Advances in liver US, CT, and MRI: moving toward the future

Abstract Over the past two decades, the epidemiology of chronic liver disease has changed with an increase in the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in parallel to the advent of curative treatments for hepatitis C. Recent developments provided new tools for diagnosis and monitoring of li...
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Gespeichert in:

Autor*in:	Vernuccio, Federica [verfasserIn] Cannella, Roberto [verfasserIn] Bartolotta, Tommaso Vincenzo [verfasserIn] Galia, Massimo [verfasserIn] Tang, An [verfasserIn] Brancatelli, Giuseppe [verfasserIn]

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2021

Schlagwörter:	Biomarkers Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Ultrasonography Tomography X-ray computed Magnetic resonance imaging

Anmerkung:	© The Author(s) 2021

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: European radiology experimental - [Cham] : Springer International Publishing, 2017, 5(2021), 1 vom: 07. Dez.
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:5 ; year:2021 ; number:1 ; day:07 ; month:12

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1186/s41747-021-00250-0

Katalog-ID:	SPR045752427

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allfields	10.1186/s41747-021-00250-0 doi (DE-627)SPR045752427 (SPR)s41747-021-00250-0-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 ASE 610 ASE Vernuccio, Federica verfasserin aut Advances in liver US, CT, and MRI: moving toward the future 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract Over the past two decades, the epidemiology of chronic liver disease has changed with an increase in the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in parallel to the advent of curative treatments for hepatitis C. Recent developments provided new tools for diagnosis and monitoring of liver diseases based on ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as applied for assessing steatosis, fibrosis, and focal lesions. This narrative review aims to discuss the emerging approaches for qualitative and quantitative liver imaging, focusing on those expected to become adopted in clinical practice in the next 5 to 10 years. While radiomics is an emerging tool for many of these applications, dedicated techniques have been investigated for US (controlled attenuation parameter, backscatter coefficient, elastography methods such as point shear wave elastography [pSWE] and transient elastography [TE], novel Doppler techniques, and three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound [3D-CEUS]), CT (dual-energy, spectral photon counting, extracellular volume fraction, perfusion, and surface nodularity), and MRI (proton density fat fraction [PDFF], elastography [MRE], contrast enhancement index, relative enhancement, T1 mapping on the hepatobiliary phase, perfusion). Concurrently, the advent of abbreviated MRI protocols will help fulfill an increasing number of examination requests in an era of healthcare resource constraints. Biomarkers (dpeaa)DE-He213 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (dpeaa)DE-He213 Ultrasonography (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tomography (dpeaa)DE-He213 X-ray computed (dpeaa)DE-He213 Magnetic resonance imaging (dpeaa)DE-He213 Cannella, Roberto verfasserin aut Bartolotta, Tommaso Vincenzo verfasserin aut Galia, Massimo verfasserin aut Tang, An verfasserin aut Brancatelli, Giuseppe verfasserin aut Enthalten in European radiology experimental [Cham] : Springer International Publishing, 2017 5(2021), 1 vom: 07. Dez. (DE-627)898118557 (DE-600)2905812-0 2509-9280 nnns volume:5 year:2021 number:1 day:07 month:12 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41747-021-00250-0 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 5 2021 1 07 12
spelling	10.1186/s41747-021-00250-0 doi (DE-627)SPR045752427 (SPR)s41747-021-00250-0-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 ASE 610 ASE Vernuccio, Federica verfasserin aut Advances in liver US, CT, and MRI: moving toward the future 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract Over the past two decades, the epidemiology of chronic liver disease has changed with an increase in the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in parallel to the advent of curative treatments for hepatitis C. Recent developments provided new tools for diagnosis and monitoring of liver diseases based on ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as applied for assessing steatosis, fibrosis, and focal lesions. This narrative review aims to discuss the emerging approaches for qualitative and quantitative liver imaging, focusing on those expected to become adopted in clinical practice in the next 5 to 10 years. While radiomics is an emerging tool for many of these applications, dedicated techniques have been investigated for US (controlled attenuation parameter, backscatter coefficient, elastography methods such as point shear wave elastography [pSWE] and transient elastography [TE], novel Doppler techniques, and three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound [3D-CEUS]), CT (dual-energy, spectral photon counting, extracellular volume fraction, perfusion, and surface nodularity), and MRI (proton density fat fraction [PDFF], elastography [MRE], contrast enhancement index, relative enhancement, T1 mapping on the hepatobiliary phase, perfusion). Concurrently, the advent of abbreviated MRI protocols will help fulfill an increasing number of examination requests in an era of healthcare resource constraints. Biomarkers (dpeaa)DE-He213 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (dpeaa)DE-He213 Ultrasonography (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tomography (dpeaa)DE-He213 X-ray computed (dpeaa)DE-He213 Magnetic resonance imaging (dpeaa)DE-He213 Cannella, Roberto verfasserin aut Bartolotta, Tommaso Vincenzo verfasserin aut Galia, Massimo verfasserin aut Tang, An verfasserin aut Brancatelli, Giuseppe verfasserin aut Enthalten in European radiology experimental [Cham] : Springer International Publishing, 2017 5(2021), 1 vom: 07. Dez. (DE-627)898118557 (DE-600)2905812-0 2509-9280 nnns volume:5 year:2021 number:1 day:07 month:12 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41747-021-00250-0 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 5 2021 1 07 12
allfields_unstemmed	10.1186/s41747-021-00250-0 doi (DE-627)SPR045752427 (SPR)s41747-021-00250-0-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 ASE 610 ASE Vernuccio, Federica verfasserin aut Advances in liver US, CT, and MRI: moving toward the future 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract Over the past two decades, the epidemiology of chronic liver disease has changed with an increase in the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in parallel to the advent of curative treatments for hepatitis C. Recent developments provided new tools for diagnosis and monitoring of liver diseases based on ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as applied for assessing steatosis, fibrosis, and focal lesions. This narrative review aims to discuss the emerging approaches for qualitative and quantitative liver imaging, focusing on those expected to become adopted in clinical practice in the next 5 to 10 years. While radiomics is an emerging tool for many of these applications, dedicated techniques have been investigated for US (controlled attenuation parameter, backscatter coefficient, elastography methods such as point shear wave elastography [pSWE] and transient elastography [TE], novel Doppler techniques, and three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound [3D-CEUS]), CT (dual-energy, spectral photon counting, extracellular volume fraction, perfusion, and surface nodularity), and MRI (proton density fat fraction [PDFF], elastography [MRE], contrast enhancement index, relative enhancement, T1 mapping on the hepatobiliary phase, perfusion). Concurrently, the advent of abbreviated MRI protocols will help fulfill an increasing number of examination requests in an era of healthcare resource constraints. Biomarkers (dpeaa)DE-He213 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (dpeaa)DE-He213 Ultrasonography (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tomography (dpeaa)DE-He213 X-ray computed (dpeaa)DE-He213 Magnetic resonance imaging (dpeaa)DE-He213 Cannella, Roberto verfasserin aut Bartolotta, Tommaso Vincenzo verfasserin aut Galia, Massimo verfasserin aut Tang, An verfasserin aut Brancatelli, Giuseppe verfasserin aut Enthalten in European radiology experimental [Cham] : Springer International Publishing, 2017 5(2021), 1 vom: 07. Dez. (DE-627)898118557 (DE-600)2905812-0 2509-9280 nnns volume:5 year:2021 number:1 day:07 month:12 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41747-021-00250-0 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 5 2021 1 07 12
allfieldsGer	10.1186/s41747-021-00250-0 doi (DE-627)SPR045752427 (SPR)s41747-021-00250-0-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 ASE 610 ASE Vernuccio, Federica verfasserin aut Advances in liver US, CT, and MRI: moving toward the future 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract Over the past two decades, the epidemiology of chronic liver disease has changed with an increase in the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in parallel to the advent of curative treatments for hepatitis C. Recent developments provided new tools for diagnosis and monitoring of liver diseases based on ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as applied for assessing steatosis, fibrosis, and focal lesions. This narrative review aims to discuss the emerging approaches for qualitative and quantitative liver imaging, focusing on those expected to become adopted in clinical practice in the next 5 to 10 years. While radiomics is an emerging tool for many of these applications, dedicated techniques have been investigated for US (controlled attenuation parameter, backscatter coefficient, elastography methods such as point shear wave elastography [pSWE] and transient elastography [TE], novel Doppler techniques, and three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound [3D-CEUS]), CT (dual-energy, spectral photon counting, extracellular volume