Distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions in European children from 3 to 8 years of age: The EU Childhood Obesity Project Study

Purpose We aimed to characterize the distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions (EO) in European children from preschool to school age. Methods Data from 3-day weighed food records were collected from children at ages 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 years from Belgium, Germany, Italy,...
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Autor*in:	Jaeger, Vanessa [verfasserIn] Koletzko, Berthold Luque, Veronica Ferré, Natàlia Gruszfeld, Dariusz Gradowska, Kinga Verduci, Elvira Zuccotti, Gian Vincenzo Xhonneux, Annick Poncelet, Pascale Grote, Veit

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2022

Schlagwörter:	Children Chrono-nutrition Time-varying Energy Macronutrients Dietary pattern

Anmerkung:	© The Author(s) 2022

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft - Darmstadt : Steinkopff, 1960, 62(2022), 1 vom: 05. Aug., Seite 165-174
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:62 ; year:2022 ; number:1 ; day:05 ; month:08 ; pages:165-174

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1007/s00394-022-02944-6

Katalog-ID:	SPR049252925

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520			\|a Purpose We aimed to characterize the distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions (EO) in European children from preschool to school age. Methods Data from 3-day weighed food records were collected from children at ages 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 years from Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain. Food intakes were assigned to EO based on country-specific daytimes for breakfast, lunch, supper and snacks (morning, afternoon). The average energy and nutrient intakes were expressed as percentage of total energy intake (%E). Nutrients were additionally expressed as percentage per EO (%$ E_{EO} $). Foods were assigned to food groups; variation in intake was calculated via coefficient of variation (CV). We analyzed age trends in diurnal intake using mixed-effects beta regression. Results The 740 healthy children included in the analysis consumed the largest proportion of daily energy at lunch (31%E ± 8, M ± SD) and supper (26%E ± 8), followed by breakfast (19%E ± 7) and snacks [afternoon (16%E ± 8); morning (8%E ± 7)], with the most variable intake at morning snack (CV = 0.9). The nutrient composition at lunch and supper was highest for fat (36 ± 9%$ E_{Lunch} $; 39 ± 11%$ E_{Supper} $) and protein (18 ± 5%$ E_{Lunch} $; 18 ± 6%$ E_{Supper} $) and at breakfast and snacks for carbohydrates (54 ± 12%$ E_{Breakfast} $; 62 ± 12%$ E_{Snacks} $). High-sugar content foods were consumed in relatively large proportions at breakfast and snacks. Food intakes varied significantly with age, with lower snack intakes at later ages (p < 0.001). Conclusion Possibly unhealthy EOs with high-fat intakes and high-sugar-content foods were observed. Changes in nutrient composition of EOs may be beneficial for health. Trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00338689; 19/June/2006.
