2016 to 2018 and analyzed according to US EPA method 5030/8260C to determine the concentrations of BTEX. Risk assessment of BTEX to humans through the dietary route was conducted based on the lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) for benzene and the hazard quotient (HQ) for BTEX. Results and conclusion The following BTEX concentration ranges were observed: benzene: < 0.01–0.36 mg/kg; toluene: 0.22–19.85 mg/kg; ethylbenzene: < 0.00–1.54 mg/kg; xylene: < 0.00–7.28 mg/kg. The median LTCR for benzene in children and adults was 0.65 and 0.30, respectively, which are higher than the limit recommended by the World Health Organization. The model showed that the LTCR is reducible by 99.9% and 66.6% if the concentration of benzene is 0.00001 mg/kg, and fresh seafood consumption is reduced to 10.4 g/day. The HQ for all BTEX compounds was greater than 1 (benzene: 1.0 × $ 10^{4} $ (child), 4.9 × $ 10^{3} $ (adult); toluene: 1.9 × $ 10^{5} $ (child), 9.0 × $ 10^{4} $ (adult); ethylbenzene: 9.4 × $ 10^{3} $ (child), 4.4 × $ 10^{3} $ (adult); xylene: 2.5 × $ 10^{4} $ (child), 1.2 × $ 10^{4} $ (adult)), which signifies a high non-cancer health risk to humans. These results are a reflection of the high level of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria and the debilitating human health consequences that could accompany it. BTEX (dpeaa)DE-He213 Risk assessment (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pollution (dpeaa)DE-He213 Cancer risk (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hazard quotient (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nigeria (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nafagha-Lawal, Magdalene Okeh verfasserin aut Lelei, Kariye Elizabeth verfasserin aut Uche, Arinze O. verfasserin aut Kika, Ehiedu Philomina verfasserin aut Igbiri, Sorbari verfasserin aut Babatunde, Bernard B. verfasserin aut Sikoki, Francis David verfasserin aut Enthalten in Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences Korean Society of Environmental Risk Assessment and Health Science, 2011 13(2020), 1 vom: 08. Okt., Seite 65-72 (DE-627)SPR031726593 nnns volume:13 year:2020 number:1 day:08 month:10 pages:65-72 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13530-020-00072-4 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER AR 13 2020 1 08 10 65-72 |
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10.1007/s13530-020-00072-4 doi (DE-627)SPR043371779 (DE-599)SPRs13530-020-00072-4-e (SPR)s13530-020-00072-4-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Ojimelukwe, Agatha E. verfasserin aut Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in the Niger Delta: human health risk assessment of BTEX in biota 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Objective Based on the context of extensive petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria, the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) in seafood were determined, and the health risks of these compounds were evaluated. Methods Biota samples (Crayfish, Goby fish, Moonfish, Mudskipper, Mullet, Sardine and Tilapia) were collected from the Bonny Estuary from 2016 to 2018 and analyzed according to US EPA method 5030/8260C to determine the concentrations of BTEX. Risk assessment of BTEX to humans through the dietary route was conducted based on the lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) for benzene and the hazard quotient (HQ) for BTEX. Results and conclusion The following BTEX concentration ranges were observed: benzene: < 0.01–0.36 mg/kg; toluene: 0.22–19.85 mg/kg; ethylbenzene: < 0.00–1.54 mg/kg; xylene: < 0.00–7.28 mg/kg. The median LTCR for benzene in children and adults was 0.65 and 0.30, respectively, which are higher than the limit recommended by the World Health Organization. The model showed that the LTCR is reducible by 99.9% and 66.6% if the concentration of benzene is 0.00001 mg/kg, and fresh seafood consumption is reduced to 10.4 g/day. The HQ for all BTEX compounds was greater than 1 (benzene: 1.0 × $ 10^{4} $ (child), 4.9 × $ 10^{3} $ (adult); toluene: 1.9 × $ 10^{5} $ (child), 9.0 × $ 10^{4} $ (adult); ethylbenzene: 9.4 × $ 10^{3} $ (child), 4.4 × $ 10^{3} $ (adult); xylene: 2.5 × $ 10^{4} $ (child), 1.2 × $ 10^{4} $ (adult)), which signifies a high non-cancer health risk to humans. These results are a reflection of the high level of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria and the debilitating human health consequences that could accompany it. BTEX (dpeaa)DE-He213 Risk assessment (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pollution (dpeaa)DE-He213 Cancer risk (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hazard quotient (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nigeria (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nafagha-Lawal, Magdalene Okeh verfasserin aut Lelei, Kariye Elizabeth verfasserin aut Uche, Arinze O. verfasserin aut Kika, Ehiedu Philomina verfasserin aut Igbiri, Sorbari verfasserin aut Babatunde, Bernard B. verfasserin aut Sikoki, Francis David verfasserin aut Enthalten in Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences Korean Society of Environmental Risk Assessment and Health Science, 2011 13(2020), 1 vom: 08. Okt., Seite 65-72 (DE-627)SPR031726593 nnns volume:13 year:2020 number:1 day:08 month:10 pages:65-72 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13530-020-00072-4 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER AR 13 2020 1 08 10 65-72 |
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10.1007/s13530-020-00072-4 doi (DE-627)SPR043371779 (DE-599)SPRs13530-020-00072-4-e (SPR)s13530-020-00072-4-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Ojimelukwe, Agatha E. verfasserin aut Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in the Niger Delta: human health risk assessment of BTEX in biota 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Objective Based on the context of extensive petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria, the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) in seafood were determined, and the health risks of these compounds were evaluated. Methods Biota samples (Crayfish, Goby fish, Moonfish, Mudskipper, Mullet, Sardine and Tilapia) were collected from the Bonny Estuary from 2016 to 2018 and analyzed according to US EPA method 5030/8260C to determine the concentrations of BTEX. Risk assessment of BTEX to humans through the dietary route was conducted based on the lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) for benzene and the hazard quotient (HQ) for BTEX. Results and conclusion The following BTEX concentration ranges were observed: benzene: < 0.01–0.36 mg/kg; toluene: 0.22–19.85 mg/kg; ethylbenzene: < 0.00–1.54 mg/kg; xylene: < 0.00–7.28 mg/kg. The median LTCR for benzene in children and adults was 0.65 and 0.30, respectively, which are higher than the limit recommended by the World Health Organization. The model showed that the LTCR is reducible by 99.9% and 66.6% if the concentration of benzene is 0.00001 mg/kg, and fresh seafood consumption is reduced to 10.4 g/day. The HQ for all BTEX compounds was greater than 1 (benzene: 1.0 × $ 10^{4} $ (child), 4.9 × $ 10^{3} $ (adult); toluene: 1.9 × $ 10^{5} $ (child), 9.0 × $ 10^{4} $ (adult); ethylbenzene: 9.4 × $ 10^{3} $ (child), 4.4 × $ 10^{3} $ (adult); xylene: 2.5 × $ 10^{4} $ (child), 1.2 × $ 10^{4} $ (adult)), which signifies a high non-cancer health risk to humans. These results are a reflection of the high level of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria and the debilitating human health consequences that could accompany it. BTEX (dpeaa)DE-He213 Risk assessment (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pollution (dpeaa)DE-He213 Cancer risk (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hazard quotient (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nigeria (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nafagha-Lawal, Magdalene Okeh verfasserin aut Lelei, Kariye Elizabeth verfasserin aut Uche, Arinze O. verfasserin aut Kika, Ehiedu Philomina verfasserin aut Igbiri, Sorbari verfasserin aut Babatunde, Bernard B. verfasserin aut Sikoki, Francis David verfasserin aut Enthalten in Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences Korean Society of Environmental Risk Assessment and Health Science, 2011 13(2020), 1 vom: 08. Okt., Seite 65-72 (DE-627)SPR031726593 nnns volume:13 year:2020 number:1 day:08 month:10 pages:65-72 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13530-020-00072-4 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER AR 13 2020 1 08 10 65-72 |
