Optimal design and cost analysis of water distribution networks based on pressure-dependent leakage using NSGA-II

Abstract Leakage from water distribution networks (WDNs) is inevitable. Therefore, during design a WDN, engineers add a percentage of each nodal water demand as leakage discharge to total node demand. The amount of leakage depends on the pressure, which is not known at the design stage. Considering...
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Autor*in:	Ghobadian, Rasool [verfasserIn] Mohammadi, Kamran

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2023

Schlagwörter:	Drinking water distribution network NSGA-II method Pressure-dependent leakage Optimal design Least-cost analysis

Anmerkung:	© The Author(s) 2023

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: Applied water science - Berlin : Springer, 2011, 13(2023), 4 vom: 06. März
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:13 ; year:2023 ; number:4 ; day:06 ; month:03

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1007/s13201-023-01888-4

Katalog-ID:	SPR049565818

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520			\|a Abstract Leakage from water distribution networks (WDNs) is inevitable. Therefore, during design a WDN, engineers add a percentage of each nodal water demand as leakage discharge to total node demand. The amount of leakage depends on the pressure, which is not known at the design stage. Considering a constant percentage of node demand in lieu of its leakage makes the problem worse. In this study, the effect of leakage on the optimal WDN design was investigated by developing the matrix form of the gradient algorithm while accounting for leakage using the pressure-dependent model. Non-dominated genetic algorithm version II (NSGA-II) was used as the optimization engine with two objectives which includes minimizing the network construction cost and minimizing the total network pressure deficiency. Two well-known two- and three-loop WDNs in literature were studied. The results indicated that the pressure-dependent leakage varies between 12.9 and 29.44% of the node demand while the network construction cost stays the same if compared with the fixed percentage leakage model, and the construction cost would increase by 17–31%, if leakage is not accounted for. This is expected the optimized diameters and hydraulic characteristics of the networks being affected by the leakage calculation method.
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allfields	10.1007/s13201-023-01888-4 doi (DE-627)SPR049565818 (SPR)s13201-023-01888-4-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Ghobadian, Rasool verfasserin (orcid)0000-0003-2552-1649 aut Optimal design and cost analysis of water distribution networks based on pressure-dependent leakage using NSGA-II 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Abstract Leakage from water distribution networks (WDNs) is inevitable. Therefore, during design a WDN, engineers add a percentage of each nodal water demand as leakage discharge to total node demand. The amount of leakage depends on the pressure, which is not known at the design stage. Considering a constant percentage of node demand in lieu of its leakage makes the problem worse. In this study, the effect of leakage on the optimal WDN design was investigated by developing the matrix form of the gradient algorithm while accounting for leakage using the pressure-dependent model. Non-dominated genetic algorithm version II (NSGA-II) was used as the optimization engine with two objectives which includes minimizing the network construction cost and minimizing the total network pressure deficiency. Two well-known two- and three-loop WDNs in literature were studied. The results indicated that the pressure-dependent leakage varies between 12.9 and 29.44% of the node demand while the network construction cost stays the same if compared with the fixed percentage leakage model, and the construction cost would increase by 17–31%, if leakage is not accounted for. This is expected the optimized diameters and hydraulic characteristics of the networks being affected by the leakage calculation method. Drinking water distribution network (dpeaa)DE-He213 NSGA-II method (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pressure-dependent leakage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Optimal design (dpeaa)DE-He213 Least-cost analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Mohammadi, Kamran (orcid)0000-0002-8300-8547 aut Enthalten in Applied water science Berlin : Springer, 2011 13(2023), 4 vom: 06. März (DE-627)64730242X (DE-600)2594789-8 2190-5495 nnns volume:13 year:2023 number:4 day:06 month:03 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-01888-4 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2023 4 06 03