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allfields	10.1007/s00394-022-02944-6 doi (DE-627)SPR049252925 (SPR)s00394-022-02944-6-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Jaeger, Vanessa verfasserin (orcid)0000-0003-4368-8303 aut Distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions in European children from 3 to 8 years of age: The EU Childhood Obesity Project Study 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2022 Purpose We aimed to characterize the distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions (EO) in European children from preschool to school age. Methods Data from 3-day weighed food records were collected from children at ages 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 years from Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain. Food intakes were assigned to EO based on country-specific daytimes for breakfast, lunch, supper and snacks (morning, afternoon). The average energy and nutrient intakes were expressed as percentage of total energy intake (%E). Nutrients were additionally expressed as percentage per EO (%$ E_{EO} $). Foods were assigned to food groups; variation in intake was calculated via coefficient of variation (CV). We analyzed age trends in diurnal intake using mixed-effects beta regression. Results The 740 healthy children included in the analysis consumed the largest proportion of daily energy at lunch (31%E ± 8, M ± SD) and supper (26%E ± 8), followed by breakfast (19%E ± 7) and snacks [afternoon (16%E ± 8); morning (8%E ± 7)], with the most variable intake at morning snack (CV = 0.9). The nutrient composition at lunch and supper was highest for fat (36 ± 9%$ E_{Lunch} $; 39 ± 11%$ E_{Supper} $) and protein (18 ± 5%$ E_{Lunch} $; 18 ± 6%$ E_{Supper} $) and at breakfast and snacks for carbohydrates (54 ± 12%$ E_{Breakfast} $; 62 ± 12%$ E_{Snacks} $). High-sugar content foods were consumed in relatively large proportions at breakfast and snacks. Food intakes varied significantly with age, with lower snack intakes at later ages (p < 0.001). Conclusion Possibly unhealthy EOs with high-fat intakes and high-sugar-content foods were observed. Changes in nutrient composition of EOs may be beneficial for health. Trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00338689; 19/June/2006. Children (dpeaa)DE-He213 Chrono-nutrition (dpeaa)DE-He213 Time-varying (dpeaa)DE-He213 Energy (dpeaa)DE-He213 Macronutrients (dpeaa)DE-He213 Dietary pattern (dpeaa)DE-He213 Koletzko, Berthold aut Luque, Veronica aut Ferré, Natàlia aut Gruszfeld, Dariusz aut Gradowska, Kinga aut Verduci, Elvira aut Zuccotti, Gian Vincenzo aut Xhonneux, Annick aut Poncelet, Pascale aut Grote, Veit aut Enthalten in Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft Darmstadt : Steinkopff, 1960 62(2022), 1 vom: 05. Aug., Seite 165-174 (DE-627)461907356 (DE-600)2164295-3 1435-1293 nnns volume:62 year:2022 number:1 day:05 month:08 pages:165-174 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-02944-6 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_647 GBV_ILN_702 AR 62 2022 1 05 08 165-174
spelling	10.1007/s00394-022-02944-6 doi (DE-627)SPR049252925 (SPR)s00394-022-02944-6-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Jaeger, Vanessa verfasserin (orcid)0000-0003-4368-8303 aut Distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions in European children from 3 to 8 years of age: The EU Childhood Obesity Project Study 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2022 Purpose We aimed to characterize the distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions (EO) in European children from preschool to school age. Methods Data from 3-day weighed food records were collected from children at ages 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 years from Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain. Food intakes were assigned to EO based on country-specific daytimes for breakfast, lunch, supper and snacks (morning, afternoon). The average energy and nutrient intakes were expressed as percentage of total energy intake (%E). Nutrients were additionally expressed as percentage per EO (%$ E_{EO} $). Foods were assigned to food groups; variation in intake was calculated via coefficient of variation (CV). We analyzed age trends in diurnal intake using mixed-effects beta regression. Results The 740 healthy children