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10.1007/s13530-020-00072-4 doi (DE-627)SPR043371779 (DE-599)SPRs13530-020-00072-4-e (SPR)s13530-020-00072-4-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Ojimelukwe, Agatha E. verfasserin aut Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in the Niger Delta: human health risk assessment of BTEX in biota 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Objective Based on the context of extensive petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria, the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) in seafood were determined, and the health risks of these compounds were evaluated. Methods Biota samples (Crayfish, Goby fish, Moonfish, Mudskipper, Mullet, Sardine and Tilapia) were collected from the Bonny Estuary from 2016 to 2018 and analyzed according to US EPA method 5030/8260C to determine the concentrations of BTEX. Risk assessment of BTEX to humans through the dietary route was conducted based on the lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) for benzene and the hazard quotient (HQ) for BTEX. Results and conclusion The following BTEX concentration ranges were observed: benzene: < 0.01–0.36 mg/kg; toluene: 0.22–19.85 mg/kg; ethylbenzene: < 0.00–1.54 mg/kg; xylene: < 0.00–7.28 mg/kg. The median LTCR for benzene in children and adults was 0.65 and 0.30, respectively, which are higher than the limit recommended by the World Health Organization. The model showed that the LTCR is reducible by 99.9% and 66.6% if the concentration of benzene is 0.00001 mg/kg, and fresh seafood consumption is reduced to 10.4 g/day. The HQ for all BTEX compounds was greater than 1 (benzene: 1.0 × $ 10^{4} $ (child), 4.9 × $ 10^{3} $ (adult); toluene: 1.9 × $ 10^{5} $ (child), 9.0 × $ 10^{4} $ (adult); ethylbenzene: 9.4 × $ 10^{3} $ (child), 4.4 × $ 10^{3} $ (adult); xylene: 2.5 × $ 10^{4} $ (child), 1.2 × $ 10^{4} $ (adult)), which signifies a high non-cancer health risk to humans. These results are a reflection of the high level of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria and the debilitating human health consequences that could accompany it. BTEX (dpeaa)DE-He213 Risk assessment (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pollution (dpeaa)DE-He213 Cancer risk (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hazard quotient (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nigeria (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nafagha-Lawal, Magdalene Okeh verfasserin aut Lelei, Kariye Elizabeth verfasserin aut Uche, Arinze O. verfasserin aut Kika, Ehiedu Philomina verfasserin aut Igbiri, Sorbari verfasserin aut Babatunde, Bernard B. verfasserin aut Sikoki, Francis David verfasserin aut Enthalten in Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences Korean Society of Environmental Risk Assessment and Health Science, 2011 13(2020), 1 vom: 08. Okt., Seite 65-72 (DE-627)SPR031726593 nnns volume:13 year:2020 number:1 day:08 month:10 pages:65-72 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13530-020-00072-4 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER AR 13 2020 1 08 10 65-72 |
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10.1007/s13530-020-00072-4 doi (DE-627)SPR043371779 (DE-599)SPRs13530-020-00072-4-e (SPR)s13530-020-00072-4-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Ojimelukwe, Agatha E. verfasserin aut Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in the Niger Delta: human health risk assessment of BTEX in biota 2020 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier Objective Based on the context of extensive petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria, the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) in seafood were determined, and the health risks of these compounds were evaluated. Methods Biota samples (Crayfish, Goby fish, Moonfish, Mudskipper, Mullet, Sardine and Tilapia) were collected from the Bonny Estuary from 2016 to 2018 and analyzed according to US EPA method 5030/8260C to determine the concentrations of BTEX. Risk assessment of BTEX to humans through the dietary route was conducted based on the lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) for benzene and the hazard quotient (HQ) for BTEX. Results and conclusion The following BTEX concentration ranges were observed: benzene: < 0.01–0.36 mg/kg; toluene: 0.22–19.85 mg/kg; ethylbenzene: < 0.00–1.54 mg/kg; xylene: < 0.00–7.28 mg/kg. The median LTCR for benzene in children and adults was 0.65 and 0.30, respectively, which are higher than the limit recommended by the