fraction, perfusion, and surface nodularity), and MRI (proton density fat fraction [PDFF], elastography [MRE], contrast enhancement index, relative enhancement, T1 mapping on the hepatobiliary phase, perfusion). Concurrently, the advent of abbreviated MRI protocols will help fulfill an increasing number of examination requests in an era of healthcare resource constraints. Biomarkers (dpeaa)DE-He213 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (dpeaa)DE-He213 Ultrasonography (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tomography (dpeaa)DE-He213 X-ray computed (dpeaa)DE-He213 Magnetic resonance imaging (dpeaa)DE-He213 Cannella, Roberto verfasserin aut Bartolotta, Tommaso Vincenzo verfasserin aut Galia, Massimo verfasserin aut Tang, An verfasserin aut Brancatelli, Giuseppe verfasserin aut Enthalten in European radiology experimental [Cham] : Springer International Publishing, 2017 5(2021), 1 vom: 07. Dez. (DE-627)898118557 (DE-600)2905812-0 2509-9280 nnns volume:5 year:2021 number:1 day:07 month:12 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41747-021-00250-0 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 5 2021 1 07 12
allfieldsSound	10.1186/s41747-021-00250-0 doi (DE-627)SPR045752427 (SPR)s41747-021-00250-0-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng 610 ASE 610 ASE Vernuccio, Federica verfasserin aut Advances in liver US, CT, and MRI: moving toward the future 2021 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2021 Abstract Over the past two decades, the epidemiology of chronic liver disease has changed with an increase in the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in parallel to the advent of curative treatments for hepatitis C. Recent developments provided new tools for diagnosis and monitoring of liver diseases based on ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as applied for assessing steatosis, fibrosis, and focal lesions. This narrative review aims to discuss the emerging approaches for qualitative and quantitative liver imaging, focusing on those expected to become adopted in clinical practice in the next 5 to 10 years. While radiomics is an emerging tool for many of these applications, dedicated techniques have been investigated for US (controlled attenuation parameter, backscatter coefficient, elastography methods such as point shear wave elastography [pSWE] and transient elastography [TE], novel Doppler techniques, and three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound [3D-CEUS]), CT (dual-energy, spectral photon counting, extracellular volume fraction, perfusion, and surface nodularity), and MRI (proton density fat fraction [PDFF], elastography [MRE], contrast enhancement index, relative enhancement, T1 mapping on the hepatobiliary phase, perfusion). Concurrently, the advent of abbreviated MRI protocols will help fulfill an increasing number of examination requests in an era of healthcare resource constraints. Biomarkers (dpeaa)DE-He213 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (dpeaa)DE-He213 Ultrasonography (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tomography (dpeaa)DE-He213 X-ray computed (dpeaa)DE-He213 Magnetic resonance imaging (dpeaa)DE-He213 Cannella, Roberto verfasserin aut Bartolotta, Tommaso Vincenzo verfasserin aut Galia, Massimo verfasserin aut Tang, An verfasserin aut Brancatelli, Giuseppe verfasserin aut Enthalten in European radiology experimental [Cham] : Springer International Publishing, 2017 5(2021), 1 vom: 07. Dez. (DE-627)898118557 (DE-600)2905812-0 2509-9280 nnns volume:5 year:2021 number:1 day:07 month:12 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41747-021-00250-0 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER SSG-OLC-PHA GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 5 2021 1 07 12
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author	Vernuccio, Federica
spellingShingle	Vernuccio, Federica ddc 610 misc Biomarkers misc Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease misc Ultrasonography misc Tomography misc X-ray computed misc Magnetic resonance imaging Advances in liver US, CT, and MRI: moving toward the future
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topic_title	610 ASE Advances in liver US, CT, and MRI: moving toward the future Biomarkers (dpeaa)DE-He213 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (dpeaa)DE-He213 Ultrasonography (dpeaa)DE-He213 Tomography (dpeaa)DE-He213 X-ray computed (dpeaa)DE-He213 Magnetic resonance imaging (dpeaa)DE-He213
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title	Advances in liver US, CT, and MRI: moving toward the future
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title_sort	advances in liver us, ct, and mri: moving toward the future
title_auth	Advances in liver US, CT, and MRI: moving toward the future