included in the analysis consumed the largest proportion of daily energy at lunch (31%E ± 8, M ± SD) and supper (26%E ± 8), followed by breakfast (19%E ± 7) and snacks [afternoon (16%E ± 8); morning (8%E ± 7)], with the most variable intake at morning snack (CV = 0.9). The nutrient composition at lunch and supper was highest for fat (36 ± 9%$ E_{Lunch} $; 39 ± 11%$ E_{Supper} $) and protein (18 ± 5%$ E_{Lunch} $; 18 ± 6%$ E_{Supper} $) and at breakfast and snacks for carbohydrates (54 ± 12%$ E_{Breakfast} $; 62 ± 12%$ E_{Snacks} $). High-sugar content foods were consumed in relatively large proportions at breakfast and snacks. Food intakes varied significantly with age, with lower snack intakes at later ages (p < 0.001). Conclusion Possibly unhealthy EOs with high-fat intakes and high-sugar-content foods were observed. Changes in nutrient composition of EOs may be beneficial for health. Trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00338689; 19/June/2006. Children (dpeaa)DE-He213 Chrono-nutrition (dpeaa)DE-He213 Time-varying (dpeaa)DE-He213 Energy (dpeaa)DE-He213 Macronutrients (dpeaa)DE-He213 Dietary pattern (dpeaa)DE-He213 Koletzko, Berthold aut Luque, Veronica aut Ferré, Natàlia aut Gruszfeld, Dariusz aut Gradowska, Kinga aut Verduci, Elvira aut Zuccotti, Gian Vincenzo aut Xhonneux, Annick aut Poncelet, Pascale aut Grote, Veit aut Enthalten in Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft Darmstadt : Steinkopff, 1960 62(2022), 1 vom: 05. Aug., Seite 165-174 (DE-627)461907356 (DE-600)2164295-3 1435-1293 nnns volume:62 year:2022 number:1 day:05 month:08 pages:165-174 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-02944-6 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_647 GBV_ILN_702 AR 62 2022 1 05 08 165-174
allfields_unstemmed	10.1007/s00394-022-02944-6 doi (DE-627)SPR049252925 (SPR)s00394-022-02944-6-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Jaeger, Vanessa verfasserin (orcid)0000-0003-4368-8303 aut Distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions in European children from 3 to 8 years of age: The EU Childhood Obesity Project Study 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2022 Purpose We aimed to characterize the distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions (EO) in European children from preschool to school age. Methods Data from 3-day weighed food records were collected from children at ages 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 years from Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain. Food intakes were assigned to EO based on country-specific daytimes for breakfast, lunch, supper and snacks (morning, afternoon). The average energy and nutrient intakes were expressed as percentage of total energy intake (%E). Nutrients were additionally expressed as percentage per EO (%$ E_{EO} $). Foods were assigned to food groups; variation in intake was calculated via coefficient of variation (CV). We analyzed age trends in diurnal intake using mixed-effects beta regression. Results The 740 healthy children included in the analysis consumed the largest proportion of daily energy at lunch (31%E ± 8, M ± SD) and supper (26%E ± 8), followed by breakfast (19%E ± 7) and snacks [afternoon (16%E ± 8); morning (8%E ± 7)], with the most variable intake at morning snack (CV = 0.9). The nutrient composition at lunch and supper was highest for fat (36 ± 9%$ E_{Lunch} $; 39 ± 11%$ E_{Supper} $) and protein (18 ± 5%$ E_{Lunch} $; 18 ± 6%$ E_{Supper} $) and at breakfast and snacks for carbohydrates (54 ± 12%$ E_{Breakfast} $; 62 ± 12%$ E_{Snacks} $). High-sugar content foods were consumed in relatively large proportions at breakfast and snacks. Food intakes varied significantly with age, with lower snack intakes at later ages (p < 0.001). Conclusion Possibly unhealthy EOs with high-fat intakes and high-sugar-content foods were observed. Changes in nutrient composition of EOs may be beneficial for health. Trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00338689; 19/June/2006. Children (dpeaa)DE-He213 Chrono-nutrition (dpeaa)DE-He213 Time-varying (dpeaa)DE-He213 Energy (dpeaa)DE-He213 Macronutrients (dpeaa)DE-He213 Dietary pattern (dpeaa)DE-He213 Koletzko, Berthold aut Luque, Veronica aut Ferré, Natàlia aut Gruszfeld, Dariusz aut Gradowska, Kinga aut Verduci, Elvira aut Zuccotti, Gian Vincenzo aut Xhonneux, Annick aut Poncelet, Pascale aut Grote, Veit aut Enthalten in Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft Darmstadt : Steinkopff, 1960 62(2022), 1 vom: 05. Aug., Seite 165-174 (DE-627)461907356 (DE-600)2164295-3 1435-1293 nnns volume:62 year:2022 number:1 day:05 month:08 pages:165-174 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-02944-6 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_647 GBV_ILN_702 AR 62 2022 1 05 08 165-174
