Tolerance of cotton to elevated levels of Pb and its potential for phytoremediation

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the cotton plant’s tolerance to Pb and its remediation potential. In the first experiment, the phytoremediation potential was determined by exposing the plant to four levels of Pb (0, 500, 750, and 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $). The cotton plant exhibited an excellent tolerance index at Pb 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $ (root 78.65% and shoot 93.08%) and lower grade of growth inhibition (root 21.35% and shoot 6.92%). Pb stress resulted in higher leakage of electrolytes and increased the synthesis of higher proline, total phenol, and free amino acid contents to mitigate stress. The plant could not meet the criteria of a hyperaccumulator of Pb. The concentration of Pb in the shoot was a mere 96 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt (< the critical judging concentration of 1000 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt), and bioconcentration and translocation factors were <1. The study established that cotton exhibited an exclusion mechanism of Pb. Further, the translocation efficiency (TE %) was very low, i.e., <50% (ranged from 49% at 500 mg $ kg^{−1} $ to 42% at 1000 mg kg −1), and the % of Pb removed by the crop was too little (on an average 0.1%). Pb inhibited the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) by 76%, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis by 60%, and β-glucosidase activity by 20%. However, applied Pb increased the population of actinomycetes by 3.21 times, but significantly decreased heterotrophic bacteria by 3.40 times and $ N_{2} $ fixers by over 53% over control. In the second experiment, the plant was exposed to very high Pb (0, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 mg kg −1) to determine the concentration up to which the plant will survive. The investigation revealed that plants could survive up to Pb 3000 mg $ kg^{−1} $. It confirmed the first experiment in the tolerance index, grade of growth inhibition, bioconcentration factor, translocation factor, and partitioning of Pb. Therefore, it was concluded that the cotton plant was an excluder of Pb and could be effectively cultivated for the phytostabilization of soils polluted with Pb. Ausführliche Beschreibung

Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Ramana, Sivakoti [verfasserIn] Tripathi, Awadhesh Kumar [verfasserIn] Bharati, Kollah [verfasserIn] Singh, Amar Bahadur [verfasserIn] Kumar, Ajay [verfasserIn] Sahu, Asha [verfasserIn] Rajput, Poonam Singh [verfasserIn] Dey, Pradip [verfasserIn] Saha, Jayanta Kumar [verfasserIn] Patra, Ashok K. [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2021

Schlagwörter:	Bioconcentration factor Cotton Phytoremediation Phytostabilization Translocation factor Translocation efficiency

Anmerkung:	© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: Environmental science and pollution research - Berlin : Springer, 1994, 28(2021), 25 vom: 23. Feb., Seite 32299-32309
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:28 ; year:2021 ; number:25 ; day:23 ; month:02 ; pages:32299-32309

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1007/s11356-021-13067-6

Katalog-ID:	SPR044436335

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520			\|a Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the cotton plant’s tolerance to Pb and its remediation potential. In the first experiment, the phytoremediation potential was determined by exposing the plant to four levels of Pb (0, 500, 750, and 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $). The cotton plant exhibited an excellent tolerance index at Pb 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $ (root 78.65% and shoot 93.08%) and lower grade of growth inhibition (root 21.35% and shoot 6.92%). Pb stress resulted in higher leakage of electrolytes and increased the synthesis of higher proline, total phenol, and free amino acid contents to mitigate stress. The plant could not meet the criteria of a hyperaccumulator of Pb. The concentration of Pb in the shoot was a mere 96 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt (< the critical judging concentration of 1000 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt), and bioconcentration and translocation factors were <1. The study established that cotton exhibited an exclusion mechanism of Pb. Further, the translocation efficiency (TE %) was very low, i.e., <50% (ranged from 49% at 500 mg $ kg^{−1} $ to 42% at 1000 mg kg −1), and the % of Pb removed by the crop was too little (on an average 0.1%). Pb inhibited the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) by 76%, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis by 60%, and β-glucosidase activity by 20%. However, applied Pb increased the population of actinomycetes by 3.21 times, but significantly decreased heterotrophic bacteria by 3.40 times and $ N_{2} $ fixers by over 53% over control. In the second experiment, the plant was exposed to very high Pb (0, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 mg kg −1) to determine the concentration up to which the plant will survive. The investigation revealed that plants could survive up to Pb 3000 mg $ kg^{−1} $. It confirmed the first experiment in the tolerance index, grade of growth inhibition, bioconcentration factor, translocation factor, and partitioning of Pb. Therefore, it was concluded that the cotton plant was an excluder of Pb and could be effectively cultivated for the phytostabilization of soils polluted with Pb.
