The amino acid and carnitine concentration changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from lung cancer patients
Objective To screen out potential biomarkers by analyzing fundamental nutrients in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) before confirming the lung cancer. Methods In this study, 44 patients were enrolled with clinical information. The concentrations of 23 amino acids and 35 carnitines in their BA...
Ausführliche Beschreibung
Autor*in: |
Sun, Xiaojun [verfasserIn] |
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E-Artikel |
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Sprache: |
Englisch |
Erschienen: |
2022 |
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Schlagwörter: |
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Anmerkung: |
© The Author(s) 2022 |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
Enthalten in: World journal of surgical oncology - London : Biomed Central, 2003, 20(2022), 1 vom: 04. Dez. |
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Übergeordnetes Werk: |
volume:20 ; year:2022 ; number:1 ; day:04 ; month:12 |
Links: |
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DOI / URN: |
10.1186/s12957-022-02850-5 |
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Katalog-ID: |
SPR051201062 |
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245 | 1 | 4 | |a The amino acid and carnitine concentration changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from lung cancer patients |
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520 | |a Objective To screen out potential biomarkers by analyzing fundamental nutrients in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) before confirming the lung cancer. Methods In this study, 44 patients were enrolled with clinical information. The concentrations of 23 amino acids and 35 carnitines in their BALF were detected with the high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS). Combined with clinicopathological diagnosis, the patients were divided into the lung cancer group (grades I & II and III & IV) and the non-cancer group for standard statistical analysis. Results The partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the Shapiro–Wilk test, and the Bonferroni correction results showed that the serine concentration was higher and the butane-diacyl-carnitine (C4DC) concentration was lower in the lung cancer group, further showing the same changing trend continuously through the non-cancer stage, grades I & II stage and grades III & IV stage. Those two potential biomarkers have been identified. Conclusion The HPLC–MS target detection in clinic for nutrient concentration levels is a promising technique to find the changing concentration of serine and C4DC in BALF, which provides an economical and practical way for early warning of lung cancer. | ||
650 | 4 | |a Lung cancer |7 (dpeaa)DE-He213 | |
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700 | 1 | |a Xu, Mengmin |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Ding, Liren |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Yang, Guobiao |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Kong, Jianlong |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Zhu, Yafang |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Chen, Xuefang |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Xu, Liang |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Shan, Yisha |4 aut | |
700 | 1 | |a Xu, Yupin |4 aut | |
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10.1186/s12957-022-02850-5 doi (DE-627)SPR051201062 (SPR)s12957-022-02850-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Sun, Xiaojun verfasserin aut The amino acid and carnitine concentration changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from lung cancer patients 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2022 Objective To screen out potential biomarkers by analyzing fundamental nutrients in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) before confirming the lung cancer. Methods In this study, 44 patients were enrolled with clinical information. The concentrations of 23 amino acids and 35 carnitines in their BALF were detected with the high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS). Combined with clinicopathological diagnosis, the patients were divided into the lung cancer group (grades I & II and III & IV) and the non-cancer group for standard statistical analysis. Results The partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the Shapiro–Wilk test, and the Bonferroni correction results showed that the serine concentration was higher and the butane-diacyl-carnitine (C4DC) concentration was lower in the lung cancer group, further showing the same changing trend continuously through the non-cancer stage, grades I & II stage and grades III & IV stage. Those two potential biomarkers have been identified. Conclusion The HPLC–MS target detection in clinic for nutrient concentration levels is a promising technique to find the changing concentration of serine and C4DC in BALF, which provides an economical and practical way for early warning of lung cancer. Lung cancer (dpeaa)DE-He213 BALF (dpeaa)DE-He213 Targeted metabolomics (dpeaa)DE-He213 Biomarker (dpeaa)DE-He213 Xu, Mengmin aut Ding, Liren aut Yang, Guobiao aut Kong, Jianlong aut Zhu, Yafang aut Chen, Xuefang aut Xu, Liang aut Shan, Yisha aut Xu, Yupin aut Enthalten in World journal of surgical oncology London : Biomed Central, 2003 20(2022), 1 vom: 04. Dez. (DE-627)369082907 (DE-600)2118383-1 1477-7819 nnns volume:20 year:2022 number:1 day:04 month:12 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12957-022-02850-5 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 20 2022 1 04 12 |