allfieldsGer	10.1007/s00394-022-02944-6 doi (DE-627)SPR049252925 (SPR)s00394-022-02944-6-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Jaeger, Vanessa verfasserin (orcid)0000-0003-4368-8303 aut Distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions in European children from 3 to 8 years of age: The EU Childhood Obesity Project Study 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2022 Purpose We aimed to characterize the distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions (EO) in European children from preschool to school age. Methods Data from 3-day weighed food records were collected from children at ages 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 years from Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain. Food intakes were assigned to EO based on country-specific daytimes for breakfast, lunch, supper and snacks (morning, afternoon). The average energy and nutrient intakes were expressed as percentage of total energy intake (%E). Nutrients were additionally expressed as percentage per EO (%$ E_{EO} $). Foods were assigned to food groups; variation in intake was calculated via coefficient of variation (CV). We analyzed age trends in diurnal intake using mixed-effects beta regression. Results The 740 healthy children included in the analysis consumed the largest proportion of daily energy at lunch (31%E ± 8, M ± SD) and supper (26%E ± 8), followed by breakfast (19%E ± 7) and snacks [afternoon (16%E ± 8); morning (8%E ± 7)], with the most variable intake at morning snack (CV = 0.9). The nutrient composition at lunch and supper was highest for fat (36 ± 9%$ E_{Lunch} $; 39 ± 11%$ E_{Supper} $) and protein (18 ± 5%$ E_{Lunch} $; 18 ± 6%$ E_{Supper} $) and at breakfast and snacks for carbohydrates (54 ± 12%$ E_{Breakfast} $; 62 ± 12%$ E_{Snacks} $). High-sugar content foods were consumed in relatively large proportions at breakfast and snacks. Food intakes varied significantly with age, with lower snack intakes at later ages (p < 0.001). Conclusion Possibly unhealthy EOs with high-fat intakes and high-sugar-content foods were observed. Changes in nutrient composition of EOs may be beneficial for health. Trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00338689; 19/June/2006. Children (dpeaa)DE-He213 Chrono-nutrition (dpeaa)DE-He213 Time-varying (dpeaa)DE-He213 Energy (dpeaa)DE-He213 Macronutrients (dpeaa)DE-He213 Dietary pattern (dpeaa)DE-He213 Koletzko, Berthold aut Luque, Veronica aut Ferré, Natàlia aut Gruszfeld, Dariusz aut Gradowska, Kinga aut Verduci, Elvira aut Zuccotti, Gian Vincenzo aut Xhonneux, Annick aut Poncelet, Pascale aut Grote, Veit aut Enthalten in Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft Darmstadt : Steinkopff, 1960 62(2022), 1 vom: 05. Aug., Seite 165-174 (DE-627)461907356 (DE-600)2164295-3 1435-1293 nnns volume:62 year:2022 number:1 day:05 month:08 pages:165-174 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-02944-6 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_647 GBV_ILN_702 AR 62 2022 1 05 08 165-174
allfieldsSound	10.1007/s00394-022-02944-6 doi (DE-627)SPR049252925 (SPR)s00394-022-02944-6-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Jaeger, Vanessa verfasserin (orcid)0000-0003-4368-8303 aut Distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions in European children from 3 to 8 years of age: The EU Childhood Obesity Project Study 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2022 Purpose We aimed to characterize the distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions (EO) in European children from preschool to school age. Methods Data from 3-day weighed food records were collected from children at ages 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 years from Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain. Food intakes were assigned to EO based on country-specific daytimes for breakfast, lunch, supper and snacks (morning, afternoon). The