Combined nature and human selections reshaped peach fruit metabolome

Background Plant metabolites reshaped by nature and human beings are crucial for both their lives and human health. However, which metabolites respond most strongly to selection pressure at different evolutionary stages and what roles they undertake on perennial fruit crops such as peach remain uncl...
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Autor*in:	Cao, Ke [verfasserIn] Wang, Bin Fang, Weichao Zhu, Gengrui Chen, Changwen Wang, Xinwei Li, Yong Wu, Jinlong Tang, Tang Fei, Zhangjun Luo, Jie Wang, Lirong

Format:	E-Artikel
Sprache:	Englisch

Erschienen:	2022

Schlagwörter:	Peach Multi-omics Environmental adaptation, Nature and human selections

Anmerkung:	© The Author(s) 2022

Übergeordnetes Werk:	Enthalten in: Genome biology - London : BioMed Central, 2000, 23(2022), 1 vom: 04. Juli
Übergeordnetes Werk:	volume:23 ; year:2022 ; number:1 ; day:04 ; month:07

Links:	Volltext

DOI / URN:	10.1186/s13059-022-02719-6

Katalog-ID:	SPR050828312

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520			\|a Background Plant metabolites reshaped by nature and human beings are crucial for both their lives and human health. However, which metabolites respond most strongly to selection pressure at different evolutionary stages and what roles they undertake on perennial fruit crops such as peach remain unclear. Results Here, we report 18,052 significant locus-trait associations, 12,691 expression-metabolite correlations, and 294,676 expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) for peach. Our results indicate that amino acids accumulated in landraces may be involved in the environmental adaptation of peaches by responding to low temperature and drought. Moreover, the contents of flavonoids, the major nutrients in fruits, have kept decreasing accompanied by the reduced bitter flavor during both domestication and improvement stages. However, citric acid, under the selection of breeders’ and consumers’ preference for flavor, shows significantly different levels between eastern and western varieties. This correlates with differences in activity against cancer cells in vitro in fruit from these two regions. Based on the identified key genes regulating flavonoid and acid contents, we propose that more precise and targeted breeding technologies should be designed to improve peach varieties with rich functional contents because of the linkage of genes related to bitterness and acid taste, antioxidant and potential anti-cancer activity that are all located at the top of chromosome 5. Conclusions This study provides powerful data for future improvement of peach flavor, nutrition, and resistance in future and expands our understanding of the effects of natural and artificial selection on metabolites.
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allfields	10.1186/s13059-022-02719-6 doi (DE-627)SPR050828312 (SPR)s13059-022-02719-6-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Cao, Ke verfasserin aut Combined nature and human selections reshaped peach fruit metabolome 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2022 Background Plant metabolites reshaped by nature and human beings are crucial for both their lives and human health. However, which metabolites respond most strongly to selection pressure at different evolutionary stages and what roles they undertake on perennial fruit crops such as peach remain unclear. Results Here, we report 18,052 significant locus-trait associations, 12,691 expression-metabolite correlations, and 294,676 expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) for peach. Our results indicate that amino acids accumulated in landraces may be involved in the environmental adaptation of peaches by responding to low temperature and drought. Moreover, the contents of flavonoids, the major nutrients in fruits, have kept decreasing accompanied by the reduced bitter flavor during both domestication and improvement stages. However, citric acid, under the selection of breeders’ and consumers’ preference for flavor, shows significantly different levels between eastern and western varieties. This correlates with differences in activity against cancer cells in vitro in fruit from these two regions. Based on the identified key genes regulating flavonoid and acid contents, we propose that more precise and targeted breeding technologies should be designed to improve peach varieties with rich functional contents because of the linkage of genes related to bitterness and acid taste, antioxidant and potential anti-cancer activity that are all located at the top of chromosome 5. Conclusions This study provides powerful data for future improvement of peach flavor, nutrition, and resistance in future and expands our understanding of the effects of natural and artificial selection on metabolites. Peach (dpeaa)DE-He213 Multi-omics (dpeaa)DE-He213 Environmental adaptation, Nature and human selections (dpeaa)DE-He213 Wang, Bin aut Fang, Weichao aut Zhu, Gengrui aut Chen, Changwen aut Wang, Xinwei aut Li, Yong aut Wu, Jinlong aut Tang, Tang aut Fei, Zhangjun aut Luo, Jie aut Wang, Lirong aut Enthalten in Genome biology London : BioMed Central, 2000 23(2022), 1 vom: 04. Juli (DE-627)326173617 (DE-600)2040529-7 1474-760X nnns volume:23 year:2022 number:1 day:04 month:07 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-022-02719-6 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 23 2022 1 04 07