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allfields	10.1007/s11356-021-13067-6 doi (DE-627)SPR044436335 (SPR)s11356-021-13067-6-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 690 ASE 43.00 bkl 43.50 bkl 58.50 bkl Ramana, Sivakoti verfasserin aut Tolerance of cotton to elevated levels of Pb and its potential for phytoremediation 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021 Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the cotton plant’s tolerance to Pb and its remediation potential. In the first experiment, the phytoremediation potential was determined by exposing the plant to four levels of Pb (0, 500, 750, and 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $). The cotton plant exhibited an excellent tolerance index at Pb 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $ (root 78.65% and shoot 93.08%) and lower grade of growth inhibition (root 21.35% and shoot 6.92%). Pb stress resulted in higher leakage of electrolytes and increased the synthesis of higher proline, total phenol, and free amino acid contents to mitigate stress. The plant could not meet the criteria of a hyperaccumulator of Pb. The concentration of Pb in the shoot was a mere 96 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt (< the critical judging concentration of 1000 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt), and bioconcentration and translocation factors were <1. The study established that cotton exhibited an exclusion mechanism of Pb. Further, the translocation efficiency (TE %) was very low, i.e., <50% (ranged from 49% at 500 mg $ kg^{−1} $ to 42% at 1000 mg kg −1), and the % of Pb removed by the crop was too little (on an average 0.1%). Pb inhibited the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) by 76%, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis by 60%, and β-glucosidase activity by 20%. However, applied Pb increased the population of actinomycetes by 3.21 times, but significantly decreased heterotrophic bacteria by 3.40 times and $ N_{2} $ fixers by over 53% over control. In the second experiment, the plant was exposed to very high Pb (0, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 mg kg −1) to determine the concentration up to which the plant will survive. The investigation revealed that plants could survive up to Pb 3000 mg $ kg^{−1} $. It confirmed the first experiment in the tolerance index, grade of growth inhibition, bioconcentration factor, translocation factor, and partitioning of Pb. Therefore, it was concluded that the cotton plant was an excluder of Pb and could be effectively cultivated for the phytostabilization of soils polluted with Pb. Bioconcentration factor (dpeaa)DE-He213 Cotton (dpeaa)DE-He213 Phytoremediation (dpeaa)DE-He213 Phytostabilization (dpeaa)DE-He213 Translocation factor (dpeaa)DE-He213 Translocation efficiency (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tripathi, Awadhesh Kumar verfasserin aut Bharati, Kollah verfasserin aut Singh, Amar Bahadur verfasserin aut Kumar, Ajay verfasserin aut Sahu, Asha verfasserin aut Rajput, Poonam Singh verfasserin aut Dey, Pradip verfasserin aut Saha, Jayanta Kumar verfasserin aut Patra, Ashok K. verfasserin aut Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research Berlin : Springer, 1994 28(2021), 25 vom: 23. Feb., Seite 32299-32309 (DE-627)320517926 (DE-600)2014192-0 1614-7499 nnns volume:28 year:2021 number:25 day:23 month:02 pages:32299-32309 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13067-6 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-ASE GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2360 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 43.00 ASE 43.50 ASE 58.50 ASE AR 28 2021 25 23 02 32299-32309
spelling	10.1007/s11356-021-13067-6 doi (DE-627)SPR044436335 (SPR)s11356-021-13067-6-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 690 ASE 43.00 bkl 43.50 bkl 58.50 bkl Ramana, Sivakoti verfasserin aut Tolerance of cotton to elevated levels of Pb and its potential for phytoremediation 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021 Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the cotton plant’s tolerance to Pb and its remediation potential. In the first experiment, the phytoremediation potential was determined by exposing the plant to four levels of Pb (0, 500, 750, and 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $). The cotton plant exhibited an excellent tolerance index at Pb 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $ (root 78.65% and shoot 93.08%) and lower grade of growth inhibition (root 21.35% and shoot 6.92%). Pb stress resulted in higher leakage of electrolytes and increased the synthesis of higher proline, total