average energy and nutrient intakes were expressed as percentage of total energy intake (%E). Nutrients were additionally expressed as percentage per EO (%$ E_{EO} $). Foods were assigned to food groups; variation in intake was calculated via coefficient of variation (CV). We analyzed age trends in diurnal intake using mixed-effects beta regression. Results The 740 healthy children included in the analysis consumed the largest proportion of daily energy at lunch (31%E ± 8, M ± SD) and supper (26%E ± 8), followed by breakfast (19%E ± 7) and snacks [afternoon (16%E ± 8); morning (8%E ± 7)], with the most variable intake at morning snack (CV = 0.9). The nutrient composition at lunch and supper was highest for fat (36 ± 9%$ E_{Lunch} $; 39 ± 11%$ E_{Supper} $) and protein (18 ± 5%$ E_{Lunch} $; 18 ± 6%$ E_{Supper} $) and at breakfast and snacks for carbohydrates (54 ± 12%$ E_{Breakfast} $; 62 ± 12%$ E_{Snacks} $). High-sugar content foods were consumed in relatively large proportions at breakfast and snacks. Food intakes varied significantly with age, with lower snack intakes at later ages (p < 0.001). Conclusion Possibly unhealthy EOs with high-fat intakes and high-sugar-content foods were observed. Changes in nutrient composition of EOs may be beneficial for health. Trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00338689; 19/June/2006. Children (dpeaa)DE-He213 Chrono-nutrition (dpeaa)DE-He213 Time-varying (dpeaa)DE-He213 Energy (dpeaa)DE-He213 Macronutrients (dpeaa)DE-He213 Dietary pattern (dpeaa)DE-He213 Koletzko, Berthold aut Luque, Veronica aut Ferré, Natàlia aut Gruszfeld, Dariusz aut Gradowska, Kinga aut Verduci, Elvira aut Zuccotti, Gian Vincenzo aut Xhonneux, Annick aut Poncelet, Pascale aut Grote, Veit aut Enthalten in Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft Darmstadt : Steinkopff, 1960 62(2022), 1 vom: 05. Aug., Seite 165-174 (DE-627)461907356 (DE-600)2164295-3 1435-1293 nnns volume:62 year:2022 number:1 day:05 month:08 pages:165-174 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-02944-6 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_32 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_90 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_100 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_120 GBV_ILN_138 GBV_ILN_152 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_171 GBV_ILN_187 GBV_ILN_224 GBV_ILN_250 GBV_ILN_281 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_647 GBV_ILN_702 AR 62 2022 1 05 08 165-174
language	English
source	Enthalten in Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft 62(2022), 1 vom: 05. Aug., Seite 165-174 volume:62 year:2022 number:1 day:05 month:08 pages:165-174
sourceStr	Enthalten in Zeitschrift für Ernährungswissenschaft 62(2022), 1 vom: 05. Aug., Seite 165-174 volume:62 year:2022 number:1 day:05 month:08 pages:165-174
format_phy_str_mv	Article
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topic_facet	Children Chrono-nutrition Time-varying Energy Macronutrients Dietary pattern
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authorswithroles_txt_mv	Jaeger, Vanessa @@aut@@ Koletzko, Berthold @@aut@@ Luque, Veronica @@aut@@ Ferré, Natàlia @@aut@@ Gruszfeld, Dariusz @@aut@@ Gradowska, Kinga @@aut@@ Verduci, Elvira @@aut@@ Zuccotti, Gian Vincenzo @@aut@@ Xhonneux, Annick @@aut@@ Poncelet, Pascale @@aut@@ Grote, Veit @@aut@@
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author	Jaeger, Vanessa
spellingShingle	Jaeger, Vanessa misc Children misc Chrono-nutrition misc Time-varying misc Energy misc Macronutrients misc Dietary pattern Distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions in European children from 3 to 8 years of age: The EU Childhood Obesity Project Study
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topic_title	Distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions in European children from 3 to 8 years of age: The EU Childhood Obesity Project Study Children (dpeaa)DE-He213 Chrono-nutrition (dpeaa)DE-He213 Time-varying (dpeaa)DE-He213 Energy (dpeaa)DE-He213 Macronutrients (dpeaa)DE-He213 Dietary pattern (dpeaa)DE-He213
topic	misc Children misc Chrono-nutrition misc Time-varying misc Energy misc Macronutrients misc Dietary pattern
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title	Distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions in European children from 3 to 8 years of age: The EU Childhood Obesity Project Study