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10.1186/s12957-022-02850-5 doi (DE-627)SPR051201062 (SPR)s12957-022-02850-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Sun, Xiaojun verfasserin aut The amino acid and carnitine concentration changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from lung cancer patients 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2022 Objective To screen out potential biomarkers by analyzing fundamental nutrients in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) before confirming the lung cancer. Methods In this study, 44 patients were enrolled with clinical information. The concentrations of 23 amino acids and 35 carnitines in their BALF were detected with the high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS). Combined with clinicopathological diagnosis, the patients were divided into the lung cancer group (grades I & II and III & IV) and the non-cancer group for standard statistical analysis. Results The partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the Shapiro–Wilk test, and the Bonferroni correction results showed that the serine concentration was higher and the butane-diacyl-carnitine (C4DC) concentration was lower in the lung cancer group, further showing the same changing trend continuously through the non-cancer stage, grades I & II stage and grades III & IV stage. Those two potential biomarkers have been identified. Conclusion The HPLC–MS target detection in clinic for nutrient concentration levels is a promising technique to find the changing concentration of serine and C4DC in BALF, which provides an economical and practical way for early warning of lung cancer. Lung cancer (dpeaa)DE-He213 BALF (dpeaa)DE-He213 Targeted metabolomics (dpeaa)DE-He213 Biomarker (dpeaa)DE-He213 Xu, Mengmin aut Ding, Liren aut Yang, Guobiao aut Kong, Jianlong aut Zhu, Yafang aut Chen, Xuefang aut Xu, Liang aut Shan, Yisha aut Xu, Yupin aut Enthalten in World journal of surgical oncology London : Biomed Central, 2003 20(2022), 1 vom: 04. Dez. (DE-627)369082907 (DE-600)2118383-1 1477-7819 nnns volume:20 year:2022 number:1 day:04 month:12 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12957-022-02850-5 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 20 2022 1 04 12 |
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10.1186/s12957-022-02850-5 doi (DE-627)SPR051201062 (SPR)s12957-022-02850-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Sun, Xiaojun verfasserin aut The amino acid and carnitine concentration changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from lung cancer patients 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2022 Objective To screen out potential biomarkers by analyzing fundamental nutrients in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) before confirming the lung cancer. Methods In this study, 44 patients were enrolled with clinical information. The concentrations of 23 amino acids and 35 carnitines in their BALF were detected with the high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS). Combined with clinicopathological diagnosis, the patients were divided into the lung cancer group (grades I & II and III & IV) and the non-cancer group for standard statistical analysis. Results The partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the Shapiro–Wilk test, and the Bonferroni correction results showed that the serine concentration was higher and the butane-diacyl-carnitine (C4DC) concentration was lower in the lung cancer group, further showing the same changing trend continuously through the non-cancer stage, grades I & II stage and grades III & IV stage. Those two potential biomarkers have been identified. Conclusion The HPLC–MS target detection in clinic for nutrient concentration levels is a promising technique to find the changing concentration of serine and C4DC in BALF, which provides an economical and practical way for early warning of lung cancer. Lung cancer (dpeaa)DE-He213 BALF (dpeaa)DE-He213 Targeted metabolomics (dpeaa)DE-He213 Biomarker (dpeaa)DE-He213 Xu, Mengmin aut Ding, Liren aut Yang, Guobiao aut Kong, Jianlong aut Zhu, Yafang aut Chen, Xuefang aut Xu, Liang aut Shan, Yisha aut Xu, Yupin aut Enthalten in World journal of surgical oncology London : Biomed Central, 2003 20(2022), 1 vom: 04. Dez. (DE-627)369082907 (DE-600)2118383-1 1477-7819 nnns volume:20 year:2022 number:1 day:04 month:12 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12957-022-02850-5 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 20 2022 1 04 12 |