spelling	10.1007/s13201-023-01888-4 doi (DE-627)SPR049565818 (SPR)s13201-023-01888-4-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Ghobadian, Rasool verfasserin (orcid)0000-0003-2552-1649 aut Optimal design and cost analysis of water distribution networks based on pressure-dependent leakage using NSGA-II 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Abstract Leakage from water distribution networks (WDNs) is inevitable. Therefore, during design a WDN, engineers add a percentage of each nodal water demand as leakage discharge to total node demand. The amount of leakage depends on the pressure, which is not known at the design stage. Considering a constant percentage of node demand in lieu of its leakage makes the problem worse. In this study, the effect of leakage on the optimal WDN design was investigated by developing the matrix form of the gradient algorithm while accounting for leakage using the pressure-dependent model. Non-dominated genetic algorithm version II (NSGA-II) was used as the optimization engine with two objectives which includes minimizing the network construction cost and minimizing the total network pressure deficiency. Two well-known two- and three-loop WDNs in literature were studied. The results indicated that the pressure-dependent leakage varies between 12.9 and 29.44% of the node demand while the network construction cost stays the same if compared with the fixed percentage leakage model, and the construction cost would increase by 17–31%, if leakage is not accounted for. This is expected the optimized diameters and hydraulic characteristics of the networks being affected by the leakage calculation method. Drinking water distribution network (dpeaa)DE-He213 NSGA-II method (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pressure-dependent leakage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Optimal design (dpeaa)DE-He213 Least-cost analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Mohammadi, Kamran (orcid)0000-0002-8300-8547 aut Enthalten in Applied water science Berlin : Springer, 2011 13(2023), 4 vom: 06. März (DE-627)64730242X (DE-600)2594789-8 2190-5495 nnns volume:13 year:2023 number:4 day:06 month:03 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-01888-4 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2023 4 06 03
allfields_unstemmed	10.1007/s13201-023-01888-4 doi (DE-627)SPR049565818 (SPR)s13201-023-01888-4-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Ghobadian, Rasool verfasserin (orcid)0000-0003-2552-1649 aut Optimal design and cost analysis of water distribution networks based on pressure-dependent leakage using NSGA-II 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Abstract Leakage from water distribution networks (WDNs) is inevitable. Therefore, during design a WDN, engineers add a percentage of each nodal water demand as leakage discharge to total node demand. The amount of leakage depends on the pressure, which is not known at the design stage. Considering a constant percentage of node demand in lieu of its leakage makes the problem worse. In this study, the effect of leakage on the optimal WDN design was investigated by developing the matrix form of the gradient algorithm while accounting for leakage using the pressure-dependent model. Non-dominated genetic algorithm version II (NSGA-II) was used as the optimization engine with two objectives which includes minimizing the network construction cost and minimizing the total network pressure deficiency. Two well-known two- and three-loop WDNs in literature were studied. The results indicated that the pressure-dependent leakage varies between 12.9 and 29.44% of the node demand while the network construction cost stays the same if compared with the fixed percentage leakage model, and the construction cost would increase by 17–31%, if leakage is not accounted for. This is expected the optimized diameters and hydraulic characteristics of the networks being affected by the leakage calculation method. Drinking water distribution network (dpeaa)DE-He213 NSGA-II method (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pressure-dependent leakage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Optimal design (dpeaa)DE-He213 Least-cost analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Mohammadi, Kamran (orcid)0000-0002-8300-8547 aut Enthalten in Applied water science Berlin : Springer, 2011 13(2023), 4 vom: 06. März (DE-627)64730242X (DE-600)2594789-8 2190-5495 nnns volume:13 year:2023 number:4 day:06 month:03 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-01888-4 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2023 4 06 03
allfieldsGer	10.1007/s13201-023-01888-4 doi (DE-627)SPR049565818 (SPR)s13201-023-01888-4-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Ghobadian, Rasool verfasserin (orcid)0000-0003-2552-1649 aut Optimal design and cost analysis of water distribution networks based on pressure-dependent leakage using NSGA-II 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Abstract Leakage from water distribution networks (WDNs) is inevitable. Therefore, during design a WDN, engineers add a percentage of each nodal water demand as leakage discharge to total node demand. The amount of leakage depends on the pressure, which is not known at the design stage. Considering a constant percentage of node demand in lieu of its leakage makes the problem worse. In this study, the effect of leakage on the optimal WDN design was investigated by developing the matrix form of the gradient algorithm while accounting for leakage using the pressure-dependent model. Non-dominated genetic algorithm version II (NSGA-II) was used as the optimization engine with two objectives which includes minimizing the network construction cost and minimizing the total network pressure deficiency. Two well-known two- and three-loop WDNs in literature were studied. The results indicated that the pressure-dependent leakage varies between 12.9 and 29.44% of the node demand while the network construction cost stays the same if compared with the fixed percentage leakage model, and the construction cost would increase by 17–31%, if leakage is not accounted for. This is expected the optimized diameters and hydraulic characteristics of the networks being affected by the leakage calculation method. Drinking water distribution network (dpeaa)DE-He213 NSGA-II method (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pressure-dependent leakage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Optimal design (dpeaa)DE-He213 Least-cost analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Mohammadi, Kamran (orcid)0000-0002-8300-8547 aut Enthalten in Applied water science Berlin : Springer, 2011 13(2023), 4 vom: 06. März (DE-627)64730242X (DE-600)2594789-8 2190-5495 nnns volume:13 year:2023 number:4 day:06 month:03 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-01888-4 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2023 4 06 03