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title_full	Distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions in European children from 3 to 8 years of age: The EU Childhood Obesity Project Study
author_sort	Jaeger, Vanessa
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author_browse	Jaeger, Vanessa Koletzko, Berthold Luque, Veronica Ferré, Natàlia Gruszfeld, Dariusz Gradowska, Kinga Verduci, Elvira Zuccotti, Gian Vincenzo Xhonneux, Annick Poncelet, Pascale Grote, Veit
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title_sort	distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions in european children from 3 to 8 years of age: the eu childhood obesity project study
title_auth	Distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions in European children from 3 to 8 years of age: The EU Childhood Obesity Project Study
abstract	Purpose We aimed to characterize the distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions (EO) in European children from preschool to school age. Methods Data from 3-day weighed food records were collected from children at ages 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 years from Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain. Food intakes were assigned to EO based on country-specific daytimes for breakfast, lunch, supper and snacks (morning, afternoon). The average energy and nutrient intakes were expressed as percentage of total energy intake (%E). Nutrients were additionally expressed as percentage per EO (%$ E_{EO} $). Foods were assigned to food groups; variation in intake was calculated via coefficient of variation (CV). We analyzed age trends in diurnal intake using mixed-effects beta regression. Results The 740 healthy children included in the analysis consumed the largest proportion of daily energy at lunch (31%E ± 8, M ± SD) and supper (26%E ± 8), followed by breakfast (19%E ± 7) and snacks [afternoon (16%E ± 8); morning (8%E ± 7)], with the most variable intake at morning snack (CV = 0.9). The nutrient composition at lunch and supper was highest for fat (36 ± 9%$ E_{Lunch} $; 39 ± 11%$ E_{Supper} $) and protein (18 ± 5%$ E_{Lunch} $; 18 ± 6%$ E_{Supper} $) and at breakfast and snacks for carbohydrates (54 ± 12%$ E_{Breakfast} $; 62 ± 12%$ E_{Snacks} $). High-sugar content foods were consumed in relatively large proportions at breakfast and snacks. Food intakes varied significantly with age, with lower snack intakes at later ages (p < 0.001). Conclusion Possibly unhealthy EOs with high-fat intakes and high-sugar-content foods were observed. Changes in nutrient composition of EOs may be beneficial for health. Trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00338689; 19/June/2006. © The Author(s) 2022
abstractGer	Purpose We aimed to characterize the distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions (EO) in European children from preschool to school age. Methods Data from 3-day weighed food records were collected from children at ages 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 years from Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain. Food intakes were assigned to EO based on country-specific daytimes for breakfast, lunch, supper and snacks (morning, afternoon). The average energy and nutrient intakes were expressed as percentage of total energy intake (%E). Nutrients were additionally expressed as percentage per EO (%$ E_{EO} $). Foods were assigned to food groups; variation in intake was calculated via coefficient of variation (CV). We analyzed age trends in diurnal intake using mixed-effects beta regression. Results The 740 healthy children included in the analysis consumed the largest proportion of daily energy at lunch (31%E ± 8, M ± SD) and supper (26%E ± 8), followed by breakfast (19%E ± 7) and snacks [afternoon (16%E ± 8); morning (8%E ± 7)], with the most variable intake at morning snack (CV = 0.9). The nutrient composition at lunch and supper was highest for fat (36 ± 9%$ E_{Lunch} $; 39 ± 11%$ E_{Supper} $) and protein (18 ± 5%$ E_{Lunch} $; 18 ± 6%$ E_{Supper} $) and at breakfast and snacks for carbohydrates (54 ± 12%$ E_{Breakfast} $; 62 ± 12%$ E_{Snacks} $). High-sugar content foods were consumed in relatively large proportions at breakfast and snacks. Food intakes varied significantly with age, with lower snack intakes at later ages (p < 0.001). Conclusion Possibly unhealthy EOs with high-fat intakes and high-sugar-content foods were observed. Changes in nutrient composition of EOs may be beneficial for health. Trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00338689; 19/June/2006. © The Author(s) 2022