abstract	Abstract Over the past two decades, the epidemiology of chronic liver disease has changed with an increase in the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in parallel to the advent of curative treatments for hepatitis C. Recent developments provided new tools for diagnosis and monitoring of liver diseases based on ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as applied for assessing steatosis, fibrosis, and focal lesions. This narrative review aims to discuss the emerging approaches for qualitative and quantitative liver imaging, focusing on those expected to become adopted in clinical practice in the next 5 to 10 years. While radiomics is an emerging tool for many of these applications, dedicated techniques have been investigated for US (controlled attenuation parameter, backscatter coefficient, elastography methods such as point shear wave elastography [pSWE] and transient elastography [TE], novel Doppler techniques, and three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound [3D-CEUS]), CT (dual-energy, spectral photon counting, extracellular volume fraction, perfusion, and surface nodularity), and MRI (proton density fat fraction [PDFF], elastography [MRE], contrast enhancement index, relative enhancement, T1 mapping on the hepatobiliary phase, perfusion). Concurrently, the advent of abbreviated MRI protocols will help fulfill an increasing number of examination requests in an era of healthcare resource constraints. © The Author(s) 2021
abstractGer	Abstract Over the past two decades, the epidemiology of chronic liver disease has changed with an increase in the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in parallel to the advent of curative treatments for hepatitis C. Recent developments provided new tools for diagnosis and monitoring of liver diseases based on ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as applied for assessing steatosis, fibrosis, and focal lesions. This narrative review aims to discuss the emerging approaches for qualitative and quantitative liver imaging, focusing on those expected to become adopted in clinical practice in the next 5 to 10 years. While radiomics is an emerging tool for many of these applications, dedicated techniques have been investigated for US (controlled attenuation parameter, backscatter coefficient, elastography methods such as point shear wave elastography [pSWE] and transient elastography [TE], novel Doppler techniques, and three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound [3D-CEUS]), CT (dual-energy, spectral photon counting, extracellular volume fraction, perfusion, and surface nodularity), and MRI (proton density fat fraction [PDFF], elastography [MRE], contrast enhancement index, relative enhancement, T1 mapping on the hepatobiliary phase, perfusion). Concurrently, the advent of abbreviated MRI protocols will help fulfill an increasing number of examination requests in an era of healthcare resource constraints. © The Author(s) 2021
abstract_unstemmed	Abstract Over the past two decades, the epidemiology of chronic liver disease has changed with an increase in the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in parallel to the advent of curative treatments for hepatitis C. Recent developments provided new tools for diagnosis and monitoring of liver diseases based on ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as applied for assessing steatosis, fibrosis, and focal lesions. This narrative review aims to discuss the emerging approaches for qualitative and quantitative liver imaging, focusing on those expected to become adopted in clinical practice in the next 5 to 10 years. While radiomics is an emerging tool for many of these applications, dedicated techniques have been investigated for US (controlled attenuation parameter, backscatter coefficient, elastography methods such as point shear wave elastography [pSWE] and transient elastography [TE], novel Doppler techniques, and three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound [3D-CEUS]), CT (dual-energy, spectral photon counting, extracellular volume fraction, perfusion, and surface nodularity), and MRI (proton density fat fraction [PDFF], elastography [MRE], contrast enhancement index, relative enhancement, T1 mapping on the hepatobiliary phase, perfusion). Concurrently, the advent of abbreviated MRI protocols will help fulfill an increasing number of examination requests in an era of healthcare resource constraints. © The Author(s) 2021
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title_short	Advances in liver US, CT, and MRI: moving toward the future
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author2	Cannella, Roberto Bartolotta, Tommaso Vincenzo Galia, Massimo Tang, An Brancatelli, Giuseppe
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While radiomics is an emerging tool for many of these applications, dedicated techniques have been investigated for US (controlled attenuation parameter, backscatter coefficient, elastography methods such as point shear wave elastography [pSWE] and transient elastography [TE], novel Doppler techniques, and three-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound [3D-CEUS]), CT (dual-energy, spectral photon counting, extracellular volume fraction, perfusion, and surface nodularity), and MRI (proton density fat fraction [PDFF], elastography [MRE], contrast enhancement index, relative enhancement, T1 mapping on the hepatobiliary phase, perfusion). 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