World Health Organization. The model showed that the LTCR is reducible by 99.9% and 66.6% if the concentration of benzene is 0.00001 mg/kg, and fresh seafood consumption is reduced to 10.4 g/day. The HQ for all BTEX compounds was greater than 1 (benzene: 1.0 × $ 10^{4} $ (child), 4.9 × $ 10^{3} $ (adult); toluene: 1.9 × $ 10^{5} $ (child), 9.0 × $ 10^{4} $ (adult); ethylbenzene: 9.4 × $ 10^{3} $ (child), 4.4 × $ 10^{3} $ (adult); xylene: 2.5 × $ 10^{4} $ (child), 1.2 × $ 10^{4} $ (adult)), which signifies a high non-cancer health risk to humans. These results are a reflection of the high level of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria and the debilitating human health consequences that could accompany it. BTEX (dpeaa)DE-He213 Risk assessment (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pollution (dpeaa)DE-He213 Cancer risk (dpeaa)DE-He213 Hazard quotient (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nigeria (dpeaa)DE-He213 Nafagha-Lawal, Magdalene Okeh verfasserin aut Lelei, Kariye Elizabeth verfasserin aut Uche, Arinze O. verfasserin aut Kika, Ehiedu Philomina verfasserin aut Igbiri, Sorbari verfasserin aut Babatunde, Bernard B. verfasserin aut Sikoki, Francis David verfasserin aut Enthalten in Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences Korean Society of Environmental Risk Assessment and Health Science, 2011 13(2020), 1 vom: 08. Okt., Seite 65-72 (DE-627)SPR031726593 nnns volume:13 year:2020 number:1 day:08 month:10 pages:65-72 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13530-020-00072-4 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER AR 13 2020 1 08 10 65-72 |
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Methods Biota samples (Crayfish, Goby fish, Moonfish, Mudskipper, Mullet, Sardine and Tilapia) were collected from the Bonny Estuary from 2016 to 2018 and analyzed according to US EPA method 5030/8260C to determine the concentrations of BTEX. Risk assessment of BTEX to humans through the dietary route was conducted based on the lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) for benzene and the hazard quotient (HQ) for BTEX. Results and conclusion The following BTEX concentration ranges were observed: benzene: < 0.01–0.36 mg/kg; toluene: 0.22–19.85 mg/kg; ethylbenzene: < 0.00–1.54 mg/kg; xylene: < 0.00–7.28 mg/kg. The median LTCR for benzene in children and adults was 0.65 and 0.30, respectively, which are higher than the limit recommended by the World Health Organization. The model showed that the LTCR is reducible by 99.9% and 66.6% if the concentration of benzene is 0.00001 mg/kg, and fresh seafood consumption is reduced to 10.4 g/day. 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Ojimelukwe, Agatha E. |
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Ojimelukwe, Agatha E. Nafagha-Lawal, Magdalene Okeh Lelei, Kariye Elizabeth Uche, Arinze O. Kika, Ehiedu Philomina Igbiri, Sorbari Babatunde, Bernard B. Sikoki, Francis David |
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petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in the niger delta: human health risk assessment of btex in biota |
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Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in the Niger Delta: human health risk assessment of BTEX in biota |
| abstract |
Objective Based on the context of extensive petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria, the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) in seafood were determined, and the health risks of these compounds were evaluated. Methods Biota samples (Crayfish, Goby fish, Moonfish, Mudskipper, Mullet, Sardine and Tilapia) were collected from the Bonny Estuary from 2016 to 2018 and analyzed according to US EPA method 5030/8260C to determine the concentrations of BTEX. Risk assessment of BTEX to humans through the dietary route was conducted based on the lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) for benzene and the hazard quotient (HQ) for BTEX. Results and conclusion The following BTEX concentration ranges were observed: benzene: < 0.01–0.36 mg/kg; toluene: 0.22–19.85 mg/kg; ethylbenzene: < 0.00–1.54 mg/kg; xylene: < 0.00–7.28 mg/kg. The median LTCR for benzene in children and adults was 0.65 and 0.30, respectively, which are higher than the limit recommended by the World Health Organization. The model showed that the LTCR is reducible by 99.9% and 66.6% if the concentration of benzene is 0.00001 mg/kg, and fresh seafood consumption is reduced to 10.4 g/day. The HQ for all BTEX compounds was greater than 1 (benzene: 1.0 × $ 10^{4} $ (child), 4.9 × $ 10^{3} $ (adult); toluene: 1.9 × $ 10^{5} $ (child), 9.0 × $ 10^{4} $ (adult); ethylbenzene: 9.4 × $ 10^{3} $ (child), 4.4 × $ 10^{3} $ (adult); xylene: 2.5 × $ 10^{4} $ (child), 1.2 × $ 10^{4} $ (adult)), which signifies a high non-cancer health risk to humans. These results are a reflection of the high level of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria and the debilitating human health consequences that could accompany it. |