abstract_unstemmed	Purpose We aimed to characterize the distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions (EO) in European children from preschool to school age. Methods Data from 3-day weighed food records were collected from children at ages 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 years from Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain. Food intakes were assigned to EO based on country-specific daytimes for breakfast, lunch, supper and snacks (morning, afternoon). The average energy and nutrient intakes were expressed as percentage of total energy intake (%E). Nutrients were additionally expressed as percentage per EO (%$ E_{EO} $). Foods were assigned to food groups; variation in intake was calculated via coefficient of variation (CV). We analyzed age trends in diurnal intake using mixed-effects beta regression. Results The 740 healthy children included in the analysis consumed the largest proportion of daily energy at lunch (31%E ± 8, M ± SD) and supper (26%E ± 8), followed by breakfast (19%E ± 7) and snacks [afternoon (16%E ± 8); morning (8%E ± 7)], with the most variable intake at morning snack (CV = 0.9). The nutrient composition at lunch and supper was highest for fat (36 ± 9%$ E_{Lunch} $; 39 ± 11%$ E_{Supper} $) and protein (18 ± 5%$ E_{Lunch} $; 18 ± 6%$ E_{Supper} $) and at breakfast and snacks for carbohydrates (54 ± 12%$ E_{Breakfast} $; 62 ± 12%$ E_{Snacks} $). High-sugar content foods were consumed in relatively large proportions at breakfast and snacks. Food intakes varied significantly with age, with lower snack intakes at later ages (p < 0.001). Conclusion Possibly unhealthy EOs with high-fat intakes and high-sugar-content foods were observed. Changes in nutrient composition of EOs may be beneficial for health. Trial registry: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00338689; 19/June/2006. © The Author(s) 2022
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title_short	Distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions in European children from 3 to 8 years of age: The EU Childhood Obesity Project Study
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Methods Data from 3-day weighed food records were collected from children at ages 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 years from Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain. Food intakes were assigned to EO based on country-specific daytimes for breakfast, lunch, supper and snacks (morning, afternoon). The average energy and nutrient intakes were expressed as percentage of total energy intake (%E). Nutrients were additionally expressed as percentage per EO (%$ E_{EO} $). Foods were assigned to food groups; variation in intake was calculated via coefficient of variation (CV). We analyzed age trends in diurnal intake using mixed-effects beta regression. Results The 740 healthy children included in the analysis consumed the largest proportion of daily energy at lunch (31%E ± 8, M ± SD) and supper (26%E ± 8), followed by breakfast (19%E ± 7) and snacks [afternoon (16%E ± 8); morning (8%E ± 7)], with the most variable intake at morning snack (CV = 0.9). The nutrient composition at lunch and supper was highest for fat (36 ± 9%$ E_{Lunch} $; 39 ± 11%$ E_{Supper} $) and protein (18 ± 5%$ E_{Lunch} $; 18 ± 6%$ E_{Supper} $) and at breakfast and snacks for carbohydrates (54 ± 12%$ E_{Breakfast} $; 62 ± 12%$ E_{Snacks} $). High-sugar content foods were consumed in relatively large proportions at breakfast and snacks. Food intakes varied significantly with age, with lower snack intakes at later ages (p < 0.001). Conclusion Possibly unhealthy EOs with high-fat intakes and high-sugar-content foods were observed. Changes in nutrient composition of EOs may be beneficial for health. 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Distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions in European children from 3 to 8 years of age: The EU Childhood Obesity Project Study

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