phenol, and free amino acid contents to mitigate stress. The plant could not meet the criteria of a hyperaccumulator of Pb. The concentration of Pb in the shoot was a mere 96 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt (< the critical judging concentration of 1000 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt), and bioconcentration and translocation factors were <1. The study established that cotton exhibited an exclusion mechanism of Pb. Further, the translocation efficiency (TE %) was very low, i.e., <50% (ranged from 49% at 500 mg $ kg^{−1} $ to 42% at 1000 mg kg −1), and the % of Pb removed by the crop was too little (on an average 0.1%). Pb inhibited the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) by 76%, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis by 60%, and β-glucosidase activity by 20%. However, applied Pb increased the population of actinomycetes by 3.21 times, but significantly decreased heterotrophic bacteria by 3.40 times and $ N_{2} $ fixers by over 53% over control. In the second experiment, the plant was exposed to very high Pb (0, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 mg kg −1) to determine the concentration up to which the plant will survive. The investigation revealed that plants could survive up to Pb 3000 mg $ kg^{−1} $. It confirmed the first experiment in the tolerance index, grade of growth inhibition, bioconcentration factor, translocation factor, and partitioning of Pb. Therefore, it was concluded that the cotton plant was an excluder of Pb and could be effectively cultivated for the phytostabilization of soils polluted with Pb. Bioconcentration factor (dpeaa)DE-He213 Cotton (dpeaa)DE-He213 Phytoremediation (dpeaa)DE-He213 Phytostabilization (dpeaa)DE-He213 Translocation factor (dpeaa)DE-He213 Translocation efficiency (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tripathi, Awadhesh Kumar verfasserin aut Bharati, Kollah verfasserin aut Singh, Amar Bahadur verfasserin aut Kumar, Ajay verfasserin aut Sahu, Asha verfasserin aut Rajput, Poonam Singh verfasserin aut Dey, Pradip verfasserin aut Saha, Jayanta Kumar verfasserin aut Patra, Ashok K. verfasserin aut Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research Berlin : Springer, 1994 28(2021), 25 vom: 23. Feb., Seite 32299-32309 (DE-627)320517926 (DE-600)2014192-0 1614-7499 nnns volume:28 year:2021 number:25 day:23 month:02 pages:32299-32309 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13067-6 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-ASE GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2360 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 43.00 ASE 43.50 ASE 58.50 ASE AR 28 2021 25 23 02 32299-32309
allfields_unstemmed	10.1007/s11356-021-13067-6 doi (DE-627)SPR044436335 (SPR)s11356-021-13067-6-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 690 ASE 43.00 bkl 43.50 bkl 58.50 bkl Ramana, Sivakoti verfasserin aut Tolerance of cotton to elevated levels of Pb and its potential for phytoremediation 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021 Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the cotton plant’s tolerance to Pb and its remediation potential. In the first experiment, the phytoremediation potential was determined by exposing the plant to four levels of Pb (0, 500, 750, and 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $). The cotton plant exhibited an excellent tolerance index at Pb 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $ (root 78.65% and shoot 93.08%) and lower grade of growth inhibition (root 21.35% and shoot 6.92%). Pb stress resulted in higher leakage of electrolytes and increased the synthesis of higher proline, total phenol, and free amino acid contents to mitigate stress. The plant could not meet the criteria of a hyperaccumulator of Pb. The concentration of Pb in the shoot was a mere 96 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt (< the critical judging concentration of 1000 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt), and bioconcentration and translocation factors were <1. The study established that cotton exhibited an exclusion mechanism of Pb. Further, the translocation efficiency (TE %) was very low, i.e., <50% (ranged from 49% at 500 mg $ kg^{−1} $ to 42% at 1000 mg kg −1), and the % of Pb removed by the crop was too little (on an average 0.1%). Pb inhibited the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) by 76%, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis by 60%, and β-glucosidase activity by 20%. However, applied Pb increased the population of actinomycetes by 3.21 times, but significantly decreased heterotrophic bacteria by 3.40 times and $ N_{2} $ fixers by