spelling	10.1186/s13059-022-02719-6 doi (DE-627)SPR050828312 (SPR)s13059-022-02719-6-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Cao, Ke verfasserin aut Combined nature and human selections reshaped peach fruit metabolome 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2022 Background Plant metabolites reshaped by nature and human beings are crucial for both their lives and human health. However, which metabolites respond most strongly to selection pressure at different evolutionary stages and what roles they undertake on perennial fruit crops such as peach remain unclear. Results Here, we report 18,052 significant locus-trait associations, 12,691 expression-metabolite correlations, and 294,676 expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) for peach. Our results indicate that amino acids accumulated in landraces may be involved in the environmental adaptation of peaches by responding to low temperature and drought. Moreover, the contents of flavonoids, the major nutrients in fruits, have kept decreasing accompanied by the reduced bitter flavor during both domestication and improvement stages. However, citric acid, under the selection of breeders’ and consumers’ preference for flavor, shows significantly different levels between eastern and western varieties. This correlates with differences in activity against cancer cells in vitro in fruit from these two regions. Based on the identified key genes regulating flavonoid and acid contents, we propose that more precise and targeted breeding technologies should be designed to improve peach varieties with rich functional contents because of the linkage of genes related to bitterness and acid taste, antioxidant and potential anti-cancer activity that are all located at the top of chromosome 5. Conclusions This study provides powerful data for future improvement of peach flavor, nutrition, and resistance in future and expands our understanding of the effects of natural and artificial selection on metabolites. Peach (dpeaa)DE-He213 Multi-omics (dpeaa)DE-He213 Environmental adaptation, Nature and human selections (dpeaa)DE-He213 Wang, Bin aut Fang, Weichao aut Zhu, Gengrui aut Chen, Changwen aut Wang, Xinwei aut Li, Yong aut Wu, Jinlong aut Tang, Tang aut Fei, Zhangjun aut Luo, Jie aut Wang, Lirong aut Enthalten in Genome biology London : BioMed Central, 2000 23(2022), 1 vom: 04. Juli (DE-627)326173617 (DE-600)2040529-7 1474-760X nnns volume:23 year:2022 number:1 day:04 month:07 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-022-02719-6 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 23 2022 1 04 07
allfields_unstemmed	10.1186/s13059-022-02719-6 doi (DE-627)SPR050828312 (SPR)s13059-022-02719-6-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Cao, Ke verfasserin aut Combined nature and human selections reshaped peach fruit metabolome 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2022 Background Plant metabolites reshaped by nature and human beings are crucial for both their lives and human health. However, which metabolites respond most strongly to selection pressure at different evolutionary stages and what roles they undertake on perennial fruit crops such as peach remain unclear. Results Here, we report 18,052 significant locus-trait associations, 12,691 expression-metabolite correlations, and 294,676 expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) for peach. Our results indicate that amino acids accumulated in landraces may be involved in the environmental adaptation of peaches by responding to low temperature and drought. Moreover, the contents of flavonoids, the major nutrients in fruits, have kept decreasing accompanied by the reduced bitter flavor during both domestication and improvement stages. However, citric acid, under the selection of breeders’ and consumers’ preference for flavor, shows significantly different levels between eastern and western varieties. This correlates with differences in activity against cancer cells in vitro in fruit from these two regions. Based on the identified key genes regulating flavonoid and acid contents, we propose that more precise and targeted breeding technologies should be designed to improve peach varieties with rich functional contents because of the linkage of genes related to bitterness and acid taste, antioxidant and potential anti-cancer activity that are all located at the top of chromosome 5. Conclusions This study provides powerful data for future improvement of peach flavor, nutrition, and resistance in future and expands our understanding of the effects of natural and artificial selection on metabolites. Peach (dpeaa)DE-He213 Multi-omics (dpeaa)DE-He213 Environmental adaptation, Nature and human selections (dpeaa)DE-He213 Wang, Bin aut Fang, Weichao aut Zhu, Gengrui aut Chen, Changwen aut Wang, Xinwei aut Li, Yong aut Wu, Jinlong aut Tang, Tang aut Fei, Zhangjun aut Luo, Jie aut Wang, Lirong aut Enthalten in Genome biology London : BioMed Central, 2000 23(2022), 1 vom: 04. Juli (DE-627)326173617 (DE-600)2040529-7 1474-760X nnns volume:23 year:2022 number:1 day:04 month:07 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-022-02719-6 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 23 2022 1 04 07