| abstractGer |
Objective Based on the context of extensive petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria, the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) in seafood were determined, and the health risks of these compounds were evaluated. Methods Biota samples (Crayfish, Goby fish, Moonfish, Mudskipper, Mullet, Sardine and Tilapia) were collected from the Bonny Estuary from 2016 to 2018 and analyzed according to US EPA method 5030/8260C to determine the concentrations of BTEX. Risk assessment of BTEX to humans through the dietary route was conducted based on the lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) for benzene and the hazard quotient (HQ) for BTEX. Results and conclusion The following BTEX concentration ranges were observed: benzene: < 0.01–0.36 mg/kg; toluene: 0.22–19.85 mg/kg; ethylbenzene: < 0.00–1.54 mg/kg; xylene: < 0.00–7.28 mg/kg. The median LTCR for benzene in children and adults was 0.65 and 0.30, respectively, which are higher than the limit recommended by the World Health Organization. The model showed that the LTCR is reducible by 99.9% and 66.6% if the concentration of benzene is 0.00001 mg/kg, and fresh seafood consumption is reduced to 10.4 g/day. The HQ for all BTEX compounds was greater than 1 (benzene: 1.0 × $ 10^{4} $ (child), 4.9 × $ 10^{3} $ (adult); toluene: 1.9 × $ 10^{5} $ (child), 9.0 × $ 10^{4} $ (adult); ethylbenzene: 9.4 × $ 10^{3} $ (child), 4.4 × $ 10^{3} $ (adult); xylene: 2.5 × $ 10^{4} $ (child), 1.2 × $ 10^{4} $ (adult)), which signifies a high non-cancer health risk to humans. These results are a reflection of the high level of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria and the debilitating human health consequences that could accompany it. |
| abstract_unstemmed |
Objective Based on the context of extensive petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria, the concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) in seafood were determined, and the health risks of these compounds were evaluated. Methods Biota samples (Crayfish, Goby fish, Moonfish, Mudskipper, Mullet, Sardine and Tilapia) were collected from the Bonny Estuary from 2016 to 2018 and analyzed according to US EPA method 5030/8260C to determine the concentrations of BTEX. Risk assessment of BTEX to humans through the dietary route was conducted based on the lifetime cancer risk (LTCR) for benzene and the hazard quotient (HQ) for BTEX. Results and conclusion The following BTEX concentration ranges were observed: benzene: < 0.01–0.36 mg/kg; toluene: 0.22–19.85 mg/kg; ethylbenzene: < 0.00–1.54 mg/kg; xylene: < 0.00–7.28 mg/kg. The median LTCR for benzene in children and adults was 0.65 and 0.30, respectively, which are higher than the limit recommended by the World Health Organization. The model showed that the LTCR is reducible by 99.9% and 66.6% if the concentration of benzene is 0.00001 mg/kg, and fresh seafood consumption is reduced to 10.4 g/day. The HQ for all BTEX compounds was greater than 1 (benzene: 1.0 × $ 10^{4} $ (child), 4.9 × $ 10^{3} $ (adult); toluene: 1.9 × $ 10^{5} $ (child), 9.0 × $ 10^{4} $ (adult); ethylbenzene: 9.4 × $ 10^{3} $ (child), 4.4 × $ 10^{3} $ (adult); xylene: 2.5 × $ 10^{4} $ (child), 1.2 × $ 10^{4} $ (adult)), which signifies a high non-cancer health risk to humans. These results are a reflection of the high level of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in southern Nigeria and the debilitating human health consequences that could accompany it. |
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Nafagha-Lawal, Magdalene Okeh Lelei, Kariye Elizabeth Uche, Arinze O. Kika, Ehiedu Philomina Igbiri, Sorbari Babatunde, Bernard B. Sikoki, Francis David |
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