over 53% over control. In the second experiment, the plant was exposed to very high Pb (0, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 mg kg −1) to determine the concentration up to which the plant will survive. The investigation revealed that plants could survive up to Pb 3000 mg $ kg^{−1} $. It confirmed the first experiment in the tolerance index, grade of growth inhibition, bioconcentration factor, translocation factor, and partitioning of Pb. Therefore, it was concluded that the cotton plant was an excluder of Pb and could be effectively cultivated for the phytostabilization of soils polluted with Pb. Bioconcentration factor (dpeaa)DE-He213 Cotton (dpeaa)DE-He213 Phytoremediation (dpeaa)DE-He213 Phytostabilization (dpeaa)DE-He213 Translocation factor (dpeaa)DE-He213 Translocation efficiency (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tripathi, Awadhesh Kumar verfasserin aut Bharati, Kollah verfasserin aut Singh, Amar Bahadur verfasserin aut Kumar, Ajay verfasserin aut Sahu, Asha verfasserin aut Rajput, Poonam Singh verfasserin aut Dey, Pradip verfasserin aut Saha, Jayanta Kumar verfasserin aut Patra, Ashok K. verfasserin aut Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research Berlin : Springer, 1994 28(2021), 25 vom: 23. Feb., Seite 32299-32309 (DE-627)320517926 (DE-600)2014192-0 1614-7499 nnns volume:28 year:2021 number:25 day:23 month:02 pages:32299-32309 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13067-6 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-ASE GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2360 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 43.00 ASE 43.50 ASE 58.50 ASE AR 28 2021 25 23 02 32299-32309
allfieldsGer	10.1007/s11356-021-13067-6 doi (DE-627)SPR044436335 (SPR)s11356-021-13067-6-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 690 ASE 43.00 bkl 43.50 bkl 58.50 bkl Ramana, Sivakoti verfasserin aut Tolerance of cotton to elevated levels of Pb and its potential for phytoremediation 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021 Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the cotton plant’s tolerance to Pb and its remediation potential. In the first experiment, the phytoremediation potential was determined by exposing the plant to four levels of Pb (0, 500, 750, and 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $). The cotton plant exhibited an excellent tolerance index at Pb 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $ (root 78.65% and shoot 93.08%) and lower grade of growth inhibition (root 21.35% and shoot 6.92%). Pb stress resulted in higher leakage of electrolytes and increased the synthesis of higher proline, total phenol, and free amino acid contents to mitigate stress. The plant could not meet the criteria of a hyperaccumulator of Pb. The concentration of Pb in the shoot was a mere 96 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt (< the critical judging concentration of 1000 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt), and bioconcentration and translocation factors were <1. The study established that cotton exhibited an exclusion mechanism of Pb. Further, the translocation efficiency (TE %) was very low, i.e., <50% (ranged from 49% at 500 mg $ kg^{−1} $ to 42% at 1000 mg kg −1), and the % of Pb removed by the crop was too little (on an average 0.1%). Pb inhibited the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) by 76%, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis by 60%, and β-glucosidase activity by 20%. However, applied Pb increased the population of actinomycetes by 3.21 times, but significantly decreased heterotrophic bacteria by 3.40 times and $ N_{2} $ fixers by over 53% over control. In the second experiment, the plant was exposed to very high Pb (0, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 mg kg −1) to determine the concentration up to which the plant will survive. The investigation revealed that plants could survive up to Pb 3000 mg $ kg^{−1} $. It confirmed the first experiment in the tolerance index, grade of growth inhibition, bioconcentration factor, translocation factor, and partitioning of Pb. Therefore, it was concluded that the cotton plant was an excluder of Pb and could be effectively cultivated for the phytostabilization of soils polluted with Pb. Bioconcentration factor (dpeaa)DE-He213 Cotton (dpeaa)DE-He213 Phytoremediation (dpeaa)DE-He213 Phytostabilization (dpeaa)DE-He213 Translocation factor (dpeaa)DE-He213 Translocation efficiency (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tripathi, Awadhesh Kumar verfasserin aut Bharati, Kollah verfasserin aut Singh, Amar Bahadur verfasserin aut Kumar, Ajay verfasserin aut Sahu, Asha verfasserin aut Rajput, Poonam Singh verfasserin aut Dey, Pradip verfasserin aut Saha, Jayanta Kumar verfasserin aut Patra, Ashok K. verfasserin aut Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research Berlin : Springer, 1994 28(2021), 25 vom: 23. Feb., Seite 32299-32309 (DE-627)320517926 (DE-600)2014192-0 1614-7499 nnns volume:28 year:2021 number:25 day:23 month:02 pages:32299-32309 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13067-6 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-ASE GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2360 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 43.00 ASE 43.50 ASE 58.50 ASE AR 28 2021 25 23 02 32299-32309