allfieldsSound	10.1007/s13201-023-01888-4 doi (DE-627)SPR049565818 (SPR)s13201-023-01888-4-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Ghobadian, Rasool verfasserin (orcid)0000-0003-2552-1649 aut Optimal design and cost analysis of water distribution networks based on pressure-dependent leakage using NSGA-II 2023 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2023 Abstract Leakage from water distribution networks (WDNs) is inevitable. Therefore, during design a WDN, engineers add a percentage of each nodal water demand as leakage discharge to total node demand. The amount of leakage depends on the pressure, which is not known at the design stage. Considering a constant percentage of node demand in lieu of its leakage makes the problem worse. In this study, the effect of leakage on the optimal WDN design was investigated by developing the matrix form of the gradient algorithm while accounting for leakage using the pressure-dependent model. Non-dominated genetic algorithm version II (NSGA-II) was used as the optimization engine with two objectives which includes minimizing the network construction cost and minimizing the total network pressure deficiency. Two well-known two- and three-loop WDNs in literature were studied. The results indicated that the pressure-dependent leakage varies between 12.9 and 29.44% of the node demand while the network construction cost stays the same if compared with the fixed percentage leakage model, and the construction cost would increase by 17–31%, if leakage is not accounted for. This is expected the optimized diameters and hydraulic characteristics of the networks being affected by the leakage calculation method. Drinking water distribution network (dpeaa)DE-He213 NSGA-II method (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pressure-dependent leakage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Optimal design (dpeaa)DE-He213 Least-cost analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213 Mohammadi, Kamran (orcid)0000-0002-8300-8547 aut Enthalten in Applied water science Berlin : Springer, 2011 13(2023), 4 vom: 06. März (DE-627)64730242X (DE-600)2594789-8 2190-5495 nnns volume:13 year:2023 number:4 day:06 month:03 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-01888-4 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_370 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2147 GBV_ILN_2148 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4335 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 13 2023 4 06 03
language	English
source	Enthalten in Applied water science 13(2023), 4 vom: 06. März volume:13 year:2023 number:4 day:06 month:03
sourceStr	Enthalten in Applied water science 13(2023), 4 vom: 06. März volume:13 year:2023 number:4 day:06 month:03
format_phy_str_mv	Article
institution	findex.gbv.de
topic_facet	Drinking water distribution network NSGA-II method Pressure-dependent leakage Optimal design Least-cost analysis
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container_title	Applied water science
authorswithroles_txt_mv	Ghobadian, Rasool @@aut@@ Mohammadi, Kamran @@aut@@
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Therefore, during design a WDN, engineers add a percentage of each nodal water demand as leakage discharge to total node demand. The amount of leakage depends on the pressure, which is not known at the design stage. Considering a constant percentage of node demand in lieu of its leakage makes the problem worse. In this study, the effect of leakage on the optimal WDN design was investigated by developing the matrix form of the gradient algorithm while accounting for leakage using the pressure-dependent model. Non-dominated genetic algorithm version II (NSGA-II) was used as the optimization engine with two objectives which includes minimizing the network construction cost and minimizing the total network pressure deficiency. Two well-known two- and three-loop WDNs in literature were studied. The results indicated that the pressure-dependent leakage varies between 12.9 and 29.44% of the node demand while the network construction cost stays the same if compared with the fixed percentage leakage model, and the construction cost would increase by 17–31%, if leakage is not accounted for. 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author	Ghobadian, Rasool
spellingShingle	Ghobadian, Rasool misc Drinking water distribution network misc NSGA-II method misc Pressure-dependent leakage misc Optimal design misc Least-cost analysis Optimal design and cost analysis of water distribution networks based on pressure-dependent leakage using NSGA-II
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topic_title	Optimal design and cost analysis of water distribution networks based on pressure-dependent leakage using NSGA-II Drinking water distribution network (dpeaa)DE-He213 NSGA-II method (dpeaa)DE-He213 Pressure-dependent leakage (dpeaa)DE-He213 Optimal design (dpeaa)DE-He213 Least-cost analysis (dpeaa)DE-He213