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10.1186/s12957-022-02850-5 doi (DE-627)SPR051201062 (SPR)s12957-022-02850-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Sun, Xiaojun verfasserin aut The amino acid and carnitine concentration changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from lung cancer patients 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2022 Objective To screen out potential biomarkers by analyzing fundamental nutrients in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) before confirming the lung cancer. Methods In this study, 44 patients were enrolled with clinical information. The concentrations of 23 amino acids and 35 carnitines in their BALF were detected with the high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS). Combined with clinicopathological diagnosis, the patients were divided into the lung cancer group (grades I & II and III & IV) and the non-cancer group for standard statistical analysis. Results The partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the Shapiro–Wilk test, and the Bonferroni correction results showed that the serine concentration was higher and the butane-diacyl-carnitine (C4DC) concentration was lower in the lung cancer group, further showing the same changing trend continuously through the non-cancer stage, grades I & II stage and grades III & IV stage. Those two potential biomarkers have been identified. Conclusion The HPLC–MS target detection in clinic for nutrient concentration levels is a promising technique to find the changing concentration of serine and C4DC in BALF, which provides an economical and practical way for early warning of lung cancer. Lung cancer (dpeaa)DE-He213 BALF (dpeaa)DE-He213 Targeted metabolomics (dpeaa)DE-He213 Biomarker (dpeaa)DE-He213 Xu, Mengmin aut Ding, Liren aut Yang, Guobiao aut Kong, Jianlong aut Zhu, Yafang aut Chen, Xuefang aut Xu, Liang aut Shan, Yisha aut Xu, Yupin aut Enthalten in World journal of surgical oncology London : Biomed Central, 2003 20(2022), 1 vom: 04. Dez. (DE-627)369082907 (DE-600)2118383-1 1477-7819 nnns volume:20 year:2022 number:1 day:04 month:12 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12957-022-02850-5 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 20 2022 1 04 12 |
allfieldsSound |
10.1186/s12957-022-02850-5 doi (DE-627)SPR051201062 (SPR)s12957-022-02850-5-e DE-627 ger DE-627 rakwb eng Sun, Xiaojun verfasserin aut The amino acid and carnitine concentration changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from lung cancer patients 2022 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier © The Author(s) 2022 Objective To screen out potential biomarkers by analyzing fundamental nutrients in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) before confirming the lung cancer. Methods In this study, 44 patients were enrolled with clinical information. The concentrations of 23 amino acids and 35 carnitines in their BALF were detected with the high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS). Combined with clinicopathological diagnosis, the patients were divided into the lung cancer group (grades I & II and III & IV) and the non-cancer group for standard statistical analysis. Results The partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the Shapiro–Wilk test, and the Bonferroni correction results showed that the serine concentration was higher and the butane-diacyl-carnitine (C4DC) concentration was lower in the lung cancer group, further showing the same changing trend continuously through the non-cancer stage, grades I & II stage and grades III & IV stage. Those two potential biomarkers have been identified. Conclusion The HPLC–MS target detection in clinic for nutrient concentration levels is a promising technique to find the changing concentration of serine and C4DC in BALF, which provides an economical and practical way for early warning of lung cancer. Lung cancer (dpeaa)DE-He213 BALF (dpeaa)DE-He213 Targeted metabolomics (dpeaa)DE-He213 Biomarker (dpeaa)DE-He213 Xu, Mengmin aut Ding, Liren aut Yang, Guobiao aut Kong, Jianlong aut Zhu, Yafang aut Chen, Xuefang aut Xu, Liang aut Shan, Yisha aut Xu, Yupin aut Enthalten in World journal of surgical oncology London : Biomed Central, 2003 20(2022), 1 vom: 04. Dez. (DE-627)369082907 (DE-600)2118383-1 1477-7819 nnns volume:20 year:2022 number:1 day:04 month:12 https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12957-022-02850-5 kostenfrei Volltext GBV_USEFLAG_A SYSFLAG_A GBV_SPRINGER GBV_ILN_20 GBV_ILN_22 GBV_ILN_23 GBV_ILN_24 GBV_ILN_39 GBV_ILN_40 GBV_ILN_60 GBV_ILN_62 GBV_ILN_63 GBV_ILN_65 GBV_ILN_69 GBV_ILN_73 GBV_ILN_74 GBV_ILN_95 GBV_ILN_105 GBV_ILN_110 GBV_ILN_151 GBV_ILN_161 GBV_ILN_170 GBV_ILN_206 GBV_ILN_213 GBV_ILN_230 GBV_ILN_285 GBV_ILN_293 GBV_ILN_602 GBV_ILN_2005 GBV_ILN_2009 GBV_ILN_2011 GBV_ILN_2014 GBV_ILN_2055 GBV_ILN_2111 GBV_ILN_4012 GBV_ILN_4037 GBV_ILN_4112 GBV_ILN_4125 GBV_ILN_4126 GBV_ILN_4249 GBV_ILN_4305 GBV_ILN_4306 GBV_ILN_4307 GBV_ILN_4313 GBV_ILN_4322 GBV_ILN_4323 GBV_ILN_4324 GBV_ILN_4325 GBV_ILN_4338 GBV_ILN_4367 GBV_ILN_4700 AR 20 2022 1 04 12 |
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Enthalten in World journal of surgical oncology 20(2022), 1 vom: 04. Dez. volume:20 year:2022 number:1 day:04 month:12 |
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amino acid and carnitine concentration changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from lung cancer patients |