allfieldsSound	10.1007/s11356-021-13067-6 doi (DE-627)SPR044436335 (SPR)s11356-021-13067-6-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 333.7 690 ASE 43.00 bkl 43.50 bkl 58.50 bkl Ramana, Sivakoti verfasserin aut Tolerance of cotton to elevated levels of Pb and its potential for phytoremediation 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021 Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the cotton plant’s tolerance to Pb and its remediation potential. In the first experiment, the phytoremediation potential was determined by exposing the plant to four levels of Pb (0, 500, 750, and 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $). The cotton plant exhibited an excellent tolerance index at Pb 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $ (root 78.65% and shoot 93.08%) and lower grade of growth inhibition (root 21.35% and shoot 6.92%). Pb stress resulted in higher leakage of electrolytes and increased the synthesis of higher proline, total phenol, and free amino acid contents to mitigate stress. The plant could not meet the criteria of a hyperaccumulator of Pb. The concentration of Pb in the shoot was a mere 96 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt (< the critical judging concentration of 1000 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt), and bioconcentration and translocation factors were <1. The study established that cotton exhibited an exclusion mechanism of Pb. Further, the translocation efficiency (TE %) was very low, i.e., <50% (ranged from 49% at 500 mg $ kg^{−1} $ to 42% at 1000 mg kg −1), and the % of Pb removed by the crop was too little (on an average 0.1%). Pb inhibited the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) by 76%, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis by 60%, and β-glucosidase activity by 20%. However, applied Pb increased the population of actinomycetes by 3.21 times, but significantly decreased heterotrophic bacteria by 3.40 times and $ N_{2} $ fixers by over 53% over control. In the second experiment, the plant was exposed to very high Pb (0, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 mg kg −1) to determine the concentration up to which the plant will survive. The investigation revealed that plants could survive up to Pb 3000 mg $ kg^{−1} $. It confirmed the first experiment in the tolerance index, grade of growth inhibition, bioconcentration factor, translocation factor, and partitioning of Pb. Therefore, it was concluded that the cotton plant was an excluder of Pb and could be effectively cultivated for the phytostabilization of soils polluted with Pb. Bioconcentration factor (dpeaa)DE-He213 Cotton (dpeaa)DE-He213 Phytoremediation (dpeaa)DE-He213 Phytostabilization (dpeaa)DE-He213 Translocation factor (dpeaa)DE-He213 Translocation efficiency (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tripathi, Awadhesh Kumar verfasserin aut Bharati, Kollah verfasserin aut Singh, Amar Bahadur verfasserin aut Kumar, Ajay verfasserin aut Sahu, Asha verfasserin aut Rajput, Poonam Singh verfasserin aut Dey, Pradip verfasserin aut Saha, Jayanta Kumar verfasserin aut Patra, Ashok K. verfasserin aut Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research Berlin : Springer, 1994 28(2021), 25 vom: 23. Feb., Seite 32299-32309 (DE-627)320517926 (DE-600)2014192-0 1614-7499 nnns volume:28 year:2021 number:25 day:23 month:02 pages:32299-32309 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13067-6 lizenzpflichtig Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OPC-GGO SSG-OPC-ASE GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_150 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_381 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_636 GBV_ILN_702 GBV_ILN_2001 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2004 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2006 GBV_ILN_2007 GBV_ILN_2008 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2010 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2015 GBV_ILN_2020 GBV_ILN_2021 