topic	misc Drinking water distribution network misc NSGA-II method misc Pressure-dependent leakage misc Optimal design misc Least-cost analysis
topic_unstemmed	misc Drinking water distribution network misc NSGA-II method misc Pressure-dependent leakage misc Optimal design misc Least-cost analysis
topic_browse	misc Drinking water distribution network misc NSGA-II method misc Pressure-dependent leakage misc Optimal design misc Least-cost analysis
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title	Optimal design and cost analysis of water distribution networks based on pressure-dependent leakage using NSGA-II
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title_full	Optimal design and cost analysis of water distribution networks based on pressure-dependent leakage using NSGA-II
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author_browse	Ghobadian, Rasool Mohammadi, Kamran
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title_sort	optimal design and cost analysis of water distribution networks based on pressure-dependent leakage using nsga-ii
title_auth	Optimal design and cost analysis of water distribution networks based on pressure-dependent leakage using NSGA-II
abstract	Abstract Leakage from water distribution networks (WDNs) is inevitable. Therefore, during design a WDN, engineers add a percentage of each nodal water demand as leakage discharge to total node demand. The amount of leakage depends on the pressure, which is not known at the design stage. Considering a constant percentage of node demand in lieu of its leakage makes the problem worse. In this study, the effect of leakage on the optimal WDN design was investigated by developing the matrix form of the gradient algorithm while accounting for leakage using the pressure-dependent model. Non-dominated genetic algorithm version II (NSGA-II) was used as the optimization engine with two objectives which includes minimizing the network construction cost and minimizing the total network pressure deficiency. Two well-known two- and three-loop WDNs in literature were studied. The results indicated that the pressure-dependent leakage varies between 12.9 and 29.44% of the node demand while the network construction cost stays the same if compared with the fixed percentage leakage model, and the construction cost would increase by 17–31%, if leakage is not accounted for. This is expected the optimized diameters and hydraulic characteristics of the networks being affected by the leakage calculation method. © The Author(s) 2023
abstractGer	Abstract Leakage from water distribution networks (WDNs) is inevitable. Therefore, during design a WDN, engineers add a percentage of each nodal water demand as leakage discharge to total node demand. The amount of leakage depends on the pressure, which is not known at the design stage. Considering a constant percentage of node demand in lieu of its leakage makes the problem worse. In this study, the effect of leakage on the optimal WDN design was investigated by developing the matrix form of the gradient algorithm while accounting for leakage using the pressure-dependent model. Non-dominated genetic algorithm version II (NSGA-II) was used as the optimization engine with two objectives which includes minimizing the network construction cost and minimizing the total network pressure deficiency. Two well-known two- and three-loop WDNs in literature were studied. The results indicated that the pressure-dependent leakage varies between 12.9 and 29.44% of the node demand while the network construction cost stays the same if compared with the fixed percentage leakage model, and the construction cost would increase by 17–31%, if leakage is not accounted for. This is expected the optimized diameters and hydraulic characteristics of the networks being affected by the leakage calculation method. © The Author(s) 2023
abstract_unstemmed	Abstract Leakage from water distribution networks (WDNs) is inevitable. Therefore, during design a WDN, engineers add a percentage of each nodal water demand as leakage discharge to total node demand. The amount of leakage depends on the pressure, which is not known at the design stage. Considering a constant percentage of node demand in lieu of its leakage makes the problem worse. In this study, the effect of leakage on the optimal WDN design was investigated by developing the matrix form of the gradient algorithm while accounting for leakage using the pressure-dependent model. Non-dominated genetic algorithm version II (NSGA-II) was used as the optimization engine with two objectives which includes minimizing the network construction cost and minimizing the total network pressure deficiency. Two well-known two- and three-loop WDNs in literature were studied. The results indicated that the pressure-dependent leakage varies between 12.9 and 29.44% of the node demand while the network construction cost stays the same if compared with the fixed percentage leakage model, and the construction cost would increase by 17–31%, if leakage is not accounted for. This is expected the optimized diameters and hydraulic characteristics of the networks being affected by the leakage calculation method. © The Author(s) 2023
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title_short	Optimal design and cost analysis of water distribution networks based on pressure-dependent leakage using NSGA-II
url	https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13201-023-01888-4
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Optimal design and cost analysis of water distribution networks based on pressure-dependent leakage using NSGA-II

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