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The amino acid and carnitine concentration changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from lung cancer patients |
abstract |
Objective To screen out potential biomarkers by analyzing fundamental nutrients in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) before confirming the lung cancer. Methods In this study, 44 patients were enrolled with clinical information. The concentrations of 23 amino acids and 35 carnitines in their BALF were detected with the high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS). Combined with clinicopathological diagnosis, the patients were divided into the lung cancer group (grades I & II and III & IV) and the non-cancer group for standard statistical analysis. Results The partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the Shapiro–Wilk test, and the Bonferroni correction results showed that the serine concentration was higher and the butane-diacyl-carnitine (C4DC) concentration was lower in the lung cancer group, further showing the same changing trend continuously through the non-cancer stage, grades I & II stage and grades III & IV stage. Those two potential biomarkers have been identified. Conclusion The HPLC–MS target detection in clinic for nutrient concentration levels is a promising technique to find the changing concentration of serine and C4DC in BALF, which provides an economical and practical way for early warning of lung cancer. © The Author(s) 2022 |
abstractGer |
Objective To screen out potential biomarkers by analyzing fundamental nutrients in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) before confirming the lung cancer. Methods In this study, 44 patients were enrolled with clinical information. The concentrations of 23 amino acids and 35 carnitines in their BALF were detected with the high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS). Combined with clinicopathological diagnosis, the patients were divided into the lung cancer group (grades I & II and III & IV) and the non-cancer group for standard statistical analysis. Results The partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the Shapiro–Wilk test, and the Bonferroni correction results showed that the serine concentration was higher and the butane-diacyl-carnitine (C4DC) concentration was lower in the lung cancer group, further showing the same changing trend continuously through the non-cancer stage, grades I & II stage and grades III & IV stage. Those two potential biomarkers have been identified. Conclusion The HPLC–MS target detection in clinic for nutrient concentration levels is a promising technique to find the changing concentration of serine and C4DC in BALF, which provides an economical and practical way for early warning of lung cancer. © The Author(s) 2022 |
abstract_unstemmed |
Objective To screen out potential biomarkers by analyzing fundamental nutrients in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) before confirming the lung cancer. Methods In this study, 44 patients were enrolled with clinical information. The concentrations of 23 amino acids and 35 carnitines in their BALF were detected with the high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS). Combined with clinicopathological diagnosis, the patients were divided into the lung cancer group (grades I & II and III & IV) and the non-cancer group for standard statistical analysis. Results The partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the Shapiro–Wilk test, and the Bonferroni correction results showed that the serine concentration was higher and the butane-diacyl-carnitine (C4DC) concentration was lower in the lung cancer group, further showing the same changing trend continuously through the non-cancer stage, grades I & II stage and grades III & IV stage. Those two potential biomarkers have been identified. Conclusion The HPLC–MS target detection in clinic for nutrient concentration levels is a promising technique to find the changing concentration of serine and C4DC in BALF, which provides an economical and practical way for early warning of lung cancer. © The Author(s) 2022 |
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The amino acid and carnitine concentration changes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from lung cancer patients |
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Methods In this study, 44 patients were enrolled with clinical information. The concentrations of 23 amino acids and 35 carnitines in their BALF were detected with the high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS). Combined with clinicopathological diagnosis, the patients were divided into the lung cancer group (grades I & II and III & IV) and the non-cancer group for standard statistical analysis. Results The partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the Shapiro–Wilk test, and the Bonferroni correction results showed that the serine concentration was higher and the butane-diacyl-carnitine (C4DC) concentration was lower in the lung cancer group, further showing the same changing trend continuously through the non-cancer stage, grades I & II stage and grades III & IV stage. Those two potential biomarkers have been identified. 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