GBV_ILN_2025 GBV_ILN_2026 GBV_ILN_2027 GBV_ILN_2031 GBV_ILN_2034 GBV_ILN_2037 GBV_ILN_2038 GBV_ILN_2039 GBV_ILN_2044 GBV_ILN_2048 GBV_ILN_2049 GBV_ILN_2050 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2056 GBV_ILN_2057 GBV_ILN_2059 GBV_ILN_2061 GBV_ILN_2064 GBV_ILN_2065 GBV_ILN_2068 GBV_ILN_2088 GBV_ILN_2093 GBV_ILN_2106 GBV_ILN_2107 GBV_ILN_2108 GBV_ILN_2110 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_2112 GBV_ILN_2113 GBV_ILN_2118 GBV_ILN_2122 GBV_ILN_2129 GBV_ILN_2143 GBV_ILN_2144 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_2152 GBV_ILN_2153 GBV_ILN_2188 GBV_ILN_2190 GBV_ILN_2232 GBV_ILN_2336 GBV_ILN_2360 GBV_ILN_2446 GBV_ILN_2470 GBV_ILN_2472 GBV_ILN_2507 GBV_ILN_2522 GBV_ILN_2548 GBV_ILN_4035 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4046 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4242 GBV_ILN_4246 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4251 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4326 GBV_ILN_4328 GBV_ILN_4333 GBV_ILN_4334 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4336 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4393 GBV_ILN_4700 43.00 ASE 43.50 ASE 58.50 ASE AR 28 2021 25 23 02 32299-32309
language	English
source	Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research 28(2021), 25 vom: 23. Feb., Seite 32299-32309 volume:28 year:2021 number:25 day:23 month:02 pages:32299-32309
sourceStr	Enthalten in Environmental science and pollution research 28(2021), 25 vom: 23. Feb., Seite 32299-32309 volume:28 year:2021 number:25 day:23 month:02 pages:32299-32309
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	Bioconcentration factor Cotton Phytoremediation Phytostabilization Translocation factor Translocation efficiency
dewey-raw	333.7
isfreeaccess_bool	false
container_title	Environmental science and pollution research
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Ramana, Sivakoti @@aut@@ Tripathi, Awadhesh Kumar @@aut@@ Bharati, Kollah @@aut@@ Singh, Amar Bahadur @@aut@@ Kumar, Ajay @@aut@@ Sahu, Asha @@aut@@ Rajput, Poonam Singh @@aut@@ Dey, Pradip @@aut@@ Saha, Jayanta Kumar @@aut@@ Patra, Ashok K. @@aut@@
publishDateDaySort_date	2021-02-23T00:00:00Z
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dewey-sort	3333.7
id	SPR044436335
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In the first experiment, the phytoremediation potential was determined by exposing the plant to four levels of Pb (0, 500, 750, and 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $). The cotton plant exhibited an excellent tolerance index at Pb 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $ (root 78.65% and shoot 93.08%) and lower grade of growth inhibition (root 21.35% and shoot 6.92%). Pb stress resulted in higher leakage of electrolytes and increased the synthesis of higher proline, total phenol, and free amino acid contents to mitigate stress. The plant could not meet the criteria of a hyperaccumulator of Pb. The concentration of Pb in the shoot was a mere 96 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt (< the critical judging concentration of 1000 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt), and bioconcentration and translocation factors were <1. The study established that cotton exhibited an exclusion mechanism of Pb. Further, the translocation efficiency (TE %) was very low, i.e., <50% (ranged from 49% at 500 mg $ kg^{−1} $ to 42% at 1000 mg kg −1), and the % of Pb removed by the crop was too little (on an average 0.1%). Pb inhibited the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) by 76%, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis by 60%, and β-glucosidase activity by 20%. However, applied Pb increased the population of actinomycetes by 3.21 times, but significantly decreased heterotrophic bacteria by 3.40 times and $ N_{2} $ fixers by over 53% over control. In the second experiment, the plant was exposed to very high Pb (0, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 mg kg −1) to determine the concentration up to which the plant will survive. The investigation revealed that plants could survive up to Pb 3000 mg $ kg^{−1} $. It confirmed the first experiment in the tolerance index, grade of growth inhibition, bioconcentration factor, translocation factor, and partitioning of Pb. 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author	Ramana, Sivakoti
spellingShingle	Ramana, Sivakoti ddc 333.7 bkl 43.00 bkl 43.50 bkl 58.50 misc Bioconcentration factor misc Cotton misc Phytoremediation misc Phytostabilization misc Translocation factor misc Translocation efficiency Tolerance of cotton to elevated levels of Pb and its potential for phytoremediation
authorStr	Ramana, Sivakoti