allfieldsGer	10.1186/s13059-022-02719-6 doi (DE-627)SPR050828312 (SPR)s13059-022-02719-6-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Cao, Ke verfasserin aut Combined nature and human selections reshaped peach fruit metabolome 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2022 Background Plant metabolites reshaped by nature and human beings are crucial for both their lives and human health. However, which metabolites respond most strongly to selection pressure at different evolutionary stages and what roles they undertake on perennial fruit crops such as peach remain unclear. Results Here, we report 18,052 significant locus-trait associations, 12,691 expression-metabolite correlations, and 294,676 expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) for peach. Our results indicate that amino acids accumulated in landraces may be involved in the environmental adaptation of peaches by responding to low temperature and drought. Moreover, the contents of flavonoids, the major nutrients in fruits, have kept decreasing accompanied by the reduced bitter flavor during both domestication and improvement stages. However, citric acid, under the selection of breeders’ and consumers’ preference for flavor, shows significantly different levels between eastern and western varieties. This correlates with differences in activity against cancer cells in vitro in fruit from these two regions. Based on the identified key genes regulating flavonoid and acid contents, we propose that more precise and targeted breeding technologies should be designed to improve peach varieties with rich functional contents because of the linkage of genes related to bitterness and acid taste, antioxidant and potential anti-cancer activity that are all located at the top of chromosome 5. Conclusions This study provides powerful data for future improvement of peach flavor, nutrition, and resistance in future and expands our understanding of the effects of natural and artificial selection on metabolites. Peach (dpeaa)DE-He213 Multi-omics (dpeaa)DE-He213 Environmental adaptation, Nature and human selections (dpeaa)DE-He213 Wang, Bin aut Fang, Weichao aut Zhu, Gengrui aut Chen, Changwen aut Wang, Xinwei aut Li, Yong aut Wu, Jinlong aut Tang, Tang aut Fei, Zhangjun aut Luo, Jie aut Wang, Lirong aut Enthalten in Genome biology London : BioMed Central, 2000 23(2022), 1 vom: 04. Juli (DE-627)326173617 (DE-600)2040529-7 1474-760X nnns volume:23 year:2022 number:1 day:04 month:07 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-022-02719-6 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 23 2022 1 04 07
allfieldsSound	10.1186/s13059-022-02719-6 doi (DE-627)SPR050828312 (SPR)s13059-022-02719-6-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Cao, Ke verfasserin aut Combined nature and human selections reshaped peach fruit metabolome 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2022 Background Plant metabolites reshaped by nature and human beings are crucial for both their lives and human health. However, which metabolites respond most strongly to selection pressure at different evolutionary stages and what roles they undertake on perennial fruit crops such as peach remain unclear. Results Here, we report 18,052 significant locus-trait associations, 12,691 expression-metabolite correlations, and 294,676 expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) for peach. Our results indicate that amino acids accumulated in landraces may be involved in the environmental adaptation of peaches by responding to low temperature and drought. Moreover, the contents of flavonoids, the major nutrients in fruits, have kept decreasing accompanied by the reduced bitter flavor during both domestication and improvement stages. However, citric acid, under the selection of breeders’ and consumers’ preference for flavor, shows significantly different levels between eastern and western varieties. This correlates with differences in activity against cancer cells in vitro in fruit from these two regions. Based on the identified key genes regulating flavonoid and acid contents, we propose that more precise and targeted breeding technologies should be designed to improve peach varieties with rich functional contents because of the linkage of genes related to bitterness and acid taste, antioxidant and potential anti-cancer activity that are all located at the top of chromosome 5. Conclusions This study provides powerful data for future