ppnlink_with_tag_str_mv	@@773@@(DE-627)320517926
format	electronic Article
dewey-ones	333 - Economics of land & energy 690 - Buildings
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author_role	aut aut aut aut aut aut aut aut aut aut
collection	springer
remote_str	true
illustrated	Not Illustrated
issn	1614-7499
topic_title	333.7 690 ASE 43.00 bkl 43.50 bkl 58.50 bkl Tolerance of cotton to elevated levels of Pb and its potential for phytoremediation Bioconcentration factor (dpeaa)DE-He213 Cotton (dpeaa)DE-He213 Phytoremediation (dpeaa)DE-He213 Phytostabilization (dpeaa)DE-He213 Translocation factor (dpeaa)DE-He213 Translocation efficiency (dpeaa)DE-He213
topic	ddc 333.7 bkl 43.00 bkl 43.50 bkl 58.50 misc Bioconcentration factor misc Cotton misc Phytoremediation misc Phytostabilization misc Translocation factor misc Translocation efficiency
topic_unstemmed	ddc 333.7 bkl 43.00 bkl 43.50 bkl 58.50 misc Bioconcentration factor misc Cotton misc Phytoremediation misc Phytostabilization misc Translocation factor misc Translocation efficiency
topic_browse	ddc 333.7 bkl 43.00 bkl 43.50 bkl 58.50 misc Bioconcentration factor misc Cotton misc Phytoremediation misc Phytostabilization misc Translocation factor misc Translocation efficiency
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title	Tolerance of cotton to elevated levels of Pb and its potential for phytoremediation
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title_full	Tolerance of cotton to elevated levels of Pb and its potential for phytoremediation
author_sort	Ramana, Sivakoti
journal	Environmental science and pollution research
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author_browse	Ramana, Sivakoti Tripathi, Awadhesh Kumar Bharati, Kollah Singh, Amar Bahadur Kumar, Ajay Sahu, Asha Rajput, Poonam Singh Dey, Pradip Saha, Jayanta Kumar Patra, Ashok K.
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title_sort	tolerance of cotton to elevated levels of pb and its potential for phytoremediation
title_auth	Tolerance of cotton to elevated levels of Pb and its potential for phytoremediation
abstract	Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the cotton plant’s tolerance to Pb and its remediation potential. In the first experiment, the phytoremediation potential was determined by exposing the plant to four levels of Pb (0, 500, 750, and 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $). The cotton plant exhibited an excellent tolerance index at Pb 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $ (root 78.65% and shoot 93.08%) and lower grade of growth inhibition (root 21.35% and shoot 6.92%). Pb stress resulted in higher leakage of electrolytes and increased the synthesis of higher proline, total phenol, and free amino acid contents to mitigate stress. The plant could not meet the criteria of a hyperaccumulator of Pb. The concentration of Pb in the shoot was a mere 96 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt (< the critical judging concentration of 1000 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt), and bioconcentration and translocation factors were <1. The study established that cotton exhibited an exclusion mechanism of Pb. Further, the translocation efficiency (TE %) was very low, i.e., <50% (ranged from 49% at 500 mg $ kg^{−1} $ to 42% at 1000 mg kg −1), and the % of Pb removed by the crop was too little (on an average 0.1%). Pb inhibited the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) by 76%, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis by 60%, and β-glucosidase activity by 20%. However, applied Pb increased the population of actinomycetes by 3.21 times, but significantly decreased heterotrophic bacteria by 3.40 times and $ N_{2} $ fixers by over 53% over control. In the second experiment, the plant was exposed to very high Pb (0, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 mg kg −1) to determine the concentration up to which the plant will survive. The investigation revealed that plants could survive up to Pb 3000 mg $ kg^{−1} $. It confirmed the first experiment in the tolerance index, grade of growth inhibition, bioconcentration factor, translocation factor, and partitioning of Pb. Therefore, it was concluded that the cotton plant was an excluder of Pb and could be effectively cultivated for the phytostabilization of soils polluted with Pb. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021