improvement of peach flavor, nutrition, and resistance in future and expands our understanding of the effects of natural and artificial selection on metabolites. Peach (dpeaa)DE-He213 Multi-omics (dpeaa)DE-He213 Environmental adaptation, Nature and human selections (dpeaa)DE-He213 Wang, Bin aut Fang, Weichao aut Zhu, Gengrui aut Chen, Changwen aut Wang, Xinwei aut Li, Yong aut Wu, Jinlong aut Tang, Tang aut Fei, Zhangjun aut Luo, Jie aut Wang, Lirong aut Enthalten in Genome biology London : BioMed Central, 2000 23(2022), 1 vom: 04. Juli (DE-627)326173617 (DE-600)2040529-7 1474-760X nnns volume:23 year:2022 number:1 day:04 month:07 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-022-02719-6 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_11 GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_31 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_70 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2003 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 23 2022 1 04 07
language	English
source	Enthalten in Genome biology 23(2022), 1 vom: 04. Juli volume:23 year:2022 number:1 day:04 month:07
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However, which metabolites respond most strongly to selection pressure at different evolutionary stages and what roles they undertake on perennial fruit crops such as peach remain unclear. Results Here, we report 18,052 significant locus-trait associations, 12,691 expression-metabolite correlations, and 294,676 expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) for peach. Our results indicate that amino acids accumulated in landraces may be involved in the environmental adaptation of peaches by responding to low temperature and drought. Moreover, the contents of flavonoids, the major nutrients in fruits, have kept decreasing accompanied by the reduced bitter flavor during both domestication and improvement stages. However, citric acid, under the selection of breeders’ and consumers’ preference for flavor, shows significantly different levels between eastern and western varieties. This correlates with differences in activity against cancer cells in vitro in fruit from these two regions. Based on the identified key genes regulating flavonoid and acid contents, we propose that more precise and targeted breeding technologies should be designed to improve peach varieties with rich functional contents because of the linkage of genes related to bitterness and acid taste, antioxidant and potential anti-cancer activity that are all located at the top of chromosome 5. 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author	Cao, Ke
spellingShingle	Cao, Ke misc Peach misc Multi-omics misc Environmental adaptation, Nature and human selections Combined nature and human selections reshaped peach fruit metabolome
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topic_title	Combined nature and human selections reshaped peach fruit metabolome Peach (dpeaa)DE-He213 Multi-omics (dpeaa)DE-He213 Environmental adaptation, Nature and human selections (dpeaa)DE-He213
topic	misc Peach misc Multi-omics misc Environmental adaptation, Nature and human selections
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title	Combined nature and human selections reshaped peach fruit metabolome
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title_full	Combined nature and human selections reshaped peach fruit metabolome
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author_browse	Cao, Ke Wang, Bin Fang, Weichao Zhu, Gengrui Chen, Changwen Wang, Xinwei Li, Yong Wu, Jinlong Tang, Tang Fei, Zhangjun Luo, Jie Wang, Lirong
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doi_str_mv	10.1186/s13059-022-02719-6
title_sort	combined nature and human selections reshaped peach fruit metabolome
title_auth	Combined nature and human selections reshaped peach fruit metabolome
abstract	Background Plant metabolites reshaped by nature and human beings are crucial for both their lives and human health. However, which metabolites respond most strongly to selection pressure at different evolutionary stages and what roles they undertake on perennial fruit crops such as peach remain unclear. Results Here, we report 18,052 significant locus-trait associations, 12,691 expression-metabolite correlations, and 294,676 expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) for peach. Our results indicate that amino acids accumulated in landraces may be involved in the environmental adaptation of peaches by responding to low temperature and drought. Moreover, the contents of flavonoids, the major nutrients in fruits, have kept decreasing accompanied by the reduced bitter flavor during both domestication and improvement stages. However, citric acid, under the selection of breeders’ and consumers’ preference for flavor, shows significantly different levels between eastern and western varieties. This correlates with differences in activity against cancer cells in vitro in fruit from these two regions. Based on the identified key genes regulating flavonoid and acid contents, we propose that more precise and targeted breeding technologies should be designed to improve peach varieties with rich functional contents because of the linkage of genes related to bitterness and acid taste, antioxidant and potential anti-cancer activity that are all located at the top of chromosome 5. Conclusions This study provides powerful data for future improvement of peach flavor, nutrition, and resistance in future and expands our understanding of the effects of natural and artificial selection on metabolites. © The Author(s) 2022
abstractGer	Background Plant metabolites reshaped by nature and human beings are crucial for both their lives and human health. However, which metabolites respond most strongly to selection pressure at different evolutionary stages and what roles they undertake on perennial fruit crops such as peach remain unclear. Results Here, we report 18,052 significant locus-trait associations, 12,691 expression-metabolite correlations, and 294,676 expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) for peach. Our results indicate that amino acids accumulated in landraces may be involved in the environmental adaptation of peaches by responding to low temperature and drought. Moreover, the contents of flavonoids, the major nutrients in fruits, have kept decreasing accompanied by the reduced bitter flavor during both domestication and improvement stages. However, citric acid, under the selection of breeders’ and consumers’ preference for flavor, shows significantly different levels between eastern and western varieties. This correlates with differences in activity against cancer cells in vitro in fruit from these two regions. Based on the identified key genes regulating flavonoid and acid contents, we propose that more precise and targeted breeding technologies should be designed to improve peach varieties with rich functional contents because of the linkage of genes related to bitterness and acid taste, antioxidant and potential anti-cancer activity that are all located at the top of chromosome 5. Conclusions This study provides powerful data for future improvement of peach flavor, nutrition, and resistance in future and expands our understanding of the effects of natural and artificial selection on metabolites. © The Author(s) 2022
abstract_unstemmed	Background Plant metabolites reshaped by nature and human beings are crucial for both their lives and human health. However, which metabolites respond most strongly to selection pressure at different evolutionary stages and what roles they undertake on perennial fruit crops such as peach remain unclear. Results Here, we report 18,052 significant locus-trait associations, 12,691 expression-metabolite correlations, and 294,676 expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) for peach. Our results indicate that amino acids accumulated in landraces may be involved in the environmental adaptation of peaches by responding to low temperature and drought. Moreover, the contents of flavonoids, the major nutrients in fruits, have kept decreasing accompanied by the reduced bitter flavor during both domestication and improvement stages. However, citric acid, under the selection of breeders’ and consumers’ preference for flavor, shows significantly different levels between eastern and western varieties. This correlates with differences in activity against cancer cells in vitro in fruit from these two regions. Based on the identified key genes regulating flavonoid and acid contents, we propose that more precise and targeted breeding technologies should be designed to improve peach varieties with rich functional contents because of the linkage of genes related to bitterness and acid taste, antioxidant and potential anti-cancer activity that are all located at the top of chromosome 5. Conclusions This study provides powerful data for future improvement of peach flavor, nutrition, and resistance in future and expands our understanding of the effects of natural and artificial selection on metabolites. © The Author(s) 2022
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title_short	Combined nature and human selections reshaped peach fruit metabolome
url	https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-022-02719-6
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author2	Wang, Bin Fang, Weichao Zhu, Gengrui Chen, Changwen Wang, Xinwei Li, Yong Wu, Jinlong Tang, Tang Fei, Zhangjun Luo, Jie Wang, Lirong
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Based on the identified key genes regulating flavonoid and acid contents, we propose that more precise and targeted breeding technologies should be designed to improve peach varieties with rich functional contents because of the linkage of genes related to bitterness and acid taste, antioxidant and potential anti-cancer activity that are all located at the top of chromosome 5. 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Combined nature and human selections reshaped peach fruit metabolome

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