abstractGer	Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the cotton plant’s tolerance to Pb and its remediation potential. In the first experiment, the phytoremediation potential was determined by exposing the plant to four levels of Pb (0, 500, 750, and 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $). The cotton plant exhibited an excellent tolerance index at Pb 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $ (root 78.65% and shoot 93.08%) and lower grade of growth inhibition (root 21.35% and shoot 6.92%). Pb stress resulted in higher leakage of electrolytes and increased the synthesis of higher proline, total phenol, and free amino acid contents to mitigate stress. The plant could not meet the criteria of a hyperaccumulator of Pb. The concentration of Pb in the shoot was a mere 96 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt (< the critical judging concentration of 1000 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt), and bioconcentration and translocation factors were <1. The study established that cotton exhibited an exclusion mechanism of Pb. Further, the translocation efficiency (TE %) was very low, i.e., <50% (ranged from 49% at 500 mg $ kg^{−1} $ to 42% at 1000 mg kg −1), and the % of Pb removed by the crop was too little (on an average 0.1%). Pb inhibited the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) by 76%, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis by 60%, and β-glucosidase activity by 20%. However, applied Pb increased the population of actinomycetes by 3.21 times, but significantly decreased heterotrophic bacteria by 3.40 times and $ N_{2} $ fixers by over 53% over control. In the second experiment, the plant was exposed to very high Pb (0, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 mg kg −1) to determine the concentration up to which the plant will survive. The investigation revealed that plants could survive up to Pb 3000 mg $ kg^{−1} $. It confirmed the first experiment in the tolerance index, grade of growth inhibition, bioconcentration factor, translocation factor, and partitioning of Pb. Therefore, it was concluded that the cotton plant was an excluder of Pb and could be effectively cultivated for the phytostabilization of soils polluted with Pb. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021
abstract_unstemmed	Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the cotton plant’s tolerance to Pb and its remediation potential. In the first experiment, the phytoremediation potential was determined by exposing the plant to four levels of Pb (0, 500, 750, and 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $). The cotton plant exhibited an excellent tolerance index at Pb 1000 mg $ kg^{−1} $ (root 78.65% and shoot 93.08%) and lower grade of growth inhibition (root 21.35% and shoot 6.92%). Pb stress resulted in higher leakage of electrolytes and increased the synthesis of higher proline, total phenol, and free amino acid contents to mitigate stress. The plant could not meet the criteria of a hyperaccumulator of Pb. The concentration of Pb in the shoot was a mere 96 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt (< the critical judging concentration of 1000 μg $ g^{−1} $ dry wt), and bioconcentration and translocation factors were <1. The study established that cotton exhibited an exclusion mechanism of Pb. Further, the translocation efficiency (TE %) was very low, i.e., <50% (ranged from 49% at 500 mg $ kg^{−1} $ to 42% at 1000 mg kg −1), and the % of Pb removed by the crop was too little (on an average 0.1%). Pb inhibited the dehydrogenase activity (DHA) by 76%, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis by 60%, and β-glucosidase activity by 20%. However, applied Pb increased the population of actinomycetes by 3.21 times, but significantly decreased heterotrophic bacteria by 3.40 times and $ N_{2} $ fixers by over 53% over control. In the second experiment, the plant was exposed to very high Pb (0, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, and 3000 mg kg −1) to determine the concentration up to which the plant will survive. The investigation revealed that plants could survive up to Pb 3000 mg $ kg^{−1} $. It confirmed the first experiment in the tolerance index, grade of growth inhibition, bioconcentration factor, translocation factor, and partitioning of Pb. Therefore, it was concluded that the cotton plant was an excluder of Pb and could be effectively cultivated for the phytostabilization of soils polluted with Pb. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH, DE part of Springer Nature 2021
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title_short	Tolerance of cotton to elevated levels of Pb and its potential for phytoremediation
url	https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13067-6
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Tolerance of cotton to elevated levels of Pb and